753
©УЧИТЕЛЬ Microsoft Юрий Бекаревич Нина Пушкина Проектирование и создание баз данных Технология разработки приложений пользователя Язык SQL, макросы и VBA Доступ к базам данных SQL Server Публикация баз данных в Интернете

Ю.Бекаревич, Н. Пушкина MS Access 2003 Самоучитель

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • Microsoft

    SQL, VBA

    SQL Server

  • Microsoft

    -

    -

    2004

  • 681.3.06 32.973.26-018.2

    42 . ., . .

    42 Microsoft Access 2003. - .: -, 2004. -752 .: .

    ISBN 5-94157-405-3

    -

    . -

    , , , ,

    ,

    Visual Basic . -,

    . .

    Microsoft SQL Server , Web- .

    -

    -

    .

    681.3.06 32.973.26-018.2

    :

    .

    .

    .

    No 02429 or 24.07.00. 23.07.04. '. . . . . 60,63,

    5000 . Na 835"-". 190005, -, ., 29.

    , NB 77.99.02.953..001537.03.02 13.03.2002 . .

    " "

    190005, -, ., 29.

    ISBN 5-941 57-405-3 . ., . ., 2004 , "-", 2004

  • II

    I. MICROSOFT ACCESS 5 1. Access 7

    Microsoft Access 7 7

    10 11

    11 14 Access 15 17 19 Access 2U 21 Access 22 27 28 29 31

    Access 32 Access SQL Server 34- 35

    Microsoft Access 37 Access 37 Access 38

    38 39 39 43 43 43

    44 Access 46

    2. 5(1 50 - 52

    53 5.5

  • IV ^

    56

    " " 59 71

    71 73- 75

    76

    3. 81 Access 84 87

    88 89 93

    " " 941 95

    101 103 " " 304

    OLE 106 107 109

    Access 1 1 6 " " 1 1 7

    117 118

    120 121

    123 125

    128 133

    133 134

    4. 137 137 139

    140 141

    142 143

    144

  • 144 145

    146 148

    150 153 154

    154 155 Sum 155 Count 159 160

    SQL 162 SQL 164

    165 166 167 167 168 SQL 169 172 173 175

    176 ...177

    186 187

    187 ,

    189 191 193 195 197

    ,

    198 ,

    199 2(11

    201 201 203 , 203

    204 207

  • VI

    5. 212 212

    / 212 214, 215

    225 226 226 229

    230 231 231 231

    233 234

    235 235 236 236 236

    236

    243 244 245 248

    253 254 256

    259 259 259 260

    6. , 266

    267 26S 269

    272 272

    273 273

  • VII

    276 276 278

    278 280 281 287 288

    , 289 291 292

    7. . 30(1 301

    301 302

    304 306

    30S 309 310 310

    310 314

    8. 32(1 320

    321 321 32'2 322

    323 324 326

    326 328 330

    33 3 333 33 J

    335 336

    337 340

  • VIII

    341 343

    344 346 347 350 353

    II. 359

    9. Access 361 Access 363

    364 365 370

    370 373

    , 374 375

    , 376 377

    377 378

    379 380

    10. Access SQL- 384Microsoft SQL Server 384

    Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine 386 SQL 388 Access SQL Server ODBC 390

    ODBC 391 393 393

    SQL SQL- 399 SQL 400 SQL 400 SQL 402

    SQL- 404 404 409

    SQL- Access 411 Access SQL- 412

  • /

    . Access Microsoft SQL Server 416 Access 2000 416 OLE DB 417 Access 419

    ,, 421 423 Access Microsoft SQL Server 2000Desktop Engine 425 428 Access SQL- 433

    SQL- 434 .-'. 434 43') 442 448

    450 451

    12. 457 Web-, Access 45S Web- 459

    Web- 460 Web- 460 Web- 465 Web- 466 Web- 467

    Web- 469 Web- HTX/IDC 469 Web- ASP 47-!

    Web- , 474 476

    477 47S 479 481 481

    482 482 48>J 497 502 506 507

    : 507 Web- 50S

  • X

    III. 511

    13. 513

    14. 518 520

    -. 520 521

    521 522

    522 523

    524 524

    526 527

    527 -. 528 528 529 531

    532 532 533

    , 535 535

    536 536

    537 , 537 541 544 548 551

    15. Visual Basic 554 VBA 556 -. 558

    Access 558 560 ADO 562

    VBA 564 566

  • XI

    568- 568- 570 VBA 571

    572 572 573

    574 , 575 576 577 579

    580 GoTo 5 Call. 5SI If...Then...Else 581 DoLoop 583

    DoCmd. 584 VBA 585

    VBA 586 586 588 589 589

    591 594 595 595

    VBA 596 , 596 , 599 601 ,

    605 607 608

    609 ...613

    614

    615 621 624 SQL 627 628

  • XII

    16. 638 640

    640 642 643

    644 648

    651 Access 652 653 657

    658

    17. 661 661

    662 662

    , 662- 663

    664 666 667 667

    667 ..668

    669 670

    670 - 674

    676 676- 678

    679 679 681 682

    684 "- " 686

    686 687

    688 690 692

  • () 694 " "

    696 "" 697 ; 700

    "" 701 703 - ,..., 705 "- " 708

    . 70S , 708

    711

    1. " " 713

    713 71.5 - 716

    2. " " 718

    718 719- 720

    721

  • Access , -

    .

    , -

    .

    -

    .

    ,

    . -

    -

    .

    . -

    -

    , . -

    . ,

    -

    .

    --

    .

    ,

    . -

    .

    -

    - -

    .

    , , - . Access - -

    .

    , -

    , -

    . Access

  • _2

    , -

    ,

    .

    : ,

    ,

    . -

    ,

    , .

    Access - ,

    .

    -

    Access Web-,

    .

    .

    .

    : -, ,

    : , , , .

    -

    Access 2003 - -

    , .

    , -

    , -

    . -

    "-", -

    -

    . Access SQL-. Access Web- - Web-; , Web- - , Web-,

    .

    ,

    VBA, .

  • 3

    Access. . -

    .

    , .

    , -

    Access, Access ,. . , -

    .

    , Access , Access 2003. , .

    Access 2003 ,

    , ,

    Access Web-, .

    , , -

    Access - ,

    , . .

    .

    , .

    , , , -

    -

    Access 2003.

  • I

    MICROSOFT ACCESS

  • 1-^

    -

    Access Microsoft Access

    ( ) - -

    .

    .

    . -

    () , . - , .

    ( ) - , -

    . -

    ,

    ( ), - SQL (Structured Query Language).

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    -

    , , , .

    -

    .

  • 8 I. Microsoft Access

    -

    .

    .

    -

    . . , ,

    ,

    , , -

    , . .

    Microsoft Access , -

    ,

    SQL-, , . -

    Access, , - . -

    , : , , .

    , -

    MDB-, , .

    Access - ,

    .

    , .

    ,

    .

    -

    Access : ;

    "3 , ,

    ;

    ;

    , ,

    ;

  • 1. Access

    \ , ;

    ,

    ;

    : , , , -

    .

    -

    SQL, - - Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).VBA Microsoft Visual Basic, - Visual Studio.VBA Microsoft Office: Access, Excel, FrontPage, Outlook, PowerPoint Word. , ,

    VBA ( ). VBA Microsoft Office.VBA Microsoft Office, . VBA Access, - "-", Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle . - ODBC- (OpenDatabase Connectivity ) (Component Object Model), - OLE DB. VBA OLE DB - ActiveX (ADO). , -

    Access, - Microsoft Jet. Microsoft Jet 4.0 - .

    Jet 4.0 -Unicode, . Unicode , , Unicode. Microsoft Jet Microsoft SQL Server SQL SQL 92 Microsoft Jet 4.0 SQL. Access , :

    "-" Access - , SQLServer.

  • 10 I. Microsoft Access

    OLE DB Microsoft Jet. -

    Access -. -

    Access. "-" Access .

    , -

    . ,

    Microsoft Office Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine (Microsoft Data Engine, MSDE), - , Microsoft SQL Server 2000, , .

    -

    "-" , .

    ~3 - .

    -

    . -

    Access Web- Access SQL-. Web- -

    -

    . Access , Access - .

    Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 - SP2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. 5 .

    Internet Explorer 5. 5 - -

    .

    Access 2003 Microsoft Office 2003 ( Professional, Professional with FrontPage, Professional Special Edition Developer). Access 2002 - Pentium III 128 RAM, -

  • 1. Access

    Windows XP . Windows XP - -

    Windows; Office 2003 - ,

    Office 2003. - Windows 2000 3, Windows ME, 98 NT, Microsoft Office 2003 .

    , Access 2003 , Pentium 233 64 . - Office 2003 - .

    Office 2003 Professional Professional SpecialEdit ion 250 , 115 , . -

    . , Windows 2000/XP, 50 . -

    Office .

    Super VGA (800x600). 256 . - Office 2003 CD-ROM.

    -

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    -

    .

    , -

    , .

    , ^

    . -

  • 12 I. Microsoft Access^

    . , -

    , ,

    . -

    , -

    .

    -

    -

    , .

    .

    .

    , ,

    . . -

    .

    , .

    -

    .

    () () . .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    -

    .

    -

    ~~ (1:1) --(1:). 1:1 , - . 1: , ,

    .

    , 1:, ,

    "", . ,

    "" ,

    , -

    . ,

    . 1.1 - , 1: - ()

  • 1. Access 13

    .

    , .

    001002004005006

    :

    778957651111789889*98798456575675677

    ,

    -

    1: !,^

    -

    :

    : ^1 1 1-1 1 1 1 1 1C .11

    T1DD1001

    002

    111222777

    555

    01.01.200429.02.200414.05.200401.01 200412.01.2003

    135400,00773 024,00-250 000,00

    75 160,00

    :

    . 1.1.

    .

    -

    .

    ,

    . (, , .) - ,

    , .

    -

    .

    Access 2000, , - .

    . -

    -

    .

    . .

    . ,

    , (. 1.2), --, -

    ,

  • . I. Microsoft Access

    : EBB

    1

    *

    L*_

    778957651111

    +.

    i

    111222777

    002

    *

    :

    '

    -

    004005006

    :

    .

    01.01.200429.02 200414.06.2004

    789809798798

    55588999

    LJ!

    *

    1 135400,00.77 024 ,00.250000,00.

    01.01.200412.01.200323.05.200412.09.2004

    456575675(57777124357822587879879123

    1 > ]H|t*

    0,00.

    75 160 ,00 1 2 000, 00 30 000, OQp.

    J

    450000,00..

    3

    -

    -

    ,

    . 1.2.

    Access - . -

    : ,

    .

    , -

    - , -

    .

    -

    ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    , , -

    , , ,

    .

  • 1. Access 75

    ,

    , .

    Access Access - mdb : , , ,

    ;

    D , , , , - .

    ,

    , , -

    , . -

    , . -

    ,

    .

    . -

    , -

    , . -

    , Visual Basic forApplications (VBA), . , -

    , .

    ,

    VBA, . Access. .

    (Tables)

    . () ().

    . -

    .

    Access 32 768 ( , . .). 2048 . dBase, FoxPro, Paradox -, "-", MicrosoftSQL Server, , Excel Lotus 1/2/3. -

  • 16 I. Microsoft Access

    ,

    Access. (Queries). . -

    . ,

    , -

    .

    . -

    SQL - . , -

    ,

    .

    (Relationships) , ,

    , -

    , .

    Access, .

    Access | (Tools Relationships). (Forms) - . -

    , -

    .

    .

    , , , .

    . -

    , ,

    . .

    (Reports) , ,

    . , -

    .

    .

    (Data Access Pages) Web-,

    , ,

    .

    (Macro) , - , -

    . -

    .

  • 1. Access

    , -

    .

    (Modules) Visual Basic for Applications. -, -,

    , . -

    ,

    ,

    .

    Access .

    .

    Access - (shortcuts), .

    ,

    ,

    (. 1.3). - .

    * : - " *"

    * :

    2004 " : ' '

    111 222 " ; "+ - + - * + , -1

    ", "!CD-ROM Panasonic IDE 24 16DIMM64MPC100 i " 5FDD3j5 15HDD Maxtor 20GB " , - , 8' Genius Liv ~"in 10 17LG ! 12' ]| 1 10

    "

    :

    515

    8101311

    : !

    ' '7~.+ - .. + -.' - ; + :-' ": " "

    401 1

    153 11

    3 3 134 4 23

    12 12 23

    . 1..

    , ,

  • I. Microsoft Access

    -

    ( ), ( , () ( ).

    -

    . -

    , , , -

    . ,

    . ' -

    .

    , -

    (. 1.4).

    -

    2004"""

    "

    CD-ROWPanasonic

    IDE

    DIMM 64MPCI 00 FDD 3,5

    HDD Maxtor 3e K.spra 20GB Genius Liv 1TLG

    '

    . 1.4.

    , ,

    Access , , , , -

    ; , -

  • 1. Access ^^^ /9

    , MicrosoftInternet Explorer 5.1 SP2 . ,

    ,

    , .

    Access , SQL; Access , , SQL - .

    -

    OLAP (OnLine Analytic Processing), Microsoft OLAP Service SQL Server.

    , Access: , ,, , , -

    MDB. - .

    .

    Access , - .

    MDE, ADE. VBA , , - , , ,

    . ADE , , -

    . -

    | [ MDE-.

    Access - , ,

    . -

    , , -

    .

    Access, , - MSDE, -, SQL-, . adp . SQL- .

  • 20 /^ Microsoft Access

    AccessAccess Microsoft Windows , -

    . Access - -

    . Microsoft Office, -

    .

    Access, Microsoft Office, , -

    . (New Fi]e) , ,

    (Search File) , (Clipboard) .

    Access ,

    . ,

    . Access - .

    , .

    Access HTML, . -

    Access, - , .

    Access 2002, , .

    -

    .

    .

    . ,

    ,

    .

    (), - , Access 2003 -. Access 2003 - , - ,

    -. -

  • 1. Access

    -

    , , -.

    , , ,

    , - -

    Outlook Express. - Outlook . Access -. -, Microsoft -, .

    Microsoft Office 2003 Microsoft Office . - ,

    Windows XP Windows Windows XP/2000. Drag and Drop - . ,

    .

    . -

    - .

    . Microsoft Access. - Access , , Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel. . -

    Microsoft Excel Microsoft Access. OLE , .

    Access IntelliSense, - -

    -

    . (OfficeAssistant) - , ,

    Access.

    Access -,

    , SQL - Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications.

  • 22_ I. Microsoft Access

    : , -, , : , , -

    , (Design). - , -

    . ,

    , -

    .

    Access , , -,

    -

    .

    , , ,

    - .

    Access - .

    ,

    , , , , , -

    . ,

    ( ) - , . -

    .

    -

    (Name AntoCorrect) (General), - ) (Tools|Options).

    Access Access , , , ; .

    (Wizard), - .

    (Lookup Wizard) - -

    .

    (Lookup Wizard). - ] (lnsert|Lookup Column).

  • 1. Access

    -

    , -

    .

    (Crosstab Query Wizard) - , -

    , , -

    -- , ,

    .

    -

    . -

    ,

    , -

    . -.

    SQL, , - .

    ( ). - - .

    T001

    17|_6 [1 000,00.

    15

    COJ

    : M

    . 1.5. ,

    (Chart Wizard) - , .

    . 1.5 , -

  • 24 I. Microsoft Access/

    . [ , , -

    .

    . -

    ] (ConditionalFormatting). , , , .

    , -

    , -

    | (AutoFormat). (Command Button Wizard Page Command Button Wizard)

    . -

    , .

    VBA. , VisualBasic, .

    (Switchboard Manager) - , -

    -

    .

    (Table Analyzer Wizard) - .

    ,

    .

    | (Tools Analyze):

    (Performance), - -

    -

    ;

    (Documenter), -

    Word. (PivotTable Wizard) Access 2002/2003 - , ,

    .

  • 1. Access 25

    ( | -| (File Get External Data|Import)) , -

    .

    Access, Excel, Lotus, Paradox, dBase . HTML- Microsoft Access. - , ,

    XML Access, Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft SQLServer Desktop Engine. XML - Access. XML .

    ( | | (File Get External Data Link Tables)) , , ,

    , , -

    .

    . ,

    - . -

    , : . ,

    ,

    .

    ( | (File|Export)) - ( ) Access, Access, . ,

    , -

    . , -

    Access ( - mdb), , , , Access ( adp) XML- , .

    XSL. - XML , -

    .

    (Label Wizard) -

    . -

    .

  • 26 I. Microsoft Access

    (User-Level Security Wizard) .

    , , -

    , , -

    . -

    .

    (Database Splitter Wizard) - , ,

    , , , -

    . , ,

    , , , -

    , ,

    .

    SQL Server (Upsizing Wizard) Access ( mdb) Microsoft SQLServer Access ( adp). .

    SQL-, Access. . , -

    , ,

    . -

    ,

    .

    Microsoft SQL Server (Microsoft SQL ServerDatabase Wizard) Microsoft- Access SQL- . (Database Utilities) (ConvertDatabase) ( Access To Current Access DatabaseVersion). , ( Access To Prior AccessDatabase Version). Access 2003 Access 2000/2002 .

    Microsoft Access 2002/2003 Microsoft Access 2003. Access 2003 Access 2000. - |, (Other) - Access.

  • 1. Access 27

    (Database Utilities) (Compact and Repair Database) - .

    -

    ,

    .

    . , , -

    Access , , .

    , -

    . -

    .

    . -

    .

    Access , - , , -

    .

    ..

    , -

    , (New) Access, - (New file) . (Database) (. 1.6) . -

    , Web- Microsoft Office, Office Online., , -

    ,

    . .

    -

    , . -

    , ,

    Access. , - ,

    , .

    , , ,

    . , -

  • 26 I. Microsoft Access

    , , -

    , .

    - i

    Office Online

    . 1.6.

    -

    , ,

    Access . , -

    , -

    . -

    .

    Access \., , ,

    , , -

    , . ,

    ,

    : , .

  • 1. Access 29

    ,

    . -

    .

    Access - Visual Basic forApplications (VBA) 6.4, -. VBA , - , .

    VBA (,, , . .), , - . -

    . -

    VBA , - .

    VBA : VBA, , -, , . -

    Microsoft Office, VisualBasic, . Office .

    , VBA, , VBA, Visual Basic - -

    . VBA - Visual Basic . .

    Access VBA. VBA, VBA.

    Access OLE (Object Linking and Embedding ), . OLE - -

    . -

  • 30 I. Microsoft Access

    , , .

    - -

    , .

    ,

    . ,

    .

    -

    Windows: , , , - . , , -

    , ,

    : , , ,

    - . . , Access . .

    Access -.

    Access, dBase, Paradox, Oracle Microsoft SQL Sewer, Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1/2/3, HTML XML, , -, , Microsoft Exchange. -

    .

    ODBC (Open Database Connectivity), -, , , OLE DB, -

    , COM. OLE DB ,

    , ,

    .

    ODBC , Access, -. , ,

    , -

    Access. Microsoft SQL Server Access , - , -

    .

    Microsoft Jet OLE DB. -

    Access. Access .

  • 1. Access 3i

    (Intranet) , "-

    ".

    (. 1.7). - ,

    , .

    Internet

    Access

    Internet Explorer

    . 1.7. SQL- Web-

    Access , -, -

    SQL Server. Access.

    Web-, , -

    . -

    ,

    Access SQL Server.

  • 32_ /. Microsoft Access

    Access XML - XML-. , -

    Web- - - XML Extensible Markup Language) XSL (ExtensibleStylesheet Language). , ,

    Web, .

    Access , , , -

    . Access

    .

    , -

    , . .

    .

    Windows 9* Windows NT/2000/XP. . -

    , , Access , .

    Access , - ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    -

    . MicrosoftWindows NT/2000/XP NetWare Novell. Windows NT/2000/XP Windows NT/2000/XP Server, , Windows NT/2000/XP Workstation Professional, , Access.

    .

    , ,

    , , , -

    .

  • 1. Access 33

    Access - -

    .

    . -

    -

    .

    -

    Access , -

    . Access .

    (Open databases using record level locking) ( -|| - ToolsOptionsjAdvanced). - , -

    .

    , ,

    , Access - . -

    Access, . ,

    , ,

    . -

    ,

    . -

    Microsoft Jet .

    |) (Tools]ReplicationjCreateReplica). Access .

    -

    . ,

    ,

    , .

    -

    , -

    (Synchronize Now). -

    , .

    ' , -

    (Resolve Conflicts). .

    .

  • 34 I. Microsoft Access

    . -

    .

    Access SQL Server -

    15 . -

    "-". -

    - ,

    -

    , ,

    .

    Access . - , ,

    SQL Server (. . 1.7). , - , . -

    -

    SQL (Stinctured Query Language). : SQL Server Microsoft, OracleServer Oracle NetWare SQL Novell. SQL- .

    Microsoft Access SQL ODBC. ODBC (Open DatabaseConnectivity) - SQL. ODBC. MS Access ODBC MS SQL Server Oracle SQL Server. SQL

    . Access, Excel, FoxPro , ODBC, SQL- . Access , -, .

    SQL-, - -

    . -

    , .

    , -

    SQL-cepuepa. .

  • 1. Access __ _______ _ 35

    Access -, , ,

    , , SQL-. - -

    (, , , -) , SQL-. Access, SQL-, -, Microsoft Jet, :;; Microsoft SQL Server OLE DB. Access OLE DB SQL Server, Access, - .

    Access 2002/2003 SQL Server Microsoft SQLServer Desktop Engine { MSDE), , SQL Server, - , . -

    -

    . MSDE , SQLServer. MSDE SQL-. - ,

    , -

    SQL-.

    ,

    SQL-. , SQL- - .

    MSDE - Microsoft Office 2(]03, Microsoft Windows 98,Microsoft Windows 2000/XP . MSDE - SQL Server Service Manager. MSDE MSSQLSen/er. Start/Continue - MSDE. SQL Server Service Manager Auto-start service when OS starts.

    -

    -

    , -

  • 36 I. Microsoft Access

    - (. . 1.7). -, .

    Access 2003 - , - Web- .Access Web- , Jet SQL Server. -

    ,

    .

    , Access - , . -

    Web-, .

    , Access, - ,

    .

    .

    , -

    ,

    Internet Explorer. , -

    HTML- Web-. ,

    . -

    Web-, - .

    -

    . -

    XML (Extensible Markup Language) . HTML, - , -

    . HTML Web-, XML -. XML , . XML - . -

    XML - .

    Microsoft Access XML, a ,

    XML.

  • 1. Access -

    XML , Web. XML , XSL .

    Microsoft Access Access Access Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/XP Access.

    Access|)1

    -

    ' ' '|

    f-J

    ."'- Office Online -

    .Microsoft Office OnSne

    Access

    : " "

    _,1 ._ _

    . m dbnO_2002.mdb5ystemi.mdw

    -

    -

    -

    . 1.8. Microsoft Access

  • /. Microsoft Access

    Access, . , , : Windows XP , . -

    , , Microsoft Access . Microsoft Access - , . -

    Microsoft Access, , . 1.8. Access - Windows. . , Microsoft Access, . . -

    ( ). , , 1.9.

    . 1.9. Access

    Access .

    Access Access.

    (. . 1.7) , -- Microsoft Access , - .

    (Minimize) (l~J) Access, Access - Windows (. 1.10).

    . 1.10. Windows

  • 1. Access 39

    Access , , .

    (Maximize) () - .

    (Close) (I2SJI) . Access . (Maximize) (Restore) (1), , .

    , + +. , .

    , .

    ,

    , -

    . Access. - , -

    . Access . Access - ,

    .

    -, -

    . -

    , , ,

    .

    , -

    Access. ,

    , . -

    ,

    . ,

    .

    Access , -

  • I. Microsoft Access

    . Access - . ,

    Access (. . 1.8) (Database)., ,

    . ,

    , , -

    , . -

    (. 1.11), .

    -

    -

    -

    ..,

    ,..

    . , .

    ,.,

    Ctrl+N

    Ctrl+0

    Ctrl+5

    F7

    Ctrl+C

    CtH+V

    V

    -

    ...

    Office

    Alt+Shift+Fl t

    AIM-ENTER

    ...

    : Microsoft Office Access Ft

    ,..

    . , .

    . 1.11.

  • 1. Access 41

    , -

    (Add or RemoveButtons). (. 1.11). - .

    .

    ,

    .

    | (View|Toolbars). (Customize) , (Toolbars) - Access, (. 1.12). - .

    :

    -

    "

    "

    "

    "

    ~

    "

    "

    ? "

    "

    "

    "

    ..

    . 1.12.

    -

    .

  • I, Microsoft Access

    (Commands) (. 1.13). , - .

    . , -

    , ,

    Access. , , -, , .

    .

    | ,

    .

    : :

    *2MMWHM -'- - ^

    -

  • 1. Access 43

    -

    , (Customize) (Options) - (ShowScreen Tips on toolbars).

    Access ,

    .

    Access , - Microsoft Office, , . .

    Access (. . 1.8).

    ,

    | (ToolsjOptions). (View) .

    Access : , Access, , . , - , .

    .

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , , . -

    (Ready) , Access -. , , -

    , , .

    , , -

    . -

    . -

    , .

  • ' I. Microsoft Access

    Microsoft Access - , -

    , \ (. . 1.8). ,

    . , .

    , ,

    .

    | (FilejOpen) (Open) . . 1.14.

    I

    _

    . 1.14. Access

    .

  • 1. Access 45

    , Access, , , - : (Database) . Access , .

    (Objects), Access: (Tables), (Queries), (Forms), (Reports), (Pages), (Macros), (Modules). , - (Groups). (Groups) - (Favorites). - .

    .

    .

    (Favorites) (New Groups), - , ,

    (Add to Group) , -. , -

    .

    .

    . , , -

    .

    :

    (Open), , -, , (Preview), - , (Run), ;

    G (Design) - ;

    (New) .

    .

    . , -

    , .

  • 46 ' I. Microsoft Access

    (. . 1.14) (Database). Access , .

    Access Access .

    Access, - Microsoft Office Windows, - .

    . -

    , -

    .

    ,

    . -

    ,

    . , . . -

    .

    .

    . -

    ,

    , Web- www.Microsoft.com.

    Access |: Microsoft Access Fl(HelpjMicrosoft Access Help Fl). - Access. - .

    .

    -

    .

    . -

    ,

    (. 1.15). ,

    Access Web- Microsoft OfficeOnline. Web- , , , , , -

    .

    Office.

  • 1. Access '

    2050 , -

    .

    : _

    "~ .I_-*jiV ! Access

    Access ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    : ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    > Microsoft Access

    k

    !>

    ) ^

    *

    or ,

    (&

    ^ *

    *( ^ " i

    -1 '^ Access>i>i ^ Microsoft Access^

    ^

    -/' Microsoft Access^ Microsoft

    f :

    ? -;#? ^

    Vf , -$'

    . 1.15.

    Web- - , , -

    , , .

    , -

    Office.

  • 48 I. Microsoft Access

    , -

    , -

    Access Web- Microsoft Office Online. ,

    .

    -

    . , ,

    , -

    . ,

    .

    ,

    .

    Access .

    , , . 1.16. . , -

    .

    Office. ^

    .

    ?* ,

    ;

    ,

    . 1.16.

    Access. , -

    , -

    . -

    , ,

    .

  • 1. Access 49

    1. Access?

    2. ?3. ?4. -

    ?5.

    ?6. ?7. ?8. ?

    1. .2.

    .

    3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. -

    .

  • 2

    Access . .

    . -

    ,

    .

    (), , . ,

    , -

    .

    , ,

    1:. - Access - .

    -

    ,

    , -

    . ,

    - .

    ,

    , .

    -

    (). -

    ,

  • 2. 5,7

    .

    .

    . ( ) , , -

    ,

    , . () - .

    . ,

    , , -

    . , -

    Access

    .

    Access , . 2.1.

    0

    3

    : ml]

    RP /

    1 . ..!_.. 1.. 1 _ _ f i l l

    CIJ.:X.I 1 1 1

    . .

    1-"| Access

    -

    -

    Access

    Access

    / /

    RPIf

    1 1 1 I I l"'"l ' 1

    ' * ' -'JJ

    (~| Access

    Access

    I- i

    . 2.1. Access

    3 . 835

  • 52 I. Microsoft Access

    -

    (), -, --

    (1:).

    , -

    -

    . -

    , . ,

    , -

    , .

    Access. -, .

    -

    ,

    .

    , -

    , ,

    . -

    , -

    .

    Access ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    Access, - .

    -

    - () () - . ,

  • 2.

    .

    .

    -

    : , , -. -

    ,

    . : , -, , , , , , , ,

    . .

    -

    . , -

    . -

    , . . () . ,

    -

    . .

    . , -

    , -

    .

    . -

    -

    .

    -

    () :() . -

    . , -

    , -

    , . . ( ), , -, . . ( ). , , -

    , . . -

    . , -

    .

    ,

    , -

    , -

  • 54 I. Microsoft Access

    .

    .

    ( ), . . ++ , . . , . -

    ,

    ( ), . 2.1.

    2.1.

    -

    1

    2

    1

    1

    1

    1

    )20

    ( "~~ ^

    (, ), , -

    .

    -

    .

    . 2.2. _ ( ) - , + ( ) + ( ) .

    + +

    . 2.2.

  • ^ 55

    .

    , -

    :

    -

    ;

    , . .

    ;

    , , -

    ;

    , . . -

    , -

    -

    , ;

    -

    , . . .

    (~ ^

    -

    .

    -

    ,

    -

    ,

    .

    , -

    , -

    () . - , -

    . -

    - , , ,

    , - .

    -

    .

  • 56 I. Microsoft Access

    -

    .

    . -

    .

    -

    , , -

    , , ,

    . ,

    .

    , -

    .

    -

    , .

    .

    .

    . -

    .

    :

    ;

    "3 . -

    , -

    -

    .

    . - -

    , , , ,

    , , . . -

    . -

    ;

    ,

    , -

    (, . .) .

  • 2.

    - -:

    - () ( , -);

    - ,

    , ( -, ).

    , - -

    , - -

    , ;

    ] () .

    . -

    -

    , .

    () -

    .

    -

    .

    , ,

    . . .

    , () (). . -

    , -

    . " "

    (. 2.3), .

    KODTNAIMCENAEI

    . 2.3, " "

  • 58 I. Microsoft Access

    -

    , . -

    .

    ,

    , -

    .

    1. -.

    -

    . ( ), -

    . , ,

    (), , . . -

    -

    (, , ). - - (, ) - .

    (, , . .), , - . -

    -

    (), ( -). -

    .

    2. - -

    , . . ( ), .

    -

    ,

    . 2.2.

  • 2.

    2.2.

    ()

    ,

    ,

    3. , . -

    -

    . , -

    .

    -

    . -

    .

    .

    -

    .

    , -

    , , -

    -- (M:N). , - .

    -

    , -

    , .

    " "

    " ".

  • /. Microsoft Access

    , -

    .

    , ,

    , -

    .

    :

    ;

    (); , ;

    ;

    3 - . -

    .

    " ",

    " ", " ". . 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 - .

    ,

    . 2.4. " , '

    /, /

    .

    . 2.5. " "

  • 2.

    .

    .

    . 2.6. " "

    . -

    . 2.7.

    .

    h

    9

    " " 200 .

    .

    -

    . -

    ()

    . 2.7.

    - ()

    (. 2.8). , -

    ,

    / - .

  • 62 I. Microsoft Access

    , _

    _200_ .

    ,

    -:

    200

    -

    _ .

    . 2.8.

    ,

    ,

    , .

    , -

    , ( )., ,

    :

    , . .

    ,

    . -

    , ,

    .

    .

    " ", -

    , . 2.9. - .

  • 2. S3

    , . -

    , (HAHMJTOB), ( ) , () , . -

    (_). , _ .

    , , -

    .

    _

    _

    _

    , 2.9.

    , . .

    , . .

    .

    (_). -

    . (_, , ,

    , , , , . -

    -

    .

    . 2.3.

  • I. Microsoft Access

    2.3.

    TOE

    -

    _

    _

    _

    _

    " ". -

    " -

    ", (. . 2.9). - -- .

    (__), (_), (_) (_), - . ,

    (_) . , - -

    , . . , -

    .

    .

    ^ _ , -

    -

    , .

    " " . 2.10., _

    . ,

  • 2.

    . _

    _ _. ,

    -

    .

    .

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    *

    . 2.10.

    , -

    , .

    ,

    _, ,

    (), _. - () _ _. _

    __ . .

    . 2.4.

    2.4. " "

    ()

    _

    __

    _

    _

    _

    _

    __

    _

    ,

  • 66 I. Microsoft Access

    , -

    ,

    .

    " "

    . 2.5.

    2.5. " "

    _

    ^

    _

    _

    _

    _

    , " "

    .

    , , -

    ,

    .

    "".

    "",

    (. 2.11). .

    "".

    .

    .

    : , -

    ( , ) , ,

  • 2.

    . -

    .

    ""

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    ^

    *~

    -

    -

    . 2.11. "'

    -

    , , , , , . -

    , -

    , ,

    .

    , -

    , .

    -

    . ( ) , , . .

    .

    , -

    .

    , -

    , , , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

  • 68 I. Microsoft Access

    , ,

    . - -

    , , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . , -

    , .

    + .

    ,

    ,

    , . . , -

    -

    + + (. . 2.11). "". -

    , ,

    , .

    -

    . , ,

    (). "" - . 2.6.

    2.6. ""

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

  • 2. 69

    "".

    . -

    .

    , (. . ). - -

    + .

    .( ) -. , ,

    ( - + ). .

    ,

    .

    , . , -

    , . . -

    . , ', -

    ' "" .

    '-

    ' .

    ' .-

    -

    , .

    ( ), , -

    . ,

    - .

    '' ' . ( - ) ' , ..'

    , ,

    -

    . ( ), ( ), ( - ). , , , -

    , , -

    .

    -

    . , -

  • 70 I. Microsoft Access

    , . . -

    , .

    ,

    .

    , -

    , , , -

    ,

    .

    , , ,

    ,

    .

    - () -

    . -

    ,

    -

    . ,

    [] - + -f . . 2.12 .

    ""

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    _

    *-

    . 2.12.

  • 2. 71

    . -

    , , -

    , . -

    . , -

    ,

    (). - . 2.7.

    2.7. ""

    ()_ _

    _

    _

    __

    _ _

    _

    _

    -

    .

    . , , -

    , ,

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    , , , . .

    :

    - (1:1); - (1:); - (M:N).

  • I. Microsoft Access

    - ,

    () (), -, () (). , , -

    ,

    , . . -

    . -

    . 2.13. - : - , . .

    1 : 1

    . 2.13. -

    - (1:) , () (), () - (). - . 2.14.

    1 :

    . 2.14. -

    , , . .

    . -

    - : -

    , , . .

    - (M:N) , - () - (), , () (). M:N . 2.15.

  • . 3

    -

    ' N

    '

    . 2.15. -

    -

    . , -

    , -

    "".

    - . , -

    - -

    (. 2.16).

    : N

    Kb

    1 1 :

    . 2.16. : -

    - , -

    (. . 2.16). -

    -, ,

    . - -

    , . . , -

    - .

    - -

    , ,

    .

    -

    , , .

    " ".

  • 74_ I. Microsoft Access

    - -

    (1:), . . , -

    .

    , -

    , -

    1:. - ,

    (). - ""

    , ,

    ^, . -

    - ~~

    _,

    , .

    "" ,

    - .

    -> _. - ,

    ( ) ,

    ( ). > , - - .

    -* -

    -, -

    ,

    .

    , _ -

    - - ,

    - - -

    (. 2.17). . 2.8 - -

    .

    2.8.

    1 ;

    1:

  • 2. 75

    2.8 ()

    _

    M : N\ /

    N\ /

    . 2.17. -

    -

    . 2.18 - - , -

    .

    - , -

    . -

    , .

    ,

    -

    , --

    .

  • I. Microsoft Access

    i , -

    , .

    , .

    .

    .

    1

    2

    3

    . 2.18. - " "

    Access -

    . -

    .

    :

    , ()

  • 7 I. - Microsoft Access

    - _

    _

    -

    .

    '

    _

    - _

    _

    _

    _

    1

    _

    1 _ -_

    _

    .

    1

    . 2.19. " "

    1. ?2. ?3. ?4.

    ?5. ?.6. , -

    , ?7. , ,

    , ?8. , ,

    , -

    ?

  • 2. 79

    9. ?10. ,

    ?. .

    12. ?

    13. .14. - ()

    1:. ?15. ?16. - -

    ?

    17. - --?

    18. ?

    19. ""?20. , --

    ?21. ,

    ?22. , -

    ?23.

    ?

    1. , , .2. -

    , , -

    .

    3. , .4. -

    () .5. ,

    , -

    Access.

  • 80 /. Microsoft Access

    6. .7. .8. .9. _ .

    10. . :

    11. ; ; - ^ ; -, ,

    .

    12. .13. -, -, -.14. .15. , -

    .

    16. .

    17. "".18. .

    19- .20. , ,

    , .

    21. .22. , .23. .

    -

  • 3

    Access - , -

    . -

    .

    , . --

    ,

    -- --. --

    -

    ,

    , .

    , 2. -

    . -

    . -

    , . Access .

    , -

    Access . -

    , -

    .

    , . .

    .

    . -

    /, - . (. 5, 6) , .

  • 82 4acTbJ. Microsoft Access

    6. .

    -

    ,

    . ,

    .

    Microsoft Access (. . 1.7 /). - .

    ,

    . .

    ^

    Access | (ToolsjOptions), (View) -

    .

    |(File)New) (New) (ill) (Database). (New) : - , ,

    .

    (New Database) .

    (Data Access Page) Web- - . -

    , , -

    Microsoft Access Microsoft SQL Server no .

    Microsoft Access. ,

    . -

    , -

    (Pages) , . ,

  • 3. 83

    , -

    , ,

    .

    Access. .

    -

    Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 SP2 . Access Office Developer Edition .

    Project (Existing Database) - Project (New Database) - , ,

    SQL-.

    . Microsoft SQL Server 11.

    .

    j (

    ~

    . , . , , . (,

    ( )

    [ -

    Office Online

    . 3.1.

    4 . 835

  • 84 J^ Microsoft Access^

    , -

    ( ) Web- Microsoft Office Online (www.Microsoft.com). , . -

    (. 3.1). (General) . (Blank Database) -

    . .

    ,

    .

    AccessAccess , . , -

    .

    (New Database). (File New Database) (. 3.2) - (Save in) , , , , "

    TOBapOB.mdb", (Create). : (Database).

    , Access, MS Office, - (My Documents). - -

    ] (Tools|Options) (General) (Default DatabaseFolder) , -. | (Tools|Options) - .

    , ,

    255 , , Microsoft Windows 98/NT 4.0 215 , , Microsoft Windows 2000/XP Millennium Edition. -: \, / , - , : * , ? , " , < , > , |.

  • 3.

    Microsoft Access(*.mdb) (Microsoft Access Databases), , mdb. - Windows Access.

    ;

    *

    .'"}

    ] _-J - ,jj ' ^ _j_2003,^

    ;

    ;

    .

    . mdb

    Microsoft Office Access (*.mdb) *

    . tl

  • 86 I. Microsoft Access

    (File NewDatabase) , - . UES - . -

    (Up One Level) . -

    (Views) . (Tools) - ,

    . , -

    .

    ,

    , , .

    : (Database) (. 3.3) - (File New Database) (. . 3.2).

    : ( Access 2002 - 2003)

    '^. | X 1

    . 3.3. " "{ )

    (Objects) , :

    , , , , , .

  • 3. 87

    . -

    "

    Microsoft Access" 1.

    .

    : , ,

    , , , ,

    .

    .

    (. . 3.3) (Tables) (New). (New Table) - (. 3.4). ( ) ,

    (. . 3.3). -, .

    .

    . 3.4.

    (Create table in DesignView) (Design View) (New Table) - , -

    .

    .

  • I. Microsoft Access

    !: (TableI: Table), (. 3.5).

    SB ! : - )

    _

    OL

    IME IME-

    ,

    .

    F1.

    . 3.5.

    ,

    -

    (Table Design) (. 3.6).

    , -

    , -

    Access. - () .

  • 3.

    *

    [ *.' ,.,

    .

    \ [:^ | ^J. Ctrl+S

    r-'J ,^4 .,,

    v" Jj L

    ,., F7

    -' /* Ctrl+X

    v [^ J Ctrl+Cv .^ " Ctrl+V

    Iv1 i,J^

  • 9 I. Microsoft Access

    (Field Name). , Access. - , , , -

    ".", "!", "[ ]". ASCII 00 31. 64 . (Data Type). , , ,

    . Access -.

    (. . 3.5). , Access, .

    " ".

    Access : " , Microsoft Access (MDB)" " (MDB)".

    (General) . -

    (. . 3.5). , -

    .

    (Field Size) , - . 1 255 ( 50 ). - :

    (Byte) 0 255, 1 ; (Integer) -32 768 32 767, 2 ; (Long Integer) -2 147 483 648

    2 147 483 647, 4 ; (Single) 3,438

    3,438 7 , 4 ; (Double) -1,797 10308

    1,797308 15 , 8 ; (Decimal) 1038 1 1038 1

    ( , adp) -1028 1 1028 - 1 ( mdb) 28 , 12 ;

  • 3.

    (Replication ID). - (Globally unique identifier, GUID), 16 . Access , , ,

    .

    :

    (Long Integer) 4 ; (Replication ID) 16 . ,

    , . .

    -

    .

    , -

    ,

    .

    (Format) , -

    .

    Access (Number), / (Date/Time), (Yes/No) (Currency). - ,

    Microsoft Windows. - , -

    OLE, .

    (Format). (DecimalPlaces) -

    .

    0 15. ( (Auto)) (Format). , ,

    (Format) (GeneralNamber). (DecimalPlaces) - , ,

    .

    (FieldSize). (Caption) , ,

    , .

  • 92 I. Microsoft Access

    G (DefaultValue) , . -

    , = N O W ( ) , . -

    , , .

    (DefaultValue) -. 255 . - (AutoNumber) OLE (OLE Object).

    (ValidationRule) , , -

    ,

    (ValidationText). (ValidationText) , -

    ,

    (ValidationRule).

    , -

    , .

    .

    (DisplayControl) - (Lookup) (. . 3.5). ,

    (Text Box), (List Box) (Combo Box). (List Box) (Combo Box), (Lookup) - ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    (LookupWizard), (Lookup) - .

  • 3. 93

    () , . , -

    , .

    , ,

    Nul l . , Access Null . ,

    ( 10). , , (Table Design) - (Primary Key) ) (Edit Primary Key). .

    , . -

    : (Indexes: ) (. 3.7) - (Indexes) - ) (View)Indexes).

    f : [5]

    j

    PrimaryKeyJ1 _

    KCVLCK_

    I

    "'

    ,

    j

    . 3.7.

    . 3.7 , PrimaryKey, (Field Name) , . -

    .

    -

    Access . , .

  • 94 I, Microsoft Access

    , -

    , .

    ,

    , . -

    , ,

    . 32 .

    -

    (AutoNumber). -

    ( 1) . - .

    . 4 - , J6 . - .

    . -

    , Access . Access (AutoNumber).

    " "

    2 "".

    , Access ,

    (New Database). (FileNew Database) , , - " .mdb" (. .-3.2). (. . 3.3) : ( Access 2002 2003).

    " " -

    (. . 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 2), , -

    , . 3.1.

  • 3. 95

    -

    . (. . 3.3) - (Tables) (New). (NewTable) (. . 3.4) (Design View). ,

    (Create table in Design View) pa .

    . 3.1 -, -

    !: (. . 3.8) (Field Name) (Data Type).

    ^ j -

    . 15 - 4 . 8 .

    (General) : (Field Size):

    _ , ,

    (Single); ,

    ;

    (Format): (Currency).

    MicrosoftWindows : 123 456 789,00 ;

    _ .

    _,

    ,

    100 . , , 15%, 7,5%;

    (DecimalPlaces) - 2, _ 0;

    (Caption), (ValidationRule), (Validation-Text) -, . 3.1.

  • I. Microsoft Access

    3.1.

    __

    TOE

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    OLE

    ~)

    -

    5

    25

    8

    -

    -

    .

    -

    - 2

    -

    _ : >-, 05And =0 And

  • 3. 97

    :

    ^

    _[ |

    V

    |

    -

    0

    0>=0,OSAnd -5 %

  • 98 t. Microsoft Access

    .

    . 3.1. -

    . { (File|Save) (Save). - (Save As) ! (. 3.10).

    ;

    . 3.10.

    , -

    .

    (Tables) - : .

    , -

    .

    , , -

    (View) (. . 3.6) (. 3.11).

    \

    . 3.11.

    1. , , , ,

    , _. -

    (. 1).

  • 3. 99

    , ,

    , , , _ " ".

    OLE , -

    , Paint bmp. OLE (OLE Object). -

    . Access -. .

    .

    OLE (Object Linking and Embedding ) Windows. OLE , - . -

    , ,

    .

    , , -

    , (WAV), MIDI {-- ), (FLI, ), (AVI), , - . Access, OLE, - Microsoft.

    . -

    , ,

    , .

    . -

    .

    .

    . -

    ,

    . -

    , , , -

    , , .

    ,

    .

    ^f MEMO , -

    .

    MEMO (Memo).

  • 100 I. Microsoft Access

    -

    , +.

    , , Microsoft Word, , OLE (OLE Object).

    .

    (Hyperlink) - .

    (Hyperlink) Access , - Microsoft Office - , Web- - .

    ,

    .

    ( _ ).

    () - _ _.

    , -

    , - (Primary Key).

    _.

    / -

    _. /. ,

    . -

    .

    _ . ,

    ( , ) , , , -

  • 3. 101

    . ,

    00.00.0000, 00->L

  • 102 I. Microsoft Access

    .

    ( (Records|Remove Filter/Sort).

    *

    ,37. .# *

    ..,

    * haJi

    v | -^ ,,-

    ,.,

    Ctrl+S

    F7

    +

    CW+C

    Ctrl+V

    CtH+Z

    CW+K

    ,.,

    ... Ctrl+F

    Ctrl++

    QKHO F1I

    Microsoft Office Access Fl

    .,.

    '--

    ...

    ,..

    ^:

    . 3.12.

    , -

    , , -

  • 3. 103

    . -

    .

    Access , - . ,

    , , Access . -

    , , , -

    . , -

    .

    . , -

    -

    . -

    .

    -

    . , ,

    , , , ,

    , .

    , , -

    . -

    .

    . -

    (Format) - ( ) (Formatting (Datasheet)), .

    :

    .

    , .

    .

    ;

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ;

  • 104 I. Microsoft Access

    . ,

    ;

    .

    .

    , . -

    ( ); , , ,

    -

    (Format); (

    (File|Save Layout) - " ''(Do you want to save changes to the layout of table 1).

    " "

    . -

    : (Open). (DatasheetView). () (. 3.13) - (). , - 2.

    :

    [ [ ] 031 ; 17LG 6587,.002 FDD 3,5 363,00.003 :HDDMax1or20GB 2590,00.

    916,00.1 153,00.

    360,00.2432,00.2 338,00.

    5%; 20%: 10%:

    MiniTowerCD-ROM Panasonic IDEDIMM64MPC10Q EPSON ST.A4

    1

    . Genius Liv 789,00. Genius ext 1 295,00. .

    ' 00. "10 |>#1 10

    ,

    ,

    . 3.13.

  • 3. 105

    ( , ,

    ) . - .

    ,

    ] . . -

    ( ) - | / (Edit|Undo Current Field/Record). -

    ( ). - () , | (Edit Undo SavedRecord).

    (Undo) , - . -

    ,

    . -

    .

    , -

    (*). -

    |] (Edit|Go To|New Record) - (New Record) (Table Dataslieet). -.

    , , ,

    .

    ] (Records Save Record).

    (Delete Record) - | (Edit|Delete Record). - Access -

  • 106 I. Microsoft Access

    . -

    .

    -

    . Access . ,

    . ,

    . -

    -

    / (Undo Typing). - ) (Records|Save Record). OLE OLE . Paint bmp. .

    (CMI . 3.13). ] (Insert|Object). (. 3.14) (Create from File).

    Microsoft Office Access :

    *

    1

    j I Microsoft Excel;, Microsoft PowerPoint1 Microsoft Word Paintbrush

    !_ Microsoft PowerPoint

    OK

    "

    '

    Paintbrush'.

    . 3.14.

    (. 3.15) . (Browse), - ,

    .

  • 3. 107

    Microsoft Office Access

    ***

    (*

    :

    ;E;\Documents and Settings\NVP\MoK |!

    " g

    - -

    ,

    . 3.15.

    (Link) , , .

    . -

    .

    (Link). , .

    . 3.13, , .

    .

    ,

    , (Insert Object) - (Display As Icon). .

    _.

    _ -- , .

    _ - -

    .

    .

    . ,

    , -

  • I. Microsoft Access

    . -

    , -

    , -

    .

    _

    ,

    ( ) . ,

    .

    (. 3.16).

    ;08.01.2003

    _

    001222

    _ :

    444 _ CPOKJIOCT | _ | _555

    :

    :

    . 3.16. _

    -

    (Tile Horizontally) (Tile Vertically) (Windows).

    ), . " -

    ", ,

    . -

    , .

  • 3. 109

    . -

    -

    .

    .

    _ _ ( ) , . -

    _ (. . 3.5). - _ (Data Type), (Lookup Wizard). - (Create Lookup) - ,

    (. 3.17).

    ,

    .

    ? 9

    ( |0 " " | ,

    *~ .

    . 3.17.

    , -

    (. 3.18). ,

    (. 3.19).

  • 110 I. Microsoft Access

    ,

    .

    ; ; ; : _:

    ; ;

    -'

    (

    <

    . 3.18. ,

    ;

    _

    _

    ? " ".

    :

    < I >

    . 3.19. ,

    . . -

  • 3. 111

    , ,

    (. 3.20).

    _ :

    J? ^17'

    _

    MHHJTOCT "

    :

    -

    5ELECT ,_ FROM ;11

    2., 5482,54

    . 3.20. , ,

    _

    , _,

    (. 3.21). - _.

    __ ,

    .

    (. . 3.20) , ,

    , .

    , . 3.22. - , ,

    .

    ,

    , .

  • 112 I. Microsoft Access

    :

    KQflJQB | _ _ | _111111

    111 10

    10020

    "

    ~50

    001TQ01TQ03004

    12230

    1045

    150

    100121030

    0 1C

    . 3.21.

    Microsoft Office Access

    .

    , .

    . 3.22.

    .

    _ _ ( ) . ,

    _ (Data Type), (Lookup Wizard). _ ,

    , , : _

    ( ) _ ( ). , , ,

    (). . 3.23. () - , . -

    (. 3.24).

  • 3.

    to _ :

    _

    _

    CPOKJTpCT

    !

    KOJTJIOCT ._

    1

    SELECT ._, 0 , JOB FR'1>*1 12

    . 3.36.

  • 128 I. Microsoft Access

    ,

    Null. , 15 16 - .

    ( }, > _

    , _ -

    , , .

    Access , .

    , -

    -

    . , -

    _,

    _ ( ), _ - _, . .

    . -

    _, _

    ( ). , ,

    "+" (. 3.37). "+" , -, . "+" ""(). "- -" . .

    , -

    , , -

    ( , ). ,

    )| (Formar|Subdatasheet|Expand All) (Collapse All). Access .

  • 3. -'

    17LG 1 10 17LG 2 _ 5, 17LG 3 5FDD 3,5 10'FDD 3,5

    10D2D

    '

    50"

    222 0,00.

    | 17LG 17LGHDD Maxtor20GB MiniTower

    i:I

    : __). !

    . 3.37.

    Access , -- -

    --,

    .

    "+" (Subdatasheet). (Insert Subdatasheet) (. 3.38), - .

    ,

    (Insert Subdatasheet) , . -

    _ -

    , -

    (. 3.39). -

    .

  • 130 I. Microsoft Access

    (

    -

    1TTJ02

    + TOQ4+ TD05+

    TDQE+>

    07+'008

    * TD09+ 7010

    : ..H.LiJ

    : ;_

    : JOB

    . 3.38.

    Microsoft Office Access

    'Microsoft: Office Access* .

    ?

    . 3.39.

    , , ,

    [ -. (Subdatasheet Name) , (Link Child Fields) (Link Master Fields) ( ) (. 3.40). , -

    (SubdatasheetName) , . (Subdatasheet Name) (Auto), , - , Access "+" .

  • 3. 131

    !

    , , , . .

    . . .

    , . .

    , .

    ..-, ,

    , , , .

    . . . .;

    , _

    _

    _

    . 3.40.

    :

    >

    -f

    IHi

    01

    ;'"

    03

    *

    ]

    | *- ,- 001

    .. : , 151

    25.01.2004

    001TD05008

    *|2+ '

    + HOQ4+ 005

    111

    1020

    29.04.200428.04.200425.05.200410.03.200430.01.2004

    | *- J- 001

    "*"

    *

    *'

    : JlLl

    10

    222

    2222221

    . . ,29 .. , 38

    } 25.03.2004

    004TD06_

    D3 '

    j111

    5

    26.03.200420.01.2004

    30.01.2004

    4 ' J ^]

    :

    1111 :

  • 132 I. Microsoft Access

    ,

    , "+" - . -

    .

    , -

    , (None). - (None) || (Formar|Subdatasheet|Remove) - .

    , :

    . . 3.41 .

    :

    ] - 01

    ..

    [ ^ | -.HD01 25.01.2004 111

    \ - 001

    |_ _^_ * 17LG|*_

    - TQ05~ {

    6587,00. 0,00

    20^

    |

    5%

    + CD-ROM Panasonic IDE ; 1 153,00. . 30%.

    - TD08

    __ *

    *

    2338,00. 0,00

    002

    004005

    29.04.2004 2228.04.2004 25.05.2004 22210.03.2004 222

    :.. .,29' | 1!

    . 3.42.

  • ' 3. __ 733

    , -

    , , ,

    .

    , , -

    ,

    , -

    (. 3.42). 5. ?.

    , ,

    .

    , .

    , , , -

    , . -

    . ,

    , -

    . ,

    .

    , .

    , ,

    -

    . ,

    . -

    ,

    ,

    (. 3.43). .

    -

    (. 3.44)., , ,

    .

    (Primary Key) -

  • 134-' I. Microsoft Access

    (Indexes), - . ,

    , -

    , . 3.45.

    Microsoft Office Access

    .

    ReldSee , .

    ?

    Microsoft Office Access

    . 3.43.

    '_' 'Microsoft Office Access1 \ .

    .

    11111 |

    . 3.44.

    ^^\ - , *\ . , , bw , , .

    Miciosoft Office Access

    . 3.45.

    , -

    , .

    : , , - .

  • 3. /35

    , ,

    . , -

    ,

    .

    , -

    ,

    .

    . | (Tools)Relationships) (Relationships) -. (Relationship).

    (Show Table) (Relationship). (Show Table) (. . 3.26) (Add).

    . -

    | (Edit (Delete) . , -

    , , -

    , (DeleteRelationship). -| (Edit (Delete) . -

    , | (Relationships]Edit Relationship) .

    1. Access?2. ,

    ?3. ,

    -

    ?4.

    , ,

    ?5. , -

    -

    ?

  • 136 I. Microsoft Access

    6. -,

    ?7. "+" ?8. -

    ?9. , -

    "+"?

    1. . -

    .

    , .

    2. 1: 1:1.3. ( ) .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. ] (Insert] Subdatasheet).9. (Subdatasheet Name).

  • 4

    ,

    .

    , -

    . ,

    , , . -

    . ,

    .

    . ,

    , , -

    . -

    . .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , . -

    , ,

    . , . -

    -

    .

    ,

    .

    , , ,

    .

    , .

  • 138 I. Microsoft Access

    :

    ;

    , ;

    ;

    ,

    , -

    ;

    G ; ,

    ;

    ;

    .

    . ,

    - , -

    , -

    . ,

    , -

    . -

    . -

    : , - .

    (. . " Access" 3).

    , .

    Access : -

    . , -

    . -

    .

    , . ,

    . -

    , -

    .

  • 4. /39

    -

    , , , -

    .

    G , , -, .

    -

    Access.

    , .

    .

    . ,

    , .

    .

    .

    , , , -

    . , ,

    , .

    -

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    (Query Datasheet) (. 4.1) , , (Table Datasheet) (.. 3.12 3).

    ^ ! ! : -J

    1 ?i I X> VB / I 4A I - - - -* *. ' , / _t-M

    ;J ; ,,^ -,;._ -- --=>

    . 4.1.

    , , -

    , , ,

  • 140 I. Microsoft Access

    .

    ,

    . , , ,

    , -

    . ,

    , -

    .

    (QueryDesign) (. 4.2). , .

    -

    si| ,,."

    ;*- X IIpjrf^z^""*^-^^.^!"^ 5J| In"

    _jf ..,i.-**?;-

    l?f ,.,

    ">|'=

    :>jj[ Ctrl+s00,1 ...

    |_ ? ... F7

    ! CtH+X

    [yj -jj ! Ctrl+C .^ CCH+V

    ^ |||1| ! / ^

    j] ? .

    v1 '^_j ... -

    || / _^ Alt+ENTER

    - .{N , . ,. 1 F1 1

    -

    v ;-JM| ^ 1 : Microsoft Office Access Fli J '"' 7 ........_

    . 4.2.

  • 4. 141

    ,

    .

    (Database) (Queries) (New). - {New Query) (. 4.3) (Design View).

    $ \\ ; .

    Ely

    I

    . 4.3.

    ,

    (Queries) - (Create query in Design view). (Show Table) (. 4.4) -

    (Add). (Close). - 3anpoc(Query): (Select Query) (. 4.5). . -

    , -

    . ., -

    , .

  • . I. Microsoft Access

    | \

    ! 1 '-

    !

    . 4.4.

    ts- :

    : ;

    :

    ; :

    :

    ; I ! '

    . 4.5.

    -

    , . -

  • 4. 143

    , (*), - . ,

    Access , ,

    .

    , Access , , -

    .

    . -

    . -

    , .

    . -

    , -

    .

    ,

    (. . "- Access" 3).

    (~ j , Microsoft Access , ,

    , . .

    . 10 , 4, - 40 (10x4). - .

    .

    -

    .

    .

    , -

    . -

    , , ,

    .

    ( ) - :

    (Field) , aaripbctf: (Sort) ^-

    ;

  • 144 I. jWicrosoft Access^

    G (Show) , ;

    (Criteria) ; (or) ,

    , ,

    . (TableName) , | (ViewjTable Names) - .

    ,

    . ,

    , -

    , ,

    Access. -

    :

    (Field) - . -

    , ;

    \ - ;

    ;

    3 "*" () .

    | (QueryjShow Table) (Query Design)(. . 4.2). - , .

    -

    , , ,

    .

    .

  • 4. 145

    -

    . -

    , , ,

    (. . 4.5). | (EditjDeleteColumns).

    . ,

    , -

    .

    (Criteria) (. . 4.5). , -

    .

    : , -, (). , Access , . ,

    , . -

    , "ft" ( (') ANSI-92). : 567, "", #1--2004# ('1- -2004 ' ANSI-92). ,

    Access, , (True), (False), Null. ,

    . -

    , , . . .

    , Access .

    ,

    .

    , , , , -

    , ,

    .

    : [ ] ! [ ], DefaultValue - :

    F o r m s ! [ ] ! [ ] .Defaul tValue.

  • 146 I. Microsoft Access

    , -

    , : = , < , > , < > , < = ,>=, Between, In , Like , And, Or, Not.

    .

    ,

    = .

    ,

    , .

    , .

    (*) - (?) (ANSI-89) (%) (_)(ANSI-92). Between -. :

    Between And loo 10 100;Between # o i . o i . i 9 9 7 # And # 3 1 . 1 2 . 2 0 # ( ANSI-92 "#" (')).'

    , . :

    In("";""; " ") Like , . :

    Like "* " (ANSI-89) Like "^" (ANSI-92) AND, OR, . , -, "", -

    "".

    -

    AND OR . NOT .

    Access - .

    .

    , , 1000 . 10%, , 2500 . (_), () (_>.

  • 4. 147

    (Queries) (Create query in Design view). : (Select Query) (Show Table ) (. . 4.4). (Add). -

    (. . 4.6). (Show Table).

    1? ? ; L ||C iXl

    _

    08

    _

    1 v

    < >

    :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    _ _ "

    ^

    0 0 0: ""

    . 4.6.

    .

    () . (. . 4.6) - _, , _

    (Field). ,

    . ,

    6 . 835

  • 148 ^ I. Microsoft Access

    , ,

    . , . (Show) , - .

    , . 4.6. , ,

    AND. , , - OR. ,

    (Run) (View). ,

    .

    , (Save) "!". , - , .

    ]3 (FilejClose) (Close). -, (Open).

    . -

    .

    . -

    .

    -

    . -

    .

    (Field)., ,

    (Exprw), N ~ , - . ,

    , . :

    !: []*[], .

  • 4. 49

    ! - . .

    , , ,

    .

    . Access VBA 150 . .

    .

    .

    (, , ); , Date - , Month () , - , 1 12 -, . .thName ( [; ; ) , -

    (=) (=) -. , MonthNamet [_]; ) - . (- ).

    .

    . , , Format, ( , ) .Format([; [; __[; -__] ] ] ) . , .

    . 4.1.

    4.1.

    dddd ddd dd ww

    mmmm

    mm

    mmm

  • 150 _ I. Microsoft Access

    :

    Format ( [] ! [_] ; "mmrtm" ) 6 ;

    Format ( [] ! [_] ; "mm") .

    ,

    Format , "\". -, Format { [] ! [_] ; 'mmmrn\ yyyy' ) - . .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    . Excel - , ,

    . .

    . -

    , , , , -

    .

    -

    (Expression Builder), - (Build) . .

    , ,

    .

    __ / (Date/Time).

    (Field), :^(!_) , ;MonthMame (Month ( !_) )

    Format { [] ! [_] ; "mmmm") , .

  • 4. 151

    Month . MonthName . Format - .

    , , -

    3, . 4.7. , , -

    , . 4.8.

    _

    _

    _

    HOMJHAKn

    0

    ]

  • 4.

    !, 2 . . .

    (Exprw) . ,

    , .

    (FieldProperties), (Properties). (Field Properties) (General) (Caption).

    ,

    .

    -

    . -

    , ,

    .

    (Criteria) . (Enter ParameterValue)., (. . 4.7) [ ], (. 4.11), - .

    '|

    . 4.11.

  • 154 I. Microsoft Access

    .

    -

    . -

    ,

    . ,

    -

    , OR:[ ] OR [ ].

    , . -

    , -

    [ ?] , . 4.12.

    : ! - j[DJ[XJ

    ^

    _ :1_ .

    v-

    .

  • 4. /55

    Access : sum ;

    Avg ; , Min , ; count ;

    stDev ;

    var ;

    First Last . -

    .

    . ,

    , , -

    .

    | (View|Tota!s) -

    (Totals). - (Total) ( - ). (Total), (Group By), , -

    (Group By) -.

    .

    .

    Sum,

    .

    _.

  • I. Microsoft Access

    . -

    _ . -

    .

    _, sum -

    , .

    (Totals). (Group By) __ sum. . , . 4.13.

    '0 ? :

    HOMJOT_

    ; :

    ;;

    ; ;

    1 i

    . 4.13.

    . 4.14.

    $ ? : P]f6][x]

    >_

    17LGFDD 3,5HDD Maxtor2QGB MiniTowerCD:ROM Panasonic IDE

    ; H | ^ | j i ' >

    Sum- 262

    60103040

    [^ "| 5

    . 4.14.

  • 4. 157

    _ ,

    _, . ,

    _ .

    _ ,

    3, .

    Sum - _ . , -

    _ . -

    (Properties). (FieldProperties) (Caption) . . 4.15.

    ? : -

    17LG_FDD 3,5HDD Maxtor20GB MiniTowerCD-ROM Panasonic IDE

    : 1 MM 5

    . 4.15.

    - " ".

    , -

    , _

    _, (. 4.16,. 4.17). ,

    ,

    (. 4.18, 4.19).

  • reo I. Microsoft Access

    " ". -

    . 4.21.

    'is* :..

    > 111222

    : JJLJ_j.J |

    .001-_

    1 * | |

    , 453

    j^ 3

    . 4.21.

    , -

    ,

    .

    ,

    , . -

    10 000 .

    _ (Group By) sum. _

    (Group By) (where), 6 . (Criteria) : >(. 4.22).

    :

    :

    :

    :

    ; ;

    ;

    _

    121

    000.

    , ,

    . , -

    .

    (). :

    DMax(, , [_]}

    , -

    , , -

    , .

    .

    DMin . . 4.24 , , - .

    , " ".

    DMaxf"[-_]";" ").

  • 162 I. Microsoft Access

    lir 3dnpoc13 :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    _

    0

    -_

    i

    < |

    Sum-

    0("[5-_] ; " ")

    *>

    . 4.24. ,

    1. ,

    .

    SQL SQL (Structured Query Language) - , .

    Access SQL, Microsoft Jet. ,

    SQL. Access - SQL, , SQL. - SQL . -

    SQL , - Access. ,

    SQL. , Access SQL. , SQL (RecordSource) (RowSource). -

  • ^4.

    ,

    .

    Access SQL - SQL:G ANSI-89 SQL ( Microsoft Jet SQL ANSI SQL)

    Jet SQL; ANSI-89 1, ;

    ANSI-92 SQL , ; ANSI-92 1, .

    J ANSI-92 SQL Access 20022003.

    Access , - , -

    , -

    .

    MicrosoftAccess, Microsoft SQL Server, , -

    SQL Server, ANSI-92 SQL. , , -

    ANSI-89 SQL. Access 20022003 ANSI-89. SQL ANSI-92 - ,

    :

    d , , Access2002 2003;

    CJ SQLServer (ANSI-92) .

    ANSI SQL. ANSI-92 SQL SQLServer (ANSI-92) . - ANSI-89 SQL .

  • 164 /. Microsoft Access

    , -

    , .

    , ANSI SQL - .

    SQL L. (. . 4.6)

    "!".2. SQL (View) -

    . Access , , SQL (. 4.25).

    is1 1 : ISELECT ,_, ., . _IFROM IWHERE (((,)

  • 4. 165

    4. , - _.

    5. ,

    (. . 4.20, 4.21).6. SQL. SQL

    , . 4.26.

    :

    [SELECT ._, Count ( . ) AS [Count - ^ ] IFROM GROUP BY . _; V

    . 4.26. Count SQL

    SELECT . _, , , -

    , count, _. ,

    count: __, - .

    , , *

    , , -

    , .

    (Group By) , - (_ - ) .

    .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    , . -

    ,

    .

  • 166 I. Microsoft Access

    , -

    ,

    , -

    , -

    . -

    , .

    -

    .

    -

    , -

    .

    -

    . , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    (Queries) (Create queryin Design view).

    (Show Tabie) (. . 4.4) -5 : ( _); _ ( _) -

    , ( _); ( ), -

    __ ^.

    (Show Table). ,

    . _

    . _

    , , -

    , (. 4.27). -

    . _ -

    , , , ,

    .

  • 4. 167

    :

    * A.I_ :

    ' I

    |__ v.|

    gj

    ; :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    *

    _

    '_

    D

    '.

    V

    . 4.27.

    ,

    , (Field): _ ; _ ; _ __ - _1. ,

    . -

    (Table Name) , ] (View|Table Names) .

    ,

    - FDD 3,5. HDD Maxtor 20GB. (Criteria) -, _

    "FDD 3,5" "HDD Maxtor ". HDD -, "*". -

    -

    Like, . , . 4.28.

  • /. Microsoft Access

    :

    KOfiJTOK *;

    _

    !.

    _

    .

    _

    KCVLTOB_

    _

    :

    :

    ; ; ;

    :

    HAMMJ10K

    0

  • 4. 169

    ). ,

    --

    , ,

    .

    _

    , . ,

    _ -

    . _

    , _ -

    .

    , , -

    , ,

    ; - .

    .

    : , ,

    -

    , .

    " ".

    SQL , -

    .

    SQL, (View). - SQL :SELECT ._, J1J1AH\ _, . _,_._

    FROM INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN_ ON ._ = _._) ON._ = ._) ._ =_._

    WHERE (((.HAMM_TOB)="FDD 3,5" Or (.HAKMJTOB) Like "HDD*")); FROM SELECT -, ,

    INNER JOIN , - , : ON ._ = _._.

  • 170 I. Microsoft Access

    INNER JOIN -, . ,

    : _ ,

    , , .

    - , - _ ^

    , . 4.30.

    1 :

    mKOflJTOK

    _

    ; _^

    .

    .

    _

    _

    *_

    WHJTOCT

    . 4.30.

    ,

    , , -

    (. 4.31). , , ,

    ,

    Null.

    , -

    Null. -, , . .

    Null. Not Null, ,

    .

    SQL :SELECT .__, JUIAH. J10CT, .__, .

  • 4. 171

    FROM RIGHT JOIN ( LEFT JOIN ( LEFT JOIN_ ON .^ = _._) ON._ - ._) ON ._ = . ;

    is* ; .. ; |! '

    ^_

    : Hj^ j J | 1

    *

    1 17LG 1002 17LG 203 17LG 301 : FDD 3,5 503 FDD 3,5 101 17LG 1002 : 17LG 13 I2 HDD Maxtor 20GB 103 MiniTower 301 : CD-ROM Panasonic IDE 40

    '

    TJ> ] |>#j 16 < jj

    . 4.31.

    LEFT JOIN -, .

    ( ) , () .

    , . -

    RIGHT JOIN -, .

    ( ) , () .

    _.

    , -

    -

    .

    , -

    . ,

    . -

    _

  • 172 I. Microsoft Access

    , ,

    _.

    . -

    , . Access -

    .

    _ -

    (. 4.32), . ,

    :

    [ ] , -

    :

    [ ]

    ; :

    :

    :

    ;:

    HAWMJ1OK

    0

    1

    _ -*4;

    0[ ][ ] >

    *...! JL

    . 4.32. _

    Access , . 4.33, -.

    [?JfXj

    !

    . 4,33.

  • 4. 773

    SQL. WHERE :

    WHERE (((. _} = [ ])) OR(((. _) = [ ]));

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , . -

    , _ , ^ -

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    _ ,

    _ sum. _

    : Between #01.02.2004* And #20.02.2004*(ANSI-89) Between '01.02.2004' And '20.02.2004' (ANSI-92). -

    ,

    . 4.34. . 4.35. SQL. SELECT :

    SELECT ._, Sum(._) AS [-_]FROM INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN ON ._ =._) ON (._ = ._) AND(. ^ = . HOMJIAKTI)

    WHERE (((._) Between #2/1/204# And # 2 / 2 0 / 2 0 0 4 * ) )GROUP BY .HAHMJTOB

    ORDER BY Sum (._) DESC; SELECT , .

    FROM , - _,

    , -

    , .

  • 174 I. Microsoft Access

    :

    _

    _

    _

    V

    ; :

    :

    :

    ; :

    .

    .

    '

    Between #01.02,2004* And #20,02.2QCrt#

    . 4.34.

    -, ''-.

    [DJ[XJ | -._ |

    CD-ROM Panasonic IDEHDD Maxtor 2QGBFDD 3.5

    ; 11 I 1 I I 3 3

    . 4.35. ,

    WHERE , - . _ .

    GROUP BY , _

    .

    Sum (. _) , -_.

    > > ORDER BY , .

    . -

    () (._). -

    . -

  • 4. 175

    -

    . " ". " ".

    -

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    , . 4.36.

    t- 1C :

    . s^

    _

    _

    _

    :

    :

    ; :

    :

    0

    _

    [ ]-[ ]*[] .""

    1< >[_]*[]

    '""

    . 4.36.

    (Criteria) _ ;[_]*[]

    ,

    .

    , :

    [ ] ! [ ] .

  • 176 I. Microsoft Access

    ,

    , , :

    [_(] - [_] * [] -

    ! . . 4.37.

    :

    |^ ; 17LG 3174,00. -10000,00?.004 02 HDD Maxtor20GB 3590,00. .004 01 33 380,00. 10 000,00.

    I !*

    . 4.37.

    , ,

    , . . -

    .

    SQL. SELECT :

    SELECT ._, ._, ._,.__, [_]-[_]*[] A3 FROM T05AP INNER JOIN ON . __ = . _WHERE ( { {. _) [__] * [] ) ) ;

    SELECT , , , -

    .

    .

    ,

    . -

  • 4. 177

    . -

    .

    , , -

    ,

    - ,

    .

    ,

    . - , -

    ,

    . 4.38.

    ,

    1

    ,

    2

    1

    1

    1

    2

    . 4.38. - ,

    ,

    .

    , ,