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H
HELEANOR BURKE LEACOCK " ".
. ELEANOR BURKE LEACOCK " ". .. L . , (" The City College , TheUniversity of New York "). , , . , , ()
, .
" " , - . , . " " (ncietSociety ) Lewis Henry Morgan 1877. (. " " ., " "
Jacques De Morgan , "L HumanitePrehistorique ", " ", 1920 "L evolution de l Humanite ". " " Leslie A . White (Harvard University Pres , Cambridge , Massachussets , 1964). Anthropos (1971) Raoul Laura Makarius ). 1884"... ... , ". , .
, , . , . 560 . To , , "", .
, : ) , ) , ,
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, (. . Unesco , "" ( " " , . -, 1972. Unesko ) ) , , . , , ,
(. Primate : , , .) .1. " " , "", , 19 . (culture ) -
- . 18 Giovani BattistaVico , , . , "". Vico: "" ( ), "" () " " . , "" , "" , " " 18 . Vico Comte "" "",
"" . Condorcet 18 . , , , . Condorcet : , . 1850, GustaveKlemm , (" "),
("") , , (""). , , . , "" . , , , , , . , , , . . H
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, . , , , " " ("Systems ofConsanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family "), 1871.
, , . , , , , , " ". , . - ; ;
. H . Spencer , , , . "" , . . , ", , - ",
" " . ( , " " "", ""). :", , " ". {Resek , 1960! 99, 136 -137}. " ", , " ", - , .
" ", , " , ". " " . , , , . , , "" "". .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, "" 1846, " ". " , , , ",
". " " " ", -, " " (Marx and Engels ,1970: 43-45) (. ). , , " ", , , . (Marx , 1965:96) (. ). ,
. , , " ", . . . 19 , . , : ( culture ) , , , , . ,
, " ". , , , . , , . . , , , .
. "" , , - , .2. , , . , .
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"" "", , . , . "",
. - , . , - " ". , -, Franz Boas , , ,
, "" . , , "" , " ", "". "", : 1) , 2) , , , , 3) , 4) , 5) " ", , .,
. - . - " , ", , " , ". : ( " " " "), ( "), ( ""), ( ""), ( "")
("")(1) , "" "" , : , , " ". K , " , , ". . , , " ". " ". , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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: " , ,... , , , , "(. . 310).
: , , , , , . "" , . , .(2)
* 1)
, ( Washburn Lancaster Lee De Vore , 1968: 294). " ". ( E . Leacock ) (1963, : XI - XV ).* 2) "" , Childe , 1944 Semenov , 1965. OSemenov : " . , .
, , . , , . , , , , ".
3.
, . , . , . , 19 , , . . " ", , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . : " , "" ", , "". ,
, , . , , , , . , . (Soviet Studies in History , 1966). : . , .
, , , , . " " , , . , ( ), .
"" , , , , , , , "" . "" , Franz Boas , . " "*, " ", ,
"" , . "" "", "" , . . , , . , . , "", "" . "" .
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"". , . , "" .
- - , . , , . . "" "" "" , V . Gordon Childe . ( Childe (1935, 1969)
, .. , . Childe " " "", , . , " " (" ") " "(""). " " ( ). "", / / . "" Robert J . Braidwood (
: ) Tax , 1960) , , . Leslie White (1945, 1947), , Robert Lowie (1946), . ( " The History ofEthnological Theory " ( ) 1939, Lowie Leslie A .White : " The Science of Culture " ( ) 1949, " The Evolution of Culture " ( ) 1959).
"" , . , , , , . , , . , . , "" , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . . .
"-" ( neo - evolutionism ) , . ( , Ghilde White , Steward , 1965 Sahlins Service , 1960). . "" .
. ( Harris , 1968, (1968, : 519): " " " ", " "). , "", ( ), . , . , , , .
4.
Boas . ", (gentes)" "" . , , "" " ". ,
. . , , . , " ", . . "" "", , " , , ". (. 291). Frank G. Speck. Montagnais, Labrador, " ", ,, . Speck (1926 Eiseley, 1939) , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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. . . Speck Eiseley " , , , , (culture)
" (1942: 238). Diamond Jenness (1935: 4-41, 1937:44) libwa sekani, Julian Steward(1941:501), Carrier. (Leacock, 1954), Speck, , . , ,
, , . , - - , . Le Jeune, Montagnais 1632-33, . , , , . , . (Leacock, 1954: 14-15).
, "". , "", "" "". : , , . Fried, " " " ". " .
, " (1967: 110)., "" . , , , "", - ( hunter - gatherer) -. , "" , - - , . , , . . , "
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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", , . , , " ", , . , . ,
, (.. ), , . "" . , : - , , , . , " " : Ruth Benedict
Margaret Mead. ( Edward Sapir, ). 1920 1930 , . Emile Durkheim . , Charles Horton Cooley George HerbertMead, "" . ,
, , , , . , , , , . , "" , , . Ruth Benedict
, . " " ("Patterns of Culture"), , , . , - , , , . "" " - " , " ", "", ,, ,
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. " ", " " ("Cooperation and Competition AmorgPrimitive Peoples"), (1937). , ,
- -, , , . , , ( ), , . Jeanette Mirsky Speck
. , Hughes (1958), . RuthLandes "" ( ). , Mirsky, Landes . , , " "("separatism"), " " ("social atomism"),
. , , " " "", , . , . ( , , ). , (E.L.) Nascapi ,
. , , , . - " "( Homo Sapiens) ( ), - " ", . , , , , , ( , ), . ""
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . , , , .
, , .
5.
, , . , . : ( ) ,
, "" ( ) - "" -. , 80 , . "", , , . , ,
. , " " . , " ", , , , , . , , ( - ), . ,
, , . , , . . , , , . , , " ", "" . , , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, Linton ", " - - (.Linton , 1926: 152). ,
, , , . "", , " , ". , , . ", ", "", . "", , . () , , ,
, , . "", , , . . , : " ; ; ; , , ;". (Mead , 1937:34). ,
. : " , , , , , , , , ". (. . 136). , . " ", , " , ... , ". "",
:" , , , . , , : ... . , , " ( . 28 Lawrence & Wishart 1972)., , , " " (Lawrence Wishart ,1972), " ". ,
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, ( ). , , . ,, , ,
, - , , . . - , , , , Homo Sapiens ., , , HomoSapiens , .
, , , , , , , , .
6.
"", , ( ) ,
. , . ..: " , : , , ...". , " ", . . , . ( : , , " "
. . Unesco, "") , . , , . , , , "" ( "" , ), "". , , , , . , , . ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , . , , .
- (""), ("") , ("") , "" , " ", . " " . , " ", , " "." ", , " , - , ". " ... ...
, ... ". , " " : , , " ". " " , , . -, , , . ,
, , . . . , . , . , , . , . , , ( )
, , ( ), . , . " " . : " , , ". (. . 192). , - ,, - . . , , , - . ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , . " ", . "" () , , .
25 40 , , , . . "" -, . , , , , "" "" ( ), . - , , , () "" -.
, ("") , , ( - ), . . , , , , , , , . , ( ), , .
, , , , . : , , . , , . , - . , . ,
. "" , , . "" . "", , , . , , , . . , , , "".
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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., - - . , ( Bushmen Kalahari). , ,
"" . , , , , . . , , , . , .
, . , , . . 19, , ,
"" . . "-" , . 5.000 . , , "", . ,
, . . , . , . ( ) (), - . , . , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , - , . , , , , Service , (1966: 37-38),
, . Service, " ", , . , , , . (E.L.) Nascapi - -, , , , . (Leacock 1955, 1969). ,
, . , , . Martin " " . , , 33 , . , , (1969: 256-57).
, , - . . (Mead, 1950). , , , , , . (Mead, 1955). , Mason " " "" Briffault, ,
. : 1) , 2) , , , . 3) . , , , , , . ( , , ).
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, Kaberry (1939). , , . Kaverry , , ,
, , . : , , . , , . Jane Goodale (1971) Tiwi., , , , . Anauta
(Washburne and Anauta, 1940), "Buffin Land", , . Nunivak, , . (Landis, 1960). Nascapi . 17 , " " " , , " (Thwaites, 1906: Vol. V, 181 Vol. LXVIII, 93).
, . , : " ", , " ( ), ". : " . , ". (Vol. VI, 225). , , , ,
(Vol. II: 77, Vol. VI: 191, Vol VII: 61, 175, Vol.XIV: 183). , , , . , , : " , ". , , (E.L.), . . , , . . , , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . , , , , . ..
, ; , ; ; ; Mintz (1971) Yoruba , , . , . , ,
, . , , . , . , , , , . , , . .
, "-", . . , .., "" , ,, . , , , . ,
, . , Hogbin (1970) , . : " ", , , . , ( , ) , , , . , , . , , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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. , , , -. . , .
- - . , , , , , , , , . , . , .
, , . , . , , , . , , : " - ... -
. ". (. . 297).
, , , , , (, ) , , . ( , ), . " ,
,... ". (. . 166). , , " ". (. . 168). , , , . ( , ), , , . , . , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , , , : , , , , ,.
. , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , ,
. , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , ,
, , .
7.
: " ... ", . " ",
. : " - , ... ". (. . 187). : " , . . , ". , , , " , ". (. . 197). , "
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , ". , , , , . ,
"" , , "", , . , , , - - , , .
, , , , , , - , , , . , , . , ,
. , , . , , , , , , . , , , . ,
- , .. - , . (), - , - , . (1860-1863), , , "" . , , . ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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. : , , , .
, - , , , . , . , . - , , .
- - ( - ), , , . . , , , " " .
, , , . , , . , , , .
8.
, , , . . , , " , " . " ", , " , ". " " " " . "
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . ". , .
, . , , " - : , . , , . , . ,
. " , , , , , ". (. . 304). , , " , - ". (. . 304). , Boas ,
. , , , Robert H. Lowy, " ", , , " , "(1929:2). " " ,, " ( " , Radcliff-Brown, "The Andaman Islanders", 1933 (CambridgeUniversity Press) ". Lowie, : ,
.., . , : " - , " (1929:116). " ", , . , , , . Lowie, . , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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. , ., , , .
. "" , . , , . , , , , - , "" , ,
. "" , , . ( , , ). "" "" , .. (. "). , ( , . Unesco, "")
, . , , , . . ("",1967:334). : " , , . ". (1967:79). "Anti-Duhring" (1939: 165,
337, ff) "". , , , " ". , " ". . "" , " , ", .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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: " , , , : 1) , , , 2) , 4) ".
, , " () , , ". : " , , , , ". (. . 313). , , 7
, , . , , , . , , , , . ,
, , , , . ., , , , "" (. . 58), , , , , . "" , ,
, . , - . , : 1000 .. , , . . , , , , , - . , , , , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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- . , , , - , . , , , , , ,
. , , , , . , , . , . . " ",
, , , , , , . "", , . , Adams " " , ". " , ,
"" ". (1966: 119, 103-104). , Adams , , . : " , , . , , , - , , , ". (1966: 103).
"" . ,, , , . , . Maurice Godelier , . , , . , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . , (. " ", ) ,
, . , . "" . , , , , ,
. , . , , , status - . , , , . , ,
. , - , , , , , , , . , , . John Murray ,
, , . "" , , "" , , " , "" , , ". , . Murray : " : , , . "", - , , , ". (1962: 721-
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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722). , , , . , "",
, , , , : , , , ; , ; , , ; - , ,
, , , , , , . , . , , , . , . , , , , , , ,
" " . , . , , , , . , , , ,, , . , : , ,
, : 20 .
9.
6 , , - , . , . ; , , , ; ;
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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; "" , " ", , ", " " , , ". (. .
312). : " . , , . , . , , , , ". (. .311). , -
, , , , , . , , , , , . - , .
- , , , , , , , , , . , , . , "" (state societies) , ,
. , . - , , , . , , , . - , , , : , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, - . , , , , , 19 , .
, 20 . , , , . , . Talcot Parsons , , : "
- , . , , , . , , , . , , . ,
, , , (occupational roles) ". (1954: 324). Parsons , . , , . , , , , ipso facto, ,
, , . . . ( ), . , , , , "", . , , ad in finite, , , , , , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , , "" - ! . ,
. , , . . , , , - , , . , , , : ; : ,
, , , . , , , , . . , . Harris, "Rise of Anthropological Theory" (1968), , . Harris
" " , (655, 674), , , . " " (. Cultural anthropology, ) ". (249, ). " " "", . , " ", ,
. (220-22). , "" . " " (1971: 7), "" "", "", (). , . (71). " ", " "." , . , , , , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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: , ". (68-69) ( Leacock). , . " ",
, Hegel, . , , , - , - , , - " ", "" "" "". , . , , ,
, . , : , , , ., . , , , . , "" , , , "" , "" .
, " ". (223).
, , , ", " (223). , , " ", : " , , .
: , ". (236). : , "" , . , , , - . , , : " , : , , , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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". (67). ( Leacock).H "" , - . " ", : " ,
, " (221). , , , , , , , . , , . , , - ,
, , . , , , . "" "" . "", : " , , , , , " (571)
, , " ", "" (569). "", " , ". (575). - : " , , , . , .
(. , , ) ". (580 - 81). , "" - , - , "" (1971: 503). , " " - , - . , , , ,
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, . (1965). , , , , , , ,
. , , - , (1964). () , . , . - - - ,
. , , . " -" , " ", , , " "(233). , " " (299) , ., ,
: " , ". : " () ., , , , ., ". (579). , , , , , , , , , . , . - , , -
, , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , .
8/3/2019 Morgan Engels
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, , , , ( ), , , , -,
. , , , . ( ) , , . , , , , . , , . , , .
1971
.