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Many Thousand of years ago there was a land bridge between Asia and North America. oPresent Day Russia and Alaska
During the Ice Age, people were able to walk back and forth
First Peoples of America were Nomads.◦ Nomads do not have a permanent place
to live.◦ Moved with their food
About 7,000 years ago they learned how to farm.◦ Set up a community and population
began to grow.◦ The Native Americans settled in arctic
ice fields, mountains, and deserts.
With FarmingoNo longer chasing food.
oAble to specialize in a certain type of job.
•Weaving, Pottery, and building.
Native Americans of the Arctic
Inuit ( IN-oo-it)o Eskimoso “The People”
Lived:o Northwestern Alaskao Northern Canadao Greenland
Adaptedo Changes that allowed people to survive in an
environment.
Housing:
Inuits Adapted to their environment by created housing that helped to survive in the extreme weather. •During the winter they lived in Igloos•Animal Skinned Tents.
Foodo Whales, Walruses, Seals, Salmon. o Caribou, Polar Bears, Artic Foxes,o Squirrels, and Birds.
o Inuits adapted by:• Eating all wildlife that was Around.
Natural Resourceso The Animals they captured.
Used all resources from the animalso Ate the meato Sewed animal skins for
• Clothing• Blankets• Tents
o Animal fat for fuelo Bones for dogsleds, tent frames, and tools
• Knives• Harpoons
Region: Northwest Coast◦ Coast Alaska to California◦ Still there today
Climate: ◦ coast, mild winters, cool summers,
wet climate Northwest coast- wet climate, helped a rich variety of plants to grow
Long House Plank Houses- Large (up to 100 feet
long) Housed several
families from the same clan As many as 50 people Had rooms for storage.
Tall Logs carved with many designs. 60 feet
Honor families or chiefs
Family History Status.
◦ Farming was difficult◦Due to land and climate
◦ Adapted to rely on other Natural Resources Roots and berries Gathered from the forests
Fish & sea animals. From the Ocean and Rivers.
An activity that everyone in the community participates in.
Salmon Run Salmon swim back up the rivers in which they were born This allows them to lay eggs where they were born.
Salmon- ◦ Important source of food
◦A family could catch◦1,000 pounds of fish
To keep fish all year around: Depending on the species of salmon Roasted Dried Smoked.
Fish Trapo Wooden Fence
Stretched across a stream or river.
o Salmon passed through the openings
o Into woven baskets.
Canoeso Aided in fishing
Fish Hooks Fish Spears
Other Natural Resources:◦ Wood◦ Plants◦ Animals
◦ They were used for:◦Food◦Shelter◦Clothing ◦Blankets ◦Boats.
Technology Made life easier◦ Plenty of time for Technology
◦ Plentiful supply of Natural Resources.
Due to Water Ways◦ Tribes were able to trade with other Tribes
◦ Lots to trade because of their free time to work on technology.
◦ Made them very wealthy.
Beadwork Bag Beaded Band
Potlatch-◦special feasts ◦Guests receive gifts◦Takes years to prepare
This occasion for:honoring a new chief celebrate a wedding.
Potlatch:
◦ Host Distributes HUNDREDS of gifts.
◦ Host gets the Respect.
◦ Each host tries to out do the other hosts.
U.S. government forced Northwest Coast people to move far from the ocean
1971- a law that gave back to the Native American in Alaska over 44 million acres of their original homelands
Hopiti
oGentle people
oTypically farmers
Region:◦ Southwest
Desert
◦ Environment- land mostly made of tall mountains, deep
canyons, steep mesas
◦ Mesas is an elevated area of land with a flat top
and sides that are usually steep cliffs.
Climate: Very dry, hardly any rain
Very hot (day) Freezing (night)
Blizzards and Flooding
Adaptations:◦ Dry Farming
way of growing crops in places where there is little water
built dams & irrigation canals. Farmed in Flood plains near and
around mesas◦ Hardy crops:
corn with long roots, squash, beans, cotton.
◦ Very sacred to the Hopi everyone had a job.
Natural ResourcesoNot manyoHad to improvise with invention
Adobe BricksoMud mixed with straw
Shelter◦Pueblos-(villages) adobe(clay) apartment style homes-protection from heat and extreme cold
To keep out intruders◦1st floor of the pueblos was built with out doors or windows used ladders
Kachina ceremonies Religious Belief System
Spirits that visit the villagesBelieve they bring rain to help crops grow.
Show people how to live, behave, bring peace & prosperity
Ceremonies held through out the 6 months the Kachina Spirits were in the village.
Each Dancer represented a differed Kachina
Other dancers are Tcutckutuo They cause Mischief
Takes years to train to become a dancer.
Example of a Sun Kachina Represents Spirit of the Sun Main source of their
survival
Eagle Kachina Air Freedom Movement
NataskaFeared Ogre.
The Nataska make horrible noises to scare the children.
From the earliest ages,o Hopi children have heard o Nataska would abduct
children and eat them,o The parents negotiate
with the Nataska.o Parents become the hero.
Clown Kachina Represents The clown would
o Misbehaveo Make fun of the
ceremony He would be taught a
lessono Moral of the Ceremonyo Teaches children
• To behave• Expectations
Region:◦ Great Plains
Middle West◦ Prairie
Flat or gentle rolling land covered with grass and wildflowers.
◦ Black Hills◦ Villages
located near rivers, plenty of water for farming
Climate:◦ Summers Extremely Hot
◦ Winters Extremely Cold
◦ Lack of Rain made farming difficult Only farmed near rivers.
Village Living◦ Lodges homes made of logs covered w/ grasses, sticks, & soil.
◦From Buffalo caught Made Beef Jerky
Food◦Men left their villages to hunt buffalo in the summer
◦Lived in Teepees.
Teepees (adaptation)◦cone-shaped tents made of animals.
◦ easily folded up & moved to follow the buffalo.
Travois◦sled-like device for carrying people & belongings
Modern Made Teepee Authentic Teepee.
Utilized the Buffalo with everything that they did
o Teepee
o Food
o Clothing
Horses◦ 1500s, Spanish arrived, in NA w/ horses that
changed the Plains’ lives
◦ Sioux tamed wild horses that escaped from the Spanish.
◦ Buffalo took place of farming and many stopped living in Villages. Started to live and follow the buffalo.
Battles were fought to prove courage.◦ Weapons
Coup Stick- French for “strike” or “hit”
used in a battle Did not strike to kill.
◦ Bow and Arrows◦ Rifles
After the Spanish.
Boyso Hunted with their
fathers.o Schoolo Choreso Lacross
Girls◦ School◦ Chores◦ Dolls◦ Helped mothers build
houses
Sun Dance
12 Day Summer RitualSelf-sacrifice.Bonding of the Men of the tribe.Dancing and inflicting wounds.
Two Main Languages Spoken:◦Algonquian◦IroquoisBoth Very similar to each other since they are from the same region.
Region:◦ Eastern Woodlands.
◦ Present Day North East Region.
◦ Near the top of the Appalachian Mountains.
◦ Near the Great Lakes
Climate:oHumidoWetoCold WintersoCool Summerso4 distinct seasons
Shelter: Iroquois where called
◦ Hoddenosaunee-”people of the longhouse”
Longhouses◦ long buildings made of poles covered w/ sheets
of bark.◦ Can be 200ft. long, provided a home for several
families Common Cooking area Separate living areas
a long rectangular piece of tanned deerskin, cloth, or animal fur.
It is worn between the legs and tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fall down in front and behind.
Sometimes it is also called a breechclout, loincloth, skin clout, or just a flap.
Food(Natural Resources)o Ideal Climate for Farming
• 16 types of Corn• 60 types of Beans
o Women were in charge of Farming.o Forest:
• Animals, Syrup, nuts, roots, vegetables, oils, fruits, berries, teas, and herbs for medicine.
o Oceans provided plenty of Sea Food• Seals, Fish, Shrimp, Scallops.
Technology:o Wampum (Not a Natural Resource)• consisted of small, polished beads • Usually made from shells & then
strung or woven together. • Woven into a necklace or a belt.
o Given as a gift on special occasions
Often made to help remember an important event.
Clano Group of families who share the same
ancestors Clan mother
o Men were the head of each clan, • Women held a great deal of power in the
Iroquois world.• Clan mothers and other clan women
chose the male leaders but if unhappy replaced him.
How did the different tribes have to adapt to their living environments?
How did different landforms help the different tribes?
What different aspects of culture did you notice from the different tribes?