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Chapter 32: Africa and the Middle East Section 1: Independence in Africa
TgreeWorld History
A. First Moves Toward Freedom
Main Idea:› Algeria, Ghana, and Nigeria were among the African
nations to become independent following World War ll.
A. First Moves Toward Freedom
Early Independent State› In 1847, Liberia was
founded as an independent African state governed by black people.
› The nation of South Africa became independent of Great Britain in 1931. Other African nations, however, did not gain independence until World War II.
› Ethiopia won its independence from Italy in 1941, while the world was still at war.
A. First Moves Toward Freedom
Ghana› Nationalist movements were
slower to develop in Africa south of the Sahara. With the end of World War II, however, nationalist groups sprang up throughout the continent.
› In the south Ghana led the way toward independence.
› In 1948, Africans revolted against British control. Kwame Nkrumah led the fight for Ghana’s independence. In 1957, the Gold Coast became independent.
A. First Moves Toward Freedom
Nigeria › Nigeria was the largest British colony in Africa. It included
more than 200 cultural groups. › In the 1920s, Nigerians demanded representation in the
colonial government. The British responded by granting only limited representation.
› In 1960 Nigeria became independent. Nigeria had many of the important pieces of democratic society in place.
A. First Moves Toward Freedom
Algeria Moves Toward Independence › Algeria took a more violent path to independence.
Algeria had been a French colony since the mid 1800s. Europeans quickly took over the best jobs in Algeria and held the most important positions in Algeria’s government.
› The Arabs and Berbers who made up most of Algeria’s population wanted equal status with the Europeans. The Europeans feared that the French government might give Algeria its independence.
› When the French government did not answer the demands of the Arabs and the Berbers, they revolted.
B. British Rule Ends
Main Idea:› Except for Rhodesia, the rest of Great
Britain’s African colonies won independence in the 1960s.
B. British Rule Ends Kenya Becomes Independent
› European settlers came to Kenya in the Early 1900s.They took charge of the government and the most important economic activities. They also took over the land to build coffee and tea plantations.
› In 1920s, a young nationalist named Jomo Kenyatta began to demand economic and political change in Kenya.
› By 1952, a Kikuyu terrorist, called Mau Mau, began killing both British landowners and Kenyans who worked for the landowners.
› In 1963, Kenya became independent .
B. British Rule Ends
Uganda is Freed› Uganda won its independence
from Great Britain in 1962.› When Britain moved to unite
Uganda with Kenya and Tanganyika, which is present-day Tanzania, the kingdom of Buganda tried to break away as a separate state, but it was unsuccessful.
› When Uganda became a republic in 1963, a year after its independence, the king of Buganda was elected ceremonial president. This helped unite the new nation, although only for a short time.
B. British Rule Ends
Colonies in Southern Africa Become States› The road to independence for
the British colonies that became Zambia, Malawi, and Botswana was fairly smooth. Once known as Bechuanaland, Botswana became independent in 1966.
› In 1950s, the British combined the two colonies to form the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
› In 1964, both Zambia and Malawi won their independence.
C. France and Belgium Bow Out
French and the Belgian colonies gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s.
C. France and Belgium Bow Out
French Colonies Make a Choice› While nationalism was rising in
Algeria, France gave its African Colonies representation in the National Assembly in Paris. It also developed a program of economic, social, and legal reform in the colonies.
› In the end, the French government decided to let the colonies choose to keep ties to France or become independent.
› While all of France’s African colonies eventually chose independence, France continued to play a supportive role in the religion.
C. France and Belgium Bow Out
A New Congo› Belgium had allowed its
huge colony in central Africa little self government over the years.
› The Belgian government pulled out of the Belgian colony in only six months.
› Civil war broke out as cultural groups and religions clashed in the new independent nation. The new nation’s future did not look promising.
Chapter 32: Africa and the Middle East Section 2:New Challenges for
Africa
TgreeWorld History
A. Political Troubles
Main Idea:› Unstable governments, all-
powerful leaders, and conflict were common in the newly independent African nations.
A. Political Troubles
Leaders and Governments› It was natural for many of the newly
independent nations to turn to nationalist leaders or groups for leadership.
› Most governments across Africa followed the same patterns. Military rule and the one-party system were common, as were autocratic leaders, who had unlimited powers.
› African nations were not familiar with civilian government, a multiparty system, or leaders who shared powers with others.
A. Political Powers
People in Conflict› In many countries, independence was
followed by civil war and conflict.› A terrible civil war broke out in
Nigeria soon after independence. Cultural groups battled for political power within the different regions of Nigeria.
› Civil war broke out between Nigeria and Biafra in 1967. it lasted almost three years. More than 1 million people died. Some were killed in the fighting. Others died as a result of Nigeria’s blockade of Biafra.
A. Political Troubles
Civil Wars› Civil war divided other
African nations. In Chad, Muslims from the north clashed with the government.
› In Ethiopia, the central government fought with Muslim and Christian groups from Eritrea.
› A terrible civil war raged in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo between the central government and rebels.
B. Majority Rule Spreads
• Main Idea White rule
finally ended in Africa when Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa.
B. Majority Rule Spreads
Separation of the Races› In the 1980s, South Africa had a population
of more than 40 million.› After World War II, the Nationalist Party
gained control of a whites-only parliament in South Africa.
› Apartheid was the policy of racial separation and discrimination in South Africa.
› Over the next 10 years, the Nationalists passed law after law supporting apartheid.
B. Majority Rule Spreads
Road to Demarcracy› After Soweto, the world took an even
firmer stand against South Africa’s policy of apartheid.
› In the early 1980s,the South African government made some process toward economic and social reforms that would benefit black people.
› In 1984,the government stepped up its crackdown an all positions of apartheid.
Chapter 32: Africa and the Middle East Section 3: Struggles in the Middle East
TgreeWorld History
C. Problems and Solutions
Main Idea:› African nations face many economic and
social problems, but some developments offer hope for the future.
C. Problems and Solutions
Economic Decline› Upon gaining independence, some leaders
of new African nations turned to socialism for their economies.
› They rejected capitalism because they associated it with the colonial powers.
› African economies declined. Crop failures and falling prices on the world market for African goods added to the downturn.
C. Problems and Solution
Hope for the Future› Many African nations owe huge amounts of
money to more developed countries, such as the United States.
› African nations spend more money paying off dept then they spend on health, education, or other social services.
› In the late 1900s, the World Bank developed a plan to help poor countries by removing dept.
A. The Rise of Arab States
Main Ideas:› The Arab nations of Iraq, Jordan, Syria,
Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia emerged in the first half of the twentieth century .
A. The Rise of the Arab States
Iraq and Jordan› Great Britain set up the state of Iraq in 1921.
The new state was formed from three provinces in Mesopotamia: Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul.
› The provinces had little in common. They included a huge variety of cultural and religious groups, including Arabs, Kurds, Sunni and Shi’a Muslims, Christians and Jews.
› Iraq won its independence in the year of 1932.
A. The Rise of Arab States
Syria and Lebanon› In 1920, France split Syria into
Lebanon and Syria.› To manage its mandates,
France created a huge bureaucracy.
› France helped Lebanon write a constitution in the preparation for self-government.
› Lebanon became independent in 1943 but was subject to French control until 1946.
A. The Rise of Arab States
Saudi Arabia› Unlike the British and
French mandates, Saudi Arabia became fully independent in the years between the two world wars.
› The Saud family had been increasing its powers and the land holdings in the Arabian peninsula since the 1700s.
› By the twentieth century the Saud family controlled a large kingdom in Arabia, known as the Nejd.
B. The Creation of Israel
Main Idea: The Jewish State of Israel was created in Palestine in 1948.
B. The creation of Israel
The Beginning of Conflict› The first group of Jewish
immigrants arrived in Palestine in the 1880s.
› November 2, 1917, the Zionist movement received the backing of the British government when Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued the Balfour Declaration.
› The Zionist movement stated Great Britain’s official approval of the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
B. The creation of Israel
Independence and War› The United Nations
suggested dividing Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab.
› Jerusalem would be under international control.
› While Jewish leaders welcomed the plan, the Arabs rejected it.
B. The creation of Israel
Building a Jewish Nation› After the 1948 war of
independence, Israel focused on building a modern state from ancient homeland in Palestine.
› Jewish settlers had already begun developing agriculture and industry in Palestine in the decades before the creation of Israel.
› By the early 1970s, Israel could grow all the food it needed. It began to export crops such as olives and citrus fruits.
C. Arab reaction to Defeat
Main Idea: Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nassaer wanted to unite the Arab world under his leadership.
C. Arab Reaction to Defeat
Nasser and the Suez Crisis› Egyptians blamed their ruler,
King Farouk, for the Arab defeat.› Many Egyptians who were
unhappy with their government became followers of the Muslim Brotherhood, which believed that all of the former British mandate of Palestine should be given back to the Arabs.
› In 1952, a group of army officers revolted and overthrew the king.
C. Arab Reaction to Defeat
Common Causes› The Suez crisis made Nasser
a leader in the Arab world.› In 1958, Egypt, Syria, and
part of what is now the country of Yemen formed unions with one another.
› Other Arab states underwent changes in government and outlook similar to Egypt’s after the 1948 war.
C. Arab Reaction to Defeat
Nasser and the Suez Crisis:› Egyptians blamed their ruler,
King Farouk, for the Arab defeat.
› King Farouk had been ruler of Egypt since 1936.
› Many Egyptians who were unhappy with their government became followers of the Muslim Brotherhood, which believed that all of the former British mandate of Palestine should be given back to Arabs.
C. Arab Reaction to Defeat
Common Causes:› The Suez crisis made
Nasser a leader in the Arab world.
› It was Nasser’s dream to unite the Arab world under his leadership .
› In 1958, Egypt, Syria, and part of what is now the country of Yemen formed unions with one another.
Chapter 32: Africa and the Middle East Section 4: The Middle East
and the Modern World
TgreeWorld History
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Main Idea: › The Arab-Israeli conflict
continued as Israel occupied more territory in Palestine and Palestinians fought to establish their own state.
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Two more Wars› In 1967, several
developments led to a war that became known as the “Six-Day War.”
› When UN troops withdrew from the Egypt-Israel border, Gamal Nasser sent troops into the Sinai Peninsula.
› He closed the Red Sea port of Aqaba to Israeli ships.
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Peace Efforts:› Following the war in
1973, the United States became actively involved in the bringing peace to the Middle East.
› The United States and the Soviet Union supported different sides in the war.
› The soviet Union supplied Egypt and Syria while the United States sent supplies to Israel.
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
The Palestinian Cause: › Despite the Camp David
agreement, Palestinians continued to fight for their cause.
› They were supported by the Palestinians Liberation Organization.
› Led by Yasir Arafat, the PLO dedicated itself to an armed struggle against Israel.
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
The Oslo Accord:› Hope of establishing
peace revived in 1992.
› After a new Israeli government came to power, new Israeli settlements in the West Bank were put on hold.
› Peace talks restarted in Oslo, Norway.
B. Iran and the Islamic Revolution
Main Idea: in 1979, a revolution overdrew the government of the shah of Iran and enforced traditional ways and strict Islamic law.
B. Iran and the Islamic Revolution
The Shah in Iran:› In the 1960s, the shah
launched a development program to modernize Iran’s economy and secularize Iranian.
› The program included land reforms from religious to nonreligious control.
› The program included land reforms reorganizing the military, improving education, and giving women the right to vote.
B. Iran and the Islamic Revolution
Return to Traditional Ways:› After several years of
protest, strikes, and riots, the shah was forced to flee Iran in1979.
› Revolutionaries took control under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
› Khomeini was a Shiite Muslim religious leader and fierce critic of the shah’s government.
B. Iran and the Islamic Revolution
Iran and Iraq Go to War: › Saddam Hussein, the
leader of Iraq, was afraid that the Islamic revolution in Iran might spread.
› In 1980, Iraq attacked Iran.
› The war did not end until 1988. the fighting cost tens of thousands of lives.
C. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
Operation Desert Storm:› In August 1990, Saddam
Hussein invaded Kuwait.› Iraq wanted Kuwait’s oil and
its access to the Persian Gulf.
› More oil would make Iraq a more powerful member of OPEC and help Iraq’s economy.
C. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan:› The Middle East became the
center of another crisis in 2001 when terrorist hijacked four passengers airplanes.
› Three of the planes attacked the World Trade Center, in New York City, and the Pentagon building, near Washington, D.C. Thousands of people died in the attacks.
› The prime suspect behind the attacks was Osama bin Laden.
C. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
Operation Iraqi Freedom:› In the decade following the
Gulf War, Iraq challenged the terms of the cease-fire time and again.
› It also stood in the way of UN weapons inspectors.
› Beginning in 2002, Iraq decided to allow UN inspectors into the country to determine if Iraq was producing and stockpiling biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction.
