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Language in use As a social identifier Varieties of speech Knowing what to say, and how and when to
say it◦ Linguistic competence◦ Cultural competence
In linguistics, distinguish between◦ Standard dialect (either accentless or considered
an acceptable accented variant)◦ Vernacular/non-standard dialects (what we often
mean by “dialect” colloquially)
The Beatles: speakers of “Scouse” English, or a dialect centered in Liverpool
There is more than one variant of a language
H/L◦ Arabic-speaking nations◦ Switzerland (Swiss German &Standard German)◦ Greece (standard and colloquial)
Not equal◦ Higher class/status are more likely to know H◦ Role of education◦ Lower class/status restricted to L◦ Class closely correlated to ability
Code-switching◦ The ability and/or tendency to switch between:a)One language and anotherb)The H or L form where there is diglossiac)One dialect and another (e.g. vernacular and
standard)
.. means how one phrases requests, opinions, responses and so on and so forth in an acceptable way
i.e. what is “polite” or what is “appropriate” Many languages and cultures prefer
INDIRECTION in speech interactions
Why study this?◦ Simple, short interactions◦ Very much governed by norms of politeness and
proper social interaction◦ Details are variable culture to culture and
language to language
Reciprocal Non-reciprocal
Closeness First name-First name Mom/Dad – First name
Distance
Last name-Last name
Title-titleTitle last name-Title last nameHonorifics between persons of same status
Sir/Ma’am to parent/kin term “son”
Title last name – last nameTitle last name – first nameHonorific – Title last name