Upload
shona-king
View
216
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Endocrine
SystemKacie Cavin, Laurna Todd, Cassidy Sheppard
What is the Endocrine System?
The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the blood stream. These products broadcast messages throughout the body.
Endocrine System The endocrine
system is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth.
The endocrine system works with the urinary system, nervous system, and digestive system. The nervous system works to maintain homeostasis
Hormones Hormones are
chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells.
Hormones are able to do this by binding to specific cells called Target Cells.
A bodies response to hormones are slower and longer lasting than a nerve impulse
Glands A gland is a organ
that produces and releases a substance or secretion.
Major Glands: Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, and Thymus.
Pituitary Gland The Pituitary
Gland make hormones.
It is a pea-sized structure that is located at the base of the brain.
Pituitary Anterior Lobe The anterior lobe secretes several
hormones that are essential for the growth and development.
• The Growth Hormone is essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs.
• Hyposecretion of the growth hormone can cause dwarfism and Simmonds disease. Hypersecretion can cause gigantism during child years and acromegaly during adult years
Adrenocorticotropin and Follicle-Stimulating Hormones
Adrenocorticotropin is needed for growth and development for the middle and inner zones of the adrenal cortex
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential for the growth of ovarian follicles in the female reproductive system and production of sperm in the male
Luteinizing Hormone & Prolactin
As with the Follicle-Stimulating Hormones, the luteinizing hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum in the female & the production of testosterone in males
Prolactin is a gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
This hormone regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight
Pituitary: Posterior Lobe
This lobe stores and secretes two very important hormones: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules & has a pressor effect that elevates blood pressure. Hyposecretion can result in diabetes insipidus
Oxytocin helps the release of milk during suckling & stimulates the uterus
Pineal Gland The Pineal gland releases melatonin,
which is involved in rhythmic activities
Melatonin can be used to help regulate the release of gonadotropin
Serotonin is a hormone that is a neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, etc & it acts to inhibit gastric secretion
Thyroid Gland Thyroid has the major role in
regulating the bodies metabolism levels. This gland also produces thyroxine.
Thyroxine (T4) helps maintain and regulate the basal metabolic rate. It has 4 iodine atoms which are attached to its nucleas
Thyroid Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone
that contains 3 iodine atoms Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin)
is a hormone that influences bone and calcium metabolism
Hyposecretion of hormones T3 and T4 results in cretinism during child years, myxedema during adulthood, and Hashimotos disease which is a chronic thyroid disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 results in hyperthyroidism (also known as thyrotoxicosis and Graves Disease)
Parathyroid Gland These glands are small, yellowish
bodies that are located on the dorsal surface and lower thyroid gland
Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid gland maintain homeostasis in the blood calcium levels
This gland also promotes proper nerve and muscle function, and also bone structure
Parathyroid Gland Part of this gland is to secrete the
parathyroid (PTH) PTH is short fo parathormone hormone,
which is essential for the maintenance of a normal serum levels. It can also help with the metabolism of phosphorus
Hyposecretion can result in hypoparathyroidism, and hypersecretion can result in hyperparathyroidism
Pancreas The Pancreas is a cluster of cells that
resemble islands which is called islet of Langerhans
Pancreas gland produces insulin and glucagon. It also regulates in the level of glucose in the blood.
There are three major types of cells: Alpha, Beta, and Delta
Pancreas • Alpha cells secretes Glucagon, which breaks
down glycogen to glucose and elevates blood sugar
• Beta cells secretes Insulin which is needed to maintain normal blood sugar, and also for life. It regulates metabolism of glucose, and of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• Delta cells secrete Somatostatin, which lessens the release of glucagon and insulin.
Adrenal Gland Two pyramid-shaped structures that
sit on top of the kidneys Helps the body prepare for and deal
with stress The outer part is called the adrenal
cortex and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex More than 80% of the Adrenal Gland
is located here The cortex secretes the
Glucocorticoids, the Mineralocorticoids, and the Androgens.
• The Glucocorticoid has two hormones: cortisol and corticosterone
Glucocorticoid The Glucocorticoid has two
hormones: cortisol and corticosterone
• Cortisol is the main hormone that is secreted by the cortex
• Corticosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone is a principle of
Mineralocorticoid secreted by the Adrenal Cortex
Is essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion
Reduced plasma volume can be a result of hyposecretion, and Primary aldosteronism can be a result of hypersecretion
Adrenal Medulla The Medulla synthesizes, secretes, and stores
catecholamines, specifically Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine
• Dopamine dilates systemic arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, etc
• Epinephrine acts as a vasoconstrictor. Its main function is to regulates the sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system
• Norepinephrine acts as vasopressor, etc. It elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increase heart rate & cardiac output
Adrenal Gland
Ovaries Ovaries produce estrogens and
progesterone, which are female hormones
Estrogen is the female hormone and Progesterone is a steroid hormone
Both are essential for promoting growth, development, and maintenance
Testes The Testes produce the male
hormone Testosterone, which helps with normal growth and development for the male sex organs
Placenta The placenta serves as a endocrine
gland. It connects the mother and child together during the pregnancy.
Produces chorionic gondaotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone
Gastrointestinal Mucosa
This mucosa area of the pyloric area of the stomach makes the hormone Gastrin, which stimulates the gastric acid secretion.
It affects the gallbladder, pancreas, and small intestine secretory activities
The mucosa of the duodenum makes the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion
Gastrointestinal Mucosa
Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin is also secreted by Duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas
Enterogastrone, which regulates gastric secretions, is also secreted by the Duodenal Muscosa
Gastrointestinal Mucosa
Thymus Thymus is located in the mediastinal
cavity in front of and above the heart. Secretes the hormones Thymosin and
Thymopoietin Thymosin promotes the T lymphocytes
and Thymopoietin produces lymphocytes precursors and aids in the process of becoming T lymphocytes
http://iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Endocrine%20System/endocrine%20chart%20copy.jpg
Diseases The Endocrine has many diseases.
Some of them are: • Addison’s Disease• Diabetes Mellitus• Hypothyroidism• Hyperthyroidism
Addison's Disease Addison's disease - It is caused due
to hyposecretion of hormones by the adrenals.
It is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones
Diabetes Mellitus Disease
Diabetes Mellitus is the most common Endocrine Gland disease in childern
It occurs the most in 5-7 year olds and 11-15 year olds
Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia are symptoms of this disease
Hypothyroidism Disease
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism Disease
Hyperthyroidism is an excessive secretion of thyroid hormone. It is a conditon that can affect many body systems
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Abdominal pain and cramping, changes in bowel movements, and other symptoms
Peptic Ulcer Disease A peptic ulcer is a defect in the lining of
the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum.
Citations Rice, J. (2008). Medical terminology: A
word building approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education
Postlehwait, J. H., & Hopson, J. L. (2009`). Modern biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. (2002). Prentice hall biology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education
Citations BrainPOP. (n.d.). Endocrine system.
Retrieved from http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/endocrinesystem
Ashlesha, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/endocrine-system-diseases-list.html
Pictures from Google Images