1

第二章第二章IPv6/IPv4IPv6/IPv4 轉換技術轉換技術

2

章節目錄章節目錄 簡介 IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制 (Dual Stack)

通道機制 (Tunnel) 位址協定轉換機制 (Translator) 參考文獻

3

簡介簡介

4

簡 介簡 介

IPv4 Only

ExperimentalIPv6

Network

IPv4 Ocean

IPv6 Island

IPv4 Island

IPv6 Ocean

IPv6 Only

Phase Ⅰ Phase Ⅱ Phase Ⅲ Phase Ⅳ

5

NGtransNGtrans 規劃之轉換機制規劃之轉換機制

TransitionMechanisms

Tunneling Translator

Dual Stack

6

轉換機制比較轉換機制比較Name Connectivity Type Location

Dual stack 4-to-4 over 4, 6-to-6 over 6 Dual stack In single E5 or ND

SIIT 6-to-4, 4-to-6 Translator In single ES or ND

Bump-in-Stack (BIS) 4-to-6 Translator In single ES

Bump-in-API (BIA) 4-to-6 Translator In single ES

NAT-PT 6-to-4, 4-to-6 Translator In single ND

MTP 4-to-6,4-to-6 (multicast) Translator In single ND

TRT 6-to-4 Translator In single ND

SOCKS64 4-to-6, 4-to-6 Translator Between ES and ND

6over4 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between ES and ND

ISATAP 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between ES and ND

DSTM 4-to-4 over 6 Tunnel Between ES and ND

Configured IP-in-IP 6-to-6 over 4, 4-to-4 over 6 Tunnel Between ES and ND, two NDs or two ESs

6to4 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between two NDs

7

IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6 雙重架雙重架構機制構機制 ((Dual Dual

Stack)Stack)

8

IPv4/IPv6IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制

IPv6client

TCP

IPv6

Datalink

IPv4client

TCP

IPv4

Datalink

IPv4 mapped

IPv6 address

IPv6client

TCP

IPv4 IPv6

Datalink

9

簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制 RFC1933->RFC2893(Standard)

IPv4/IPv6

DualStack

DualStack

10

簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制

IPv4 Stack功能啟動，而 IPv6功能關閉 ( 即 IPv4-only node)

IPv6 Stack功能啟動，而 IPv4功能關閉 ( 即 IPv6-only node)

IPv4 Stack 及 IPv6 Stack功能皆啟動 (node具組態切換功能 )

11

IPv4IPv4

簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制++TunnelingTunneling

RFC 1933

RFC 3056

RFC 3053

IPv4IPv4IPv6IPv6 IPv6IPv6

IPv6 IPv66over4

6to4

IPv4IPv4IPv6IPv6

IPv4/IPv6 Tunnel Broker

12

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制

DSTM 雙重架構機制係確保 IPv4 之應用能於 IPv6 網路上運作

IPv6 only IPv4 only

?工作站

電腦電腦

13

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 Draft-ietf-ngtrans-dstm-08.txt

IPv6

IPv4DualStack

DHCPv6/DNS

14

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 一 IPv6 node與一 IPv4 node互通時 ,其先取得一暫用之 IPv4位址 (DSTM伺服器提供 )

此暫用之 IPv4位址係由 DNS 及DHCPv6協調產生

傳送時藉由動態通道技術包裝 IPv4封包

15

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制

IPv6 DS TM

Domain

Dual stack nodeIPv6 @IPv4 @ IPv4

Network

DSTMBorderRouter

4in6 runnel

IPv4Only Node

Computer

RouterLaptop

16

DSTM 雙重架構機制運作 (v6 v4)

1. 一個應用之封包傳送由 A node(IPv6) 至 C node(IPv4)2. A node 要求 DSTM 伺服器給予一 IPv4 Source 位址3. DSTM 伺服器回覆 A node 暫用之 IPv4 address 位址及 DSTM

Gateway 的 IPv6 位址4. A node 產生 IPv4 封包

A B CDSTM

DNSDNS

17

1. 一個 A node 至 B node 的通道建立 ( 送 IPv6 封包 ) 。2. B node 拆除 IPv6 封包頭，然後將此 IPv4 封包送給 C node 。3. B node 記錄 A node 的 IPv4 與 IPv6 位址，然後 Mapping 在它的

Routing

Table 中。

DSTM 雙重架構機制運作 (v6

v4)

A B CDNS DNSDSTM

18

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制

IPv6 Routing

Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ

IPv4 Routing

IPv4 Routing

Intranet Company ABC

Global Internet

IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel InterfaceDHCPv6 Client

IPv4 Host Z

IPv4 Host Y

DSTM Router IPv4 Router

IPv4 Router

DHCPv6 Server

DNS Server

- Host X 從 DHCPv6 伺服器 取得 IPv4-Mapped 位址及 DSTM 伺服器的端點位置- Host X can now communicate with IPv4 to Hosts Y and Z End-2-End.

19

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 + Port Range+ Port Range

DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain

Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ

IPv4 Routing

IPv4 Routing

Intranet Company ABC

Global Internet

IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel InterfaceDHCPv6 Client

IPv4 Host Z

IPv4 Host Y

DSTM Router IPv4 Router

IPv4 Router

DHCPv6 Server

DNS Server

- Host X obtains IPv4-Mapped Address, Port Range, and TEP for DSTM Router, from DHCPv6 Server.- Host X can now communicate with IPv4 to Hosts Y and Z End-2-End. - DSTM Router can now use a single address for multiple IPv6/IPv4 Hosts within the DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain.

20

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制6to46to4

DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain

Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ

IPv4 Routing

IPv4 Routing

Intranet Company ABC

Global Internet

IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel Interface6to4 Dynamic InterfaceDHCPv6 Client

IPv4 Host Z

IPv4 Host Y

DSTM Router IPv4 Router

IPv4 Router

DHCPv6 Server

DNS Server

Host X obtains IPv4-Mapped Address and Port Range only.TEP is not needed as 6to4 address is used to communicate to DSTM Router.

21

DHCPv6+ IPv6 OnlyRouting

IPv4 Only

100.0.0.1

200.4.5.6

Dual stack Node2002:100.0.0.1::2:2

SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6

SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1

SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1

SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1

IPv4?

100.0.1.1

SA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2DA= 2002:200.4.5.6::SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6

SA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2DA= 2002:200.4.5.6::SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6

SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1SA= 2002:200.4.5.6::DA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2

SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1SA= 2002:200.4.5.6::DA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2

SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6 100.0.1.1 =

2002:100.0.0.1::2:2

SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 + 6to4+ 6to4

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 IPv4 Query to IPv6 AddressIPv4 Query to IPv6 Address

DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain

Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ

IPv4 Routing

IPv4 Routing

Intranet Company ABC

Global Internet

IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel Interface6to4 Dynamic InterfaceDHCPv6 Client

IPv4 Host Z

IPv4 Host Y

DSTM Router IPv4 Router

IPv4 Router

DSTM Server DHCPv6+DNS Server

- Host Y and Z can now do DNS Lookup for Host X that has only IPv6 address.- DNS Y or Z query will go to DSTM Server- DSTM server will assign Host X an IPv4 address and return Host Y or Z back that address

23

DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 3G and WLAN Network3G and WLAN Network

IPv6 Network IPv6 Network

IPv4 Network

IPv6 Services

IPv4Services

SIIT-MIPv6-WLAN-3G Router/Gateway

IPv6 Router

IPv4 Router

DSTM Server Mechanisms and Extensions

IPv6 Hosts

Comm. Tower

Modem Bank

Access Point

End-2-End Communications

24

Home Net Y802.11

DSTM 雙重架構機制應用 Roaming Scenario

Giving IPv4 addresses to visitors can become expensive:– Visited Network offers IPv6 connectivity only

Home network offers connection to the v4 world via DSTM– to Corporate Intranet– to Global Internet

ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet6 fe80::200:c0ff:fe11:cba0%ed0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet6 3ffe:305:1002:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0 prefixlen 64 inet6 2001:660:282:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0 prefixlen 64 ether 00:00:c0:11:cb:a0

gif0: flags=8011<UP,POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST> mtu 1280inet6 fe80::200:c0ff:fe11:cba0%gif0 --> :: prefixlen 64 inet 192.108.119.197 --> 192.108.119.199 netmask 0xffffffff physical address inet6 3ffe:305:1002:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0

--> 3ffe:305:1002:1:200:c0ff:fe85:cba0

25

DSTM 雙重架構機制建置 BSD « INRIA »

– DSTM gateway – DSTM server (RPC)– Client: manual conf, dynamic conf

BSD Kame – Client: Manual Configuration

Linux – Client: Manual Configuration

Windows : ?

26

DSTMDSTM 機制之機制之 freewarefreeware 軟體軟體

27

通道機制通道機制 ((Tunnel)Tunnel)

28

通道機制通道機制

IPv4 網路 IPv6 網站IPv6 網站

IPv6 封包IPv6 封包IPv4 封包 IPv6 封包

29

通道機制封包格式通道機制封包格式

Ethernet0x86dd

IPv6 6

TCP 25

SMTPoriginal packet

Ethernet0x0800

IP 41

IPv6 6

TCPencapsulated packet

30

通道之協定運作通道之協定運作

IPv4 網路

L4+

IPv6

L2L1

L4+

IPv6

IPv6

IPv4

L2

L1

L4+ L4+

IPv6

IPv6IPv4

L4+

L2

L1

L4+

IPv6

L2

L1

IPv6end system

Tunnelendpoint

(encapsulation)

Tunnelendpoint

(decapsulation)IPv6

end system

Payloadprotocol

Carrierprotocal

31

通道機制通道機制

手動建置 (Manually Configured) 半自動建置 (Semi-automated) 全自動建置 (Automated)

32

通道機制通道機制 -- 手動建置手動建置

IPv6 island IPv4 網路

IPv4 Tunnel

IPv6 island

Dual-stacknode

Dual-stacknode

I P v 4 H I P v 6 H I P v 6 HP a y l o a d P a y l o a dI P v 6 H P a y l o a d

33

通道機制通道機制 -- 全自動建置全自動建置

I P v 4 HI P v 6 H

IPv6 island

IPv4 網路

IPv4 TunnelDual-stacknode

Dual-stacknode

0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

I P v 4

A d d r e s s

P a y l o a d I P v 6 H P a y l o a d

34

66over4over4 通道機制封包格式通道機制封包格式

IPv6 header

TCP header

Data

IPv4 header

IPv6 header

TCP header

Data

35

66over4over4 通道機制通道機制

IPv6end system

Tunnelendpoint

(encapsulation)

Tunnelendpoint

(decapsulation)

IPv6end system

Payloadprotocol

Carrierprotocal

L4+

IPv6

L2L1

L4+

IPv6

IPv6

IPv4

L2

L1

L4+ L4+

IPv6

IPv6IPv4

L4+

L2

L1

L4+

IPv6

L2

L1

Multiple physicalroutes

Logical tunnel

36

66over4over4 通道機制通道機制

6to4自動通道機制

IPv6 Internet

IPv6IPv4IPv6

PP(3bits) TLA(13bits)IPv4 Address

(32bits)SLA ID (16bits)

Interface ID (64bits)

001 0x0002 ISP assigned Local Administered Auto configured

2002:8234:1::/48

130.67.0.1

11.0.0.1

148.122.0.1

2002:947A:1::/48

6to4 prefix is 2002::/16 + IPv4 address.2002:a.b.c.d::/48

6to4 relay2002:B00:1::1Announces 2002::/16 to the IPv6 Internet

38

66to4to4 封包格式封包格式

39

66to4to4 自動通道機制自動通道機制

IPv4IPv6 In IPv4IPv6 IPv6

6to4 6to4

2002:c0a8:101:1::1 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 2002:c0a8:201:2::2

IPv6header

IPv6data

IPv4header

IPv6header

IPv6data

IPv6header

IPv6data

Src=2002:c0a8:101:1::1

Dst=2002:c0a8:201:2::2

Src=192.168.1.1

Dst=192.168.2.1

Src=2002:c0a8:101:1::1

Dst=2002:c0a8:201:2::2

6to4 自動通道機制 -Interface

6to4 自動通道機制Routing Table

通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制

: Control Information

: Data (Tunnel)DNS

TunnelBroker

Dual-StackUser-Node

TunnelServer

IPv4 Site

IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel

IPv6 site

43

通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作

1) 使用者聯結 Tunnel Broker 進行註冊事宜 (registration procedure)

2) 使用者再次聯結 Tunnel Broker ，提供使用者端點資訊 ( 包括： IP 位址、作業系統、 IPv6支援軟體等 )

3) Tunnel Broker 建置網路端點、 DNS 伺服器及使用者端點組態

4) 通道建置完成，使用者可以直接連至 IPv6 網路

44

通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作

Remote Site IPv6 network provider

Client Tunnel Broker DNS Server

Well knownWWW Server

tb.cselt.ittb.cpmpany.com...........

Tunnel BrokerDirectory

TB Listwww.ipv6.org

Dual-StackHost/Router

Client-BrokerInteraction

Tunnel Server

RG

RG

RG

Dual-StackRouter

BrokerInteraction

Broker-DNSInteraction

45

通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作 (1)(1)

46

通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作 (2)(2)

通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker) 機制 Implementation

IPv4 網路

IPv6 網路

Client

Tunnel broker

1. IPv4的client端提出網頁的要求

IPv6 DNS

2. Tunnel broker回應Tunnel的資訊給IPv4 的client端

3. Tunnel broker設定 tunnel server或router

4. Client端和 tunnel server 或 router 建立起 tunnel

tunnel

48

通道代理者機制服務通道代理者機制服務

49

通道代理者機制服務通道代理者機制服務

通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker) 機制Scripts and Parameters

通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制 Interface

通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制 Routing Table

Tunnel Mechanism

Primary Use Limitation Requirements

Configured Tunnel

Stable and secure links for regular communication

Tunnel between two points only

Large management overhead

No independently managed NAT

ISP-registered IPv6 address

Dual-stack router

6to4 Tunnel

Connection of multiple remote IPv6 domains Frequent communication

Limitation of the number of tunnels supported by the 6to4 router

IPv6 prefix (2002::/16)

Dual-stack router

Tunnel Broker

Standalone isolated

IPv6 end systems

Potential security implication

Tunnel broker service must know how to create and set a script

應用特性

54

通道機制之延遲時間分析通道機制之延遲時間分析

average transmission time

125

150

175

200

225

250

64 128 256 512 768 1024

pack size(bytes)

time(

ms) 6to4

configureg tunnel

tunnel broker

55

通道機制之通過率分析通道機制之通過率分析

515253545556575

128 256 512 768 1024

packet size(Bytes)

Thro

ughp

ut(K

bps)

6to4 Configured tunnel Tunnel broker

56

通道機制之通道機制之 CPUCPU 利用率分析利用率分析

57

通道機制之資料遺失率分析通道機制之資料遺失率分析

58

通道為主之機制的效能指標通道為主之機制的效能指標

59

位址協定轉換機制位址協定轉換機制((Translator)Translator)

60

位址協定轉換機制之網路端協定轉換位址協定轉換機制之網路端協定轉換

L4+I Pv6L2L1

L4+I Pv6L2L1

L4+I Pv6

L4+I Pv4

L2L1

IPv6end system Translator IPv4

end system

61

位址協定轉換機制位址協定轉換機制

網路位址與通訊協定之轉換 (Network Address Translation-Protocol Translation; NAT-PT)

TCP-UDP 中繼機制 (TCP-UDP Relay) Bump-in-the-Stack (BIS) 機制 SOCKS 為基礎的 IPv6/IPv4 閘道器機制

62

無縫無縫 IP/ICMPIP/ICMP 轉換演算法轉換演算法 SIIT SIIT 演算法演算法

IPv6

NIC

IPv4 Address pool

NIC

NA(P)T-PTIPv6/IPv4mapping

table

SIITIPv4

IPv6/IPv4 Translation Manager

DNS-ALG

Socket

TCP/UDP

FTP-ALG

63

網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制 (4-6)(4-6)

2001: e10: c00: B: : 2 <-> 134. 208. 9. 101::::

134. 208. 9. 101134. 208. 9. 102134. 208. 9. 103134. 208. 9. 104134. 208. 9. 105

::

I Pv4 Host認為他在跟134. 208. 9. 101作溝通

I Pv6 Host認為他在跟2001: e10: c00: B: : 134. 208. 9. 108作溝通

I Pv6 DNS

I Pv6 host

2001: e10: c00: B: : 3i pv6DNS. ndhu. edu. tw

2001: e10: c00: B: : 2i pv6. ndhu. edu. tw

I Pv4 DNS

I Pv4 host

134. 208. 10. 11i pv4DNS. ndhu. edu. tw

134. 208. 9. 108i pv4. ndhu. edu. tw

DNS-ALG

NAT-PT

I Pv4 address pool

I Pv4 address pool I Pv6 <-> I Pv4 Address Mappi ng Tabl e Fi nal Resul t

(8) (7)

(6)

(5)

(4)

(3) (2)

(1)

A

A

A6

A6

Address al location and create address mapping

64

網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制 (6(6-4)-4)

2001: e10: c00: B: : 2 <-> 134. 208. 9. 101::::

134. 208. 9. 101134. 208. 9. 102134. 208. 9. 103134. 208. 9. 104134. 208. 9. 105

::

I Pv6 Host認為他在跟2001: e10: c00: B: : 134. 208. 9. 108 作溝通

I Pv4 Host 認為他在跟134. 208. 9. 101作溝通

I Pv6 DNS

I Pv6 host

2001: e10: c00: B: : 3i pv6DNS. ndhu. edu. tw

2001: e10: c00: B: : 2i pv6. ndhu. edu. tw

I Pv4 DNS

I Pv4 host

134. 208. 10. 11i pv4DNS. ndhu. edu. tw

134. 208. 9. 108i pv4. ndhu. edu. tw

DNS-ALG

NAT-PT

I Pv4 address pool

I Pv4 address pool I Pv6 <-> I Pv4 Address Mappi ng Tabl e Fi nal Resul t

(7) (9)

(4)(5)

(6)

(2) (3)

(1)

A

A

A6

A6

Address al l ocati on (get I Pv6 prefi x)

(8)

65

TCP-UDPTCP-UDP 中繼機制中繼機制 ((TCP-UDP Relay)TCP-UDP Relay)

Inner network

outer networkTCP relay system

Initiating host

Destination host

66

TCP-UDPTCP-UDP 中繼機制運作中繼機制運作

Inner networkouter network

Initiating hostIPv6 only

Destination hostIPv4 only

中繼伺服器－ dummyPrefix fec0:0:0:1::/64

fec0:0:0:1::10.1.1.1

10.1.1.1Y4B6

A6

TCP/IPv6:the initiating host 中繼伺服器

TCP/IPv4:中繼伺服器 the destination host

address on IPv6 header:A6 A6::X4

address on IPv4 header:Y4 X4

X4

67

BISBIS 機制機制

4 6

v4 apps

v4 T

A host having the ability of a translator in a TCP/IPv4 stack. > a self-translator > a kind of a dual stack host. > no need of v6 apps > no modification of v4 apps.

BIS

68

BISBIS 機制協定模組機制協定模組 IPv4 Applications

Network Card

Network Card Driver

Exrended Name Resolve

Address Mapper

IPv6

TCP/IPv4 Transtator

Legacy API

69

IPv4 Applications

Network Card

NameResolver

AddressMapper

FunctionMapper

IPv4 Socket API

Socket API (IPv4, IPv6)

IPv6 Socket API

BIBIAA 機制協定模組機制協定模組

70

SOCKSSOCKS 為基礎的為基礎的 IPv6/IPv4IPv6/IPv4

閘道器機制運作閘道器機制運作

IPvX

Application

Network I/F

Socks Lib

Socket, DNS

IPvX

Gateway

Network I/F

Socket, DNS

IPvY

Application

Network I/F

Socket, DNS

IPvY

SameAPIS

SocksifiedConnection

NormalConnection

to D (control)

data data

Client CGateway G

(server) Destination D

to D

to G to D

71

參考文獻參考文獻

72

參考文獻參考文獻 [1] Deering and R. Hinden, Internet protocol, version 6

(IPv6) specification, IETF RFC2460, December 1998. [2] J. Davies, Introduction to IP version 6, Microsoft,

February 2002. [3] IPv6-Enabling the mobile Internet, White Paper 10878,

Nokia, Finland, 2000. [4] P. Srisuresh, M. Holdrege, IP network address translator

(NAT) terminology and considerations, IETF RFC2663, August 1999.

[5] J. Wiljakka, “Transition to IPv6 in GPRS and WCDMA mobile networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.40, No.4, pp.134-140, April 2002.

73

參考文獻參考文獻 [6] A. Durand, “Deploying IPv6,” IEEE Internet Computing,

pp.79-81, January/February 2001. [7] D.Waddington and F. Chang, “Realizing the transition to

IPv6,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.40, No.6, pp.138-147, June 2002.

[8] A. Durand, P. Fasano, I. Guardinie and D. Lento, IPv6 tunnel broker, IETF RFC3053, February 2001.

[9] F. Templin, T.Gleeson, M.Talwar and D. Thalar, Intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol (ISATAP), IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-isatap-04.txt, April 2002.

[10] R. Gilligan, Transition mechanisms for IPv6 hosts and routers, IETF RFC2893, August 2000.

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參考文獻參考文獻 [11] W. Biemot, An overview of the introduction of IPv6 in

the internet, IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-introduction-to-ipv6-transition-08.txt, February 2002.

[12] IPv6/IPv4 coexistence and migration, White Paper, Microsoft, Washington, November 2001.

[13] Transition to IPv6 in 2G and 3G networks, White Paper 10832, Nokia, Finland, 2000.

[14] B. Carpenter and C. Jung, Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 domains without explicit tunnels, IETF RFC2529, March 1999.

[15] W. Simpson, Neighbor discovery for IP version 6, IETF RFC2461, December 1998.

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參考文獻參考文獻 [16] D. Meyer, Administratively scoped IP multicast, IETF

RFC2365, July 1998. [17] T. Dunn, “Marketplace – the IPv6 transition,” IEEE

Internet Computing, Vol.6, No.3, pp.11-13, May/June 2002.

[18] B. Carpenter and K. Moore, Connection of IPv6 domains via IPv4 clouds, IETF RFC3056, February 2001.

[19] J. Bound, L. Toutain, O. Medina, H. Afifi and A. Durand, Dual stack transition mechanism (DSTM), IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-dstm-08.txt, July 2002.

[20] E. Nordmark, Stateless IP/ICMP translation algorithm (SIIT), IETF RFC2765, February 2000.

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參考文獻參考文獻 [21] K. Tsuchiya, H. Higuchi and Y. Atarashi, Dual stack

hosts using the Bump-In-the-Stack (BIS) techniques, IETF RFC2767, February 2000.

[22] S. Lee, M.K. Shin, Y.J. Kim, E. Nordmark and A. Durand, Dual stack hosts using Bump-in-the-API (BIA) techniques, IETF RFC3338, October 2002.

[23] G. Tsirtsis and P. Srisuresh, Network address translation-protocol translation (NAT-PT), IETF RFC2766, February 2000.