中国实施扶贫移民经验介绍中国实施扶贫移民经验介绍Introduction to The Experience of Helping Introduction to The Experience of Helping The Poor by Immigrating in ChinaThe Poor by Immigrating in China

主讲人：朱启臻 Professor Zhu Qizhen 中国农业大学 China Agricultural University

Synopsis (Synopsis ( 提 纲 提 纲 ))

• China Poor Population Distributing and FeatureChina Poor Population Distributing and Feature• China Helping The Poor by Immigrant processChina Helping The Poor by Immigrant process• Immigrant moving and settling TypesImmigrant moving and settling Types• Immigrant moving ExperienceImmigrant moving Experience • Further-Considering the development of immigrant Further-Considering the development of immigrant

and helping the poorand helping the poor• Conclusion &SuggestionConclusion &Suggestion

ⅠⅠ..China Poor Population Distribution and China Poor Population Distribution and

FeatureFeature

( ( 中国贫困人口分布与特征中国贫困人口分布与特征 ))

1.1.The number of China poor The number of China poor population (population ( 中国贫困人口数量中国贫困人口数量 ))

1978: 260 millions 1994: 80millions 2000: 30millions 2001: 29.70 millions

2002: 28.20 millions

2003 ： 29.00 millions

2004 ： 26.10 millions

2.2.Poor Population DistributionPoor Population Distribution ( ( 贫困人口的分布贫困人口的分布 ))

Western Region

A mountainous and poor

nature area

Minority Region

14%

50%

36%东部西部中部

3.3.Features of the poor areaFeatures of the poor area

( ( 贫困地区的特征贫困地区的特征 ))

• Poor natural condition• Resource shortage, infrastructure weakness.• Social service level disadvantage• Infrastructure weakness

• Frequency geology disaster

自然条件恶劣自然条件恶劣Poor natural conditionPoor natural condition

The poor areas mostly lie in northwest and southwest, appearing massiveness splinter shaped, distributing on plain, mountain, hills, desert, karst topography, and so on.

资源缺乏，基础设施薄弱资源缺乏，基础设施薄弱 Resource shortage, infrastructure weaknessResource shortage, infrastructure weakness

• lack of earth• lack of water• lack of resources no plant on the

mountains, no mines under the earth• traffic obstruction, walk difficulty The areas in the west occupy more than

2/3,but the railway no more than 1/4 of all the country

社会服务水平低社会服务水平低Social service level Social service level disadvantagedisadvantage

.population increasing exceedingly fast

.culture and education dropping behind

. Hygiene and health care getting behind

基础设施差基础设施差Infrastructure weaknessInfrastructure weakness

.Agricultural production conditions is worse

.Financial revenue is lower

.Public input is very deficient

地质灾害频发区地质灾害频发区Frequency geology disasterFrequency geology disaster

. Places where landslide,solifluction flow and other natural disasters happened frequently, threaten the safety of the people' lives and property badly

Example (ⅠExample (Ⅰ 实例实例 1)1)

Qing Hai ( 青海 )

The poor population is mostly in a coldest pasturing

area, an altitude 4000m and in the dry area.

Example (ⅡExample (Ⅱ 实例实例 2 )2 )

Jiang Xi ( 江西 )

The poor population is mostly in the further mountain area, which at a high altitude. It is far from the town. It doesn’t have electricity, road, telephone and TV. There is not many education and medical

Service. The field is small, the plough skill is poor.

Ⅱ Ⅱ..China Helping The Poor by Immigrant process

(( 中国扶贫移民的历程中国扶贫移民的历程 )) The only way to reduce the pressure of population,

shake off poverty, restrain destruction of nature resource is immigrant strategy.

Comparison of characteristics of two kinds of population ( 两类不同的人口迁移特点比较 )

Feature Force to move Offer to move moving reason force to move offer to move moving purpose avoid disaster/give up resource better life/ good situation

moving way family /community individual /family

frequency suddenly/occasionally choice freely

number more less

the character no choice choice actively

influence demolition or rebuild no influence

Settle/reestablish no plan /difficulty definite target/arrange

1.1.Immigrating for improving the poor Immigrating for improving the poor (( 作为扶贫手段的移民作为扶贫手段的移民 ))

.Successful Example: Shan Xi, Gan Su Province

.The reason of immigrant: lack of farmland, water and resource; traffic obstacle.

. The meeting in 1999 for helping the poor: immigrant is the important way to help the poor people in the countryside to get rid of poverty.

. Farmland resource for countryside immigrant: plough barren field and mountain to get new farmland; national farm, forestry centre.

. The confronted difficulty: need a large amount invest exploitation fund; social system rules obstacle; lack of knowledge and skills.

移民作为扶贫手段的起源移民作为扶贫手段的起源 Immigrant for improving the poorImmigrant for improving the poor

People in Gansu fleed to other place because of drought in 1982

Three Xi ： Dingxi is the representative of the middle drought regions

Hexi regions

Xihangu regions in Ningxia province

There are 47 counties,12 millions people, occupy 380 thousands square kilometers

Precipitation 200-300 millimeter, evaporation 1900 millimeter

Over 70% peasants can’t dress warmly and ear one's fill

.The central government set up special fund(200millions,10years)

.The first meeting was convened by the leading group of “three xi” agricultural construction projects.

.Putting forward:" by waterway where there is water, by overland route where there is no water, seek other ways where there is neither water nor earth.”

.Putting forward:" move in one year, reside in two years, make dress warmly and ear one's fill in three years, become rich in four or five years.”

.Beginning to immigrate in 1983(regarded as organized by China government),

having installed 450 thousands people by 1993.

.There are 630 thousands people immigrated from the poorest areas to the

ayacut in the end of 1998

2.2.The development of helping the poor by The development of helping the poor by immigrating (immigrating ( 移民扶贫的发展移民扶贫的发展 ))

． Guangxi,1993-1998,had settled 200 thousands poor people from 22 stone mountains counties in more than 200 sites.

. Guangdong, Hubei, Shanxi, Jilin, Shanxi have made plans and implemented for helping the poor.

. Gansu, Ningxia, Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanxi, Hubei have moved 2.244 millions poor people.

3.3.The result of helping the poor by The result of helping the poor by immigrating (immigrating ( 移民扶贫政策实施效果移民扶贫政策实施效果 ))

. Qinghai• 2001-2005, Qinghai has implemented 15 immigrant

projects. It has settled 10593 families,51444 people, developed 514.1thousands area; planted the trees 150thousands area.

• Jiangxi• In 2003,has moved 123000 people; in 2004 has moved

41267 people

4.The institution of organizing 4.The institution of organizing immigratingimmigrating (( 组织移民的机构组织移民的机构 ))

.Leading Organization : Responsible for plan, organization

.Implemented Organization :

Made a plan for projects; organized branches made the plan for settle, coordinated relationship between counties .Responsible for arrangement, plan, invest, finance and management, consult service for immigrant plan, scheme, and budget.

ⅢⅢ.Process of Immigrating.Process of Immigrating

(( 移民过程移民过程 ))

The way of immigratingThe way of immigrating ( ( 移民方式移民方式 : ): )

individual immigrant

Grouped immigrant

Settling without distributed field

building up the base for immigrant

Chose place for immigratingChose place for immigrating ( ( 迁入地选择迁入地选择 ))

• Guaranteed the field for immigrant• Sufficient planning houses and living area for

immigrant • Build water and electricity power service easily and

need less investing fund• Convenient traffic and good exploiting potential

Principle of moving outPrinciple of moving out ( ( 迁出地的基本标准迁出地的基本标准 ))

• Poor Natural condition and lack of farmland Resource• Traffic obstacle and Utmost poor in life• The cold and starving living condition needed to be

solved

Choosing standard of immigrantChoosing standard of immigrant ( ( 移民的选择确定标准移民的选择确定标准 ))

• Considering resource, poor degree, free will, and

immigrant ability of work.

Preparation for immigrantPreparation for immigrant (( 迁入地接受移民的准备迁入地接受移民的准备 ))

． According to the whole project arrangement, every

family will have a field for the further development.

Build the basic service system such as water,

electricity, road, school, and medical center and so on

by organization so as to solve the problems such as

medical service and education system.

Adjust the benefits with the local peopleAdjust the benefits with the local people

(( 与当地人的利益调整与当地人的利益调整 ))

• The field provided by the local people is needed to pay.

Both side consult with each other and make the

contract including expired date, amount, price.

According to the contract to pay the local people land

using fee and producing maintaining fee.

The evaluative standard of The evaluative standard of helping the poor by immigratinghelping the poor by immigrating(( 扶贫移民项目评价标准扶贫移民项目评价标准 ))

• Economy: agriculture output in immigrant area, the project’s continuance

• Reduced the poor: Income Raising, Assets Forming, and Job Opportunity

• Society: Immigrants’ spirit is changing, autonomy community forming, job and training opportunity for women, traditional culture continuance, sample effect of immigrant to their homeland.

• Natural resource: nature changes in the poor area and relocated area

The result of voluntary immigrantThe result of voluntary immigrant

(( 自愿性移民的效果自愿性移民的效果 ))

• The immigrant improved life and work after moving out.

• Reduce the pressure on the poor nature areas• Provided communication with the poor people who

live in the closed regions, advantaged for them to accept the new skills, new concepts.

ⅣⅣ.. Experience of immigrant movingExperience of immigrant moving

(( 移民搬迁的经验移民搬迁的经验 ))

GovernmentGovernment recognition & inputsrecognition & inputs (( 政府重视与投入政府重视与投入 ))

• Setting up state department poverty alleviation office, directing poverty alleviation work of all the country

• 1994:practise exploitation immigration to a few villages and rural households that are in deep poverty

• 1996:to those minority poorest villages,practise exploitation immigration according to their wills

China rural poverty alleviation program(2001-2010):

Those minority people whose living conditions are very bad, lack of natural resources, should be immigrated combined returning land for farming to forestry and grass

2001-20042001-2004 年扶贫资金投入情年扶贫资金投入情况况Poverty alleviation fundPoverty alleviation fund

FinancingInput

principal part Center fund Local fund

Groups self-help others total

total （ 10000yuan ）

324917.42 149562.85 112947.49 15296.2 602723.96

Occupiedratio

53.91% 24.81% 18.74% 2.54% 100%

以工代赈和财政发展资金以工代赈和财政发展资金 (( 万元万元 ))relieving by working &financial relieving by working &financial development funds(10thousands development funds(10thousands

Yuan)Yuan)

　

Relieve by

workingDevelopment

funds

Minority development

fundsThree”Xi

”fundsCredit fund total

total 151492.6 196054.2 697.2 3000 3204.35 354448.32

ratio 42.74% 55.31% 0.20% 0.85% 0.90% 100%

政府的作用政府的作用roles of the governmentroles of the government

Places where to move out, move in, who will be immigrated, allocation modes decided by the government

• groups support

• policies support

• funds support

2.Motivating and Organizing 2.Motivating and Organizing (( 动员与组织动员与组织 ))

• Options of developable area

• Development plan (industry choices, use of land,

community plan)

• Combining land

• Immigrant object confirmation

• Implementing immigration and development (within 3

years)

3. 3. Free will and villagers’ Free will and villagers’ participation (participation ( 自愿与村民参与自愿与村民参与 ))

• Two advantages of volunteer principle: strengthen immigrants’ psychological adjustment, Reduce assistant from government

• Whole process of development from immigrants associated with villagers.

• Two advantages of association: adjusting initiatives, alter of attitude positively affects the implementation of the plan.

4.4.ImprovementImprovement ofof village as a Whole village as a Whole ( ( 整村推进整村推进 ))

• Collecting and arranging fund as a whole.

• Developing electricity, Water, road and other service at the same time.

• Jiangxi: confirmed 1200 critical villages. Ensure every village to have a fund of 500 thousand RMB Yuan to help the poor. Mainly to reconstruct basic facilities such as repairing the roads and bridges, leading villagers to make their own plans and decisions. Improve the village organization’s consciousness of decision and developing ability.

Qing HaiQing Hai

• To combine all kinds of helping poverty resources centralized their power. Aimed on those 2453 confirmed critical poor villages to implement integrated reforming plan, matched construction plan step by step and entirely

• To improve natural environment, manufacturing conditions and living standards of poverty regions. To gradually realize the goal of solving starving situation. In order to use those industry-developing fund and social fund, to inhere to the principal that those villages are primarily concerned.

5.5.Diversification of immigrants (Diversification of immigrants ( 多样多样化移民化移民 ))

• whole village moving.

• distributed immigrants

• enterprise immigrants

• urban immigrants

• liberty immigrants

Ⅴ. Re-think helping the poor by Immigrating in China

( 对移民扶贫开发的反思 )

1.1.The traditional agricultural ideas (The traditional agricultural ideas ( 传统传统农业思维农业思维 ))

• Strengthening local opinion to stay one place

• Strengthening traditional economical system

• Intensifying contradiction between human and nature

2.2.Simple idea from experience (Simple idea from experience ( 直线经直线经验思维验思维 ))

• Be rich by agriculture• Be rich by agriculture industrialization• Invested the poor • Immigrant except the richest and the poorest

3.3.The traditional way of planningThe traditional way of planning (( 传统计划思维传统计划思维 ))

• Imposed investment, ignored the spirit

• Imposed the fund from outside regions

• Depended on the government

44 、、 Closed ideas (Closed ideas ( 封闭孤立的思封闭孤立的思维维 ))

• Try to solve the problem in the closed region

• Solved the problem individually, no co-operation.

The end

Thanks