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+Interpreting Faces and Eyes in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Fragile X Syndrome and Rubinstein Taybi SyndromeHayley Mace, Joanna Moss, Giles Anderson, Chris Oliver and Joseph McCleery
+Different Social Phenotypes
Fragile X Syndrome
• Rare genetic syndrome
• Intellectual disability
• Autism (Moss & Howlin, 2009)
• Social withdrawal
• Social anxiety• (Cornish et al., 2007)
Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Triad of impairments• Social
withdrawal• Social
indifference• (Cornish et al., 2007)
Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome
• Rare genetic syndrome
• Intellectual disability • Increased
social competence given degree of intellectual disability
• (Galera et al., 2009)
+Social Phenotypes and Face Processing
Williams syndrome: Increased looking at the eyes compared to TD (Riby & Hancock, 2008)
FXS: Decreased eye looking compared to TD (Farzin et al., 2009)
ASD: Typical eye looking when using static stimuli (Speer et al., 2007)
RTS: No previous literature
+Eye Looking and Emotion Recognition
Eye gaze important for accurate emotion recognition (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997b)
Impairments in understanding emotions suggested to underlie social impairments in psychiatric disorders (Baron-Cohen, 1995, 2002; Happé & Frith, 1996; Brüne, 2004)
Intact explicit emotion recognition in FXS (Turk & Cornish.,
1998) and ASD (see Harms, Martin & Wallace, 2010)
Importance of distinguishing implicit/explicit (Senju, Southgate, White & Frith., 2009)
+Research Questions
1) Do individuals with FXS, ASD and RTS show differential looking patterns to facial features?
Hypothesis: Increased eye looking in RTS, decreased eye looking in FXS and typical eye looking in ASD
Do individuals with FXS, ASD and RTS spontaneously discriminate between emotions?
Hypothesis: Atypical in FXS, typical in RTS
+Method: Participants
Characteristic FXS (n=13)
ASD (n=15)
RTS(n = 17)
TD Child (n=14)
Age in Years
Mean (SD) 19.70 (9.00) 11.01 (3.48) 17.33 (10.14) 6.99 (1.67)
Range 6.60 - 34.19 6.71 - 18.76 4.31 - 37.10 3.80 - 9.50
Gender (% male) 92.31 80.00 41.18 50.00
Adaptive Behaviour Age Equivalence Mean in Years (SD)
5.88 (2.15) 4.92 (3.38) 6.04 (3.49) N/A
ASD & FXS: Database of participants who have previously taken part in studies at the Cerebra Centre
+Method
Emotion -Happy
One face displayed a neutral expression, the other displayed a happy expression
5 trials
Baseline trials
Both faces displayed a neutral expression
70 trials
Emotion - Disgust One face
displayed a neutral expression, the other displayed a disgust expression
5 trials
2 faces for 1.5 seconds
1 of 2 blocks (different presentation order)
Passive viewing
+Heat Maps
ASD FXS
Td ChildRTS
+Looking at the Eyes & Mouth
Significant between-groups difference in time spent looking at the eye region (F (3,55) = 7.345, p < .001)
Bonferroni post-hoc tests:
FXS look less at eyes than ASD (p < .001) and TD Child (p = .004)
No significant difference between groups in mouth looking (F (3,55) = 1.284, p = .289)
ASD FXS TD Child RTS0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
% o
f tr
ial
loo
kin
g a
t e
ye
s o
f n
eu
tra
l fa
ce
s
* *
ASD FXS TD Child RTS0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
%o
f tr
ial
loo
kin
g a
t m
ou
th o
f n
eu
tra
l fa
ce
s
+Results: Spontaneous Emotion Discrimination
All groups looked at happy and neutral faces a similar amount (p > .05)
All groups looked significantly longer at disgust faces than neutral faces (p < .05)
No between group differences in happy preference (F (3,55) =1.595, p = .201) or disgust preference (F (3,55) = .624, p = .602)
FXS ASD TD child RTS
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
happy preference disgust preference
%o
f e
xtr
a t
ime
lo
ok
ing
a
t e
mo
tio
na
l fa
ce
s
co
mp
are
d t
o n
eu
tra
l fa
ce
s
*
* **
+Results
FXS look less at the eyes than ASD and TD
ASD look at the eyes a similar amount to TD children
RTS look at the eyes a similar amount to TD children
All participants performed the same on spontaneous emotion discrimination
Accounting for differences between participant characteristics: CA & ANCOVA
+Eye Looking and Social Phenotypes
FXSSocial
anxiety
Less eye looking
ASDSocial
indifference
Typical eye looking
RTSSocial
competence
Typical eye looking
+Discussion: Looking to the Eyes and Mouth
FXS consistent with literature (Farzin et al., 2008)
ASD consistent with static literature Static stimuli (Speer et al., 2007)
Less eye looking in ASD with moving stimuli (Klin et al., 2002)
No previous literature for RTS Similar social phenotype as WS but
differences in looking to the eyes (Klin et al., 2002)
+Discussion: Spontaneous Emotion Discrimination
All participants discriminated between disgust and neutral faces but not happy and neutral faces
Negativity bias Look longer at fearful than happy (Ludemann & Nelson, 1988)
Novelty bias Attentional advantage (Desimone & Duncan, 1995)
Participants with ASD, FXS and RTS discriminate emotions in the same way as TD participants
+Discussion
Similar behaviours in ASD and FXS but differences in eye looking
Similar behaviours in RTS and WS but differences in eye looking
FXS reduced eye looking but typical spontaneous emotion discrimination Compensatory mechanisms?
ASD FXS TD Child RTS0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
+Thank you for listening
Thank you to:
Families
Fragile X Society, UK and RTS, UK
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Cerebra
Supervisors: Dr. Joe McCleery, Dr. Joanna Moss, Professor Chris Oliver