Immigration: o What are the new and free things that immigrants come to appreciate? o How does she feel about education? Restate or write the questions for these: Urbanization: Do questions 1, 3, 5 Industrialization: Do questions 2, 3, 4 Pushes: negatives that force people to leave a country Poverty of farm workers replaced by mechanization Overcrowded cities and lack of jobs Religious persecution (of Jews in Russia) Pulls: positives that attract people to a country Political and religious freedom Improvement in transatlantic travel Economic opportunities Industrialized cities Settling of the Great Plains OLD: o Northern and western Europe o Mostly English speaking o Higher levels of literacy, job skills o Mostly Protestant Exception: Catholic Irish o Blended in easily NEW: o Southern and eastern Europe o Chinese in the West o Typically poorer, illiterate o Largely Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish o Settled in poor ethnic neighborhoods in urban areas Before 1880s: few restrictions After: o Chinese Exclusion Act o Law banning undesirables o Law banning contract labor o Opening of Ellis Island Medical exams Documentation checks Pay tax Natural Selection Survival of the fittest The American dream: pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps o those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources, will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them, eventually dragging the country downHerbert Spencer Growth in urban populations provided labor/market Jobs in cities attracted immigrants/rural workers (esp. Southern blacks) Mass transportation (streetcars, trolleys, elevated trains): could commute Led to suburbs Skyscrapers (made possible by steel, elevators, steam-heating radiators) Slums Ethnic neighborhoods