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CC 90/1758

'Tbe fptdte of Obto, I ss:COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

Common Pleas Court within and for said County, and in whose custody the Files, Journals

and Records of said Court are required by the laws of the State of Ohio, to be kept, hereby

certify that the foregoing is taken and copied from the Journal k"iyT4,1 0,& _5-{S /!

of the proceedings of the Common Pleas Court within and for said Cuyahoga County, and

that the said foregoing copy has been compared by me with the original entry on said

Journat CN7W (^y& 5 y5 %" and that the same is a correct transcript thereo£

3Jn Te5timonp WTjereof, I do hereunto subscribe my name

officially and affix the seal of said Court, at the Court House in

the City of Cleveland, in said County, this 2_16t

day of, , A.D. 20

GERALD E. FUERST, Clerk of Courts

By Deputy Clerk

Feb. 9, 2012

CDUrt of ZippPaY!5 of 0010

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICTCOUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINIONNo. 96885

STATE OF OHIO

.i . APPeal fromunty Court of Comm

ase No. CR-545799

vs.

ADRIAN MADDOX^r^o I rq I

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT:AFFIRMED

^CriCuyahoga

BEFORE: S. Gallagh

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

Pleas

rti- \17' kz'^r, P.J., Rocco, J., an

RELEASED AND JOUR m 0

.eough, d .. , w

February 9, 29ij

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U

A

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yai{ ► 1 4 7 ps j^) 4 2 9

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Brett M. MancinoJanik L.L.P.9200 South Hills BoulevardSuite 300Cleveland, OH 44147•3521

Also listed:

Adrian Maddox, pro seInmate No. 601-191Marion Correctional InstitutionP.O. Box 57Marion, OH 43301

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. MasonCuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: James HofelichAssistant Prosecuting AttorneyThe Justice Center, 8th Floor1200 Ontario StreetCieveiand, v.TrTi 44ii3

FILED AND JOURNALIZEDPER APP.R, 22(0)

FEB 0 9 2012'

GERALD E, FUERSTCLERK WHF'CCYIRTAF APPEALS

DEP,y

vpi. ) i 4 7 PG 10 4 3 0

-1-

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

This cause came to be heard upon the accelerated calendar pursuant to

App.R. 11.1 and Loc.R. 11.1, the trial court records, and briefs of counsel.

Defendant-appellant Adrian Maddox appeals his conviction in Cuyahoga

County C.P. No. CR-545799 for one count of vandalism in violation of R.C.

2909.05(B)(1)(b) and one count of breaking and entering in violation of R.C.

2911.13(A), both felonies of the fifth degree. The trial court sentenced Maddox

to one year of imprisonment on both counts, with the sentences to run

consecutively. For the following reasons, we affirm.

On December 25, 2010, Maddox threw a rock through the window of a

delicatessen, ransacked the store causing damage to the owner's property, and

stole less than $500 worth of tobacco products.

Maddox was indicted on one count of vandalism for causing damage to the

delicatessen's property needed to engage in business, one count for breaking and

entering with the intent to commit a theft offense, and one count for theft of

property worth less than $500. Maddox pleaded guilty to the vandalism and

breaking and entering charges. The state nolled the remaining theft charge.

Prior to his sentencing hearing, but after securing a reduced bond and posting

bail, Maddox filed a pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea. At all times

Maddox was represented by appointed counsel. At the sentencing hearing, the

YO!'^7^: i P5 i43 1

-2-

trial court heard arguments on Maddox's pro se motion, denied the motion, and

sentenced Maddox to an aggregate two-year term of imprisonment. Maddox

timely appealed his conviction, raising five assignments of error, which provide

the following:

I. Maddox's offenses are allied offenses of similar import andshould have been merged into a single conviction. Ohio's mergerlaw, Maddox's right to due process, and his double jeopardy rightagainst cumulative punishments for the same offense were

violated.

II. Maddox's guilty plea was not made knowingly,voluntarily, and intelligently, and, as a result, the court'sacceptance of that plea was in violation of Maddox's constitutionalrights and Criminal Rule 11.

III. [Maddox's] defense counsel was ineffective for not raisingthe issues of allied offenses of similar import, [and] also wasineffective for not acting on Maddox's request to withdraw his pleabefore sentencing.

IV. The trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow.-.-:11....1....iviaaaox to wrc^^uraw uta gutiuy yica.

V. The trial judge was biased and therefore denied Maddox

due process of law.

We will combine any overlapping arguments.

Allied Offenses

The record reflects that Maddox never raised or affirmatively waived the

issue of merger in the trial court and therefore has waived all but plain error on

appeal. State u. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923,

VOi.) 714 7 PnO 432

-3-

¶ 31. "Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed

although they were not brought to the attention of the court." Crim.R. 52(B).

"Plain error exists only if but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would

have been otherwise, and is applied under exceptional circumstances and only

to prevent a manifest miscarriage of j ustice." (Citation and quotations omitted.)

State v. Harrison, 122 Ohio St.3d 512, 2009-Ohio-3547, 912 N.E.2d 1106, ¶ 61.

The legislature enacted R.C. 2941.25 to uphold double jeopardy principles.

R.C. 2941.25 provides as follows:

(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construedto constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, theindictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,but the defendant may be convicted of only one.

(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or moreoffenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two ormore offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately orwith a separate animus as to each, the indictment or informationmay --`-'-- ------`- r--. all _--°i.. ,.rc ... . ...... ..'.a +ti", a^C^^A+ V^may conca^n wun^.^ Lvr au ^uLll Vilolloc6, allu ^l+a uci^+iua++^ +++u,7 +^

convicted of all of them.

In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, the

Supreme Court established, through a two-tiered test, that the conduct of the

accused must be considered when determining whether offenses are allied

offenses of similar import subject to merger. The first inquiry focuses on

whether it is possible to commit multiple offenses with the same conduct.

Johnson at ¶ 48. If the offenses "correspond to such a degree that the conduct

10Lt 7 4 7 P6U 4 33

4

of the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes commission

of the other, then the offenses are of similar import." (Emphasis added.) Id. It

is not necessary that both crimes are always committed by the same conduct,

only whether it is possible for the defendant's conduct to result in the

commission of both offenses. Id. If it is possible to commit both offenses with

the same conduct, then courts must look at the "state of mind" of the offender to

determine if the offender acted with a separate animus or purpose in committing

two or more offenses. Id.

The Johnson test relies on the facts of the criminal conduct in order to

determine whether the offenses are allied offenses subject to merger. "Post

Johnson, courts must undertake a case-by-case inquiry as to whether the

defendant's conduct can constitute the commission of more than one charged

offense." State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No. 95169, 2011-Ohio-2780, 2011 WL 2376467,

¶ 10; State v. Snuffer, 8th Dist. Nos. 96480, 96481, 96482, and 96483, 2011-Ohio-

6430, 2011 WL 6245774 (noting that the court must undergo a factual inquiry

during sentencing to determine whether the offenses are allied). We are,

therefore, cognizant that in the event of a plea, the state must proffer sufficient

evidence at the sentencing hearing of how the subject offenses occurred in order

to determine whether they merge. Snuffer at ¶ 10.

VCL::r '7 ^ 7 PG tJ 4 3^a

-5-

Maddox argues that the only damage to the store was the broken window

that fell in on the scale the store owners needed to operate the business. In his

pro se motion to withdraw his plea, Maddox claimed that the damage to the

window and scale only cost $800 and the window and the scale were damaged

through the process of breaking and entering. Maddox argues the window he

forced open fell on and caused the damage to the scale. The state counters by

stating that the delicatessen was "ransacked," causing almost $3,000 of damage

to the owner's store.

Maddox was charged with a violation of R.C. 2909.05(B)(1)(b), which

provides in pertinent part: "No person shall knowingly cause physical harm to

property that is owned or possessed by another, when * * * the property or its

equivalent is necessary in order for its owner or possessor to engage in the

owner's or possessor's profession, business, trade, or occupation[,]" and a

violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), which provides: "(A) No person by force, stealth, or

deception, shall trespass in an unoccupied structure, with purpose to commit

therein any theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or

any felony."

The state argued that several thousand dollars of damage, including the

damage to the scale, was caused after Maddox forcibly entered the premises.

Even if the scale was indeed damaged by the falling window caused by Maddox's

r^l'-; 7 4 7 PG i_) 4 3 5

-6-

entry into the delicatessen, Maddox's conduct of breaking the window could not

have resulted in the commission of both offenses; i.e., the act of breaking into the

store alone could not cause the $3,000 damage to the rest of the store underlying

the vandalism charge in this case. In fact, Maddox himself argues the damage

to the scale and window only cost $800. Maddox never addresses the rest of the

damage to the store, and we must therefore overrule his first assignment of

error. Maddox's ineffective assistance of counsel argument based on the merger

issue is likewise overruled.

Presentence Motion to Vacate Plea

Maddox next challenges the trial court's decision to deny his presentence

motion to vacate his plea. His arguments are without merit.

Crim.R. 32.1 states as follows: "A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or

no contest may be made only before sentence is imposed or imposition of

sentence is suspended; but to correct manifest injustice the court after sentence

may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw

his plea." A presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea should be freely

granted. "Nevertheless, it must be recognized that a defendant does not have an

absolute right to withdraw a plea prior to sentencing. Therefore, the trial court

must conduct a hearing to determine whether there is a reasonable and

legitimate basis for the withdrawal of the plea." State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521,

VOL;`/4 7 Pvi f!4 3 b

.7.

527, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992). The decision to grant or deny such motion is

entirely within the trial court's discretion. We will not alter a trial court's

decision absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. Id.; State v. Peterseim, 68

Ohio App.2d 211, 428 N.E.2d 863 (8th Dist.1980), at syllabus.

"A trial court does not abuse its discretion in overruling a motion to

withdraw: (1) where the accused is represented by highly competent counsel, (2)

where the accused was afforded a full hearing, pursuant to Crim.R. 11, before

he entered the plea, (3) when, after the motion to withdraw is filed, the accused

is given a complete and impartial hearing on the motion, and (4) where the

record reveals that the court gave full and fair consideration to the plea

withdrawal request." State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. No. 83350, 2004-Ohio-2012,

2004 WL 857782, citing Peterseim at syllabus.

In respect to the second factor above, "[w]hen a defendant enters a plea in

a criminal case, the plea must be made knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily." State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 1996-Ohio-179, 660 N.E.2d

450. The standard of review for determining whether a plea was knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary within the meaning of Crim.R. 11 for

nonconstitutional issues is substantial compliance. State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d

106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990), citing State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 92-93,

364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977). "A plea is in substantial compliance with Crim.R. 11

,fl^^"^ / 47 (iliJ 43 7

-8-

when it can be inferred from the totality of the circumstances that the defendant

understands the charges against him." State v. Walker, 8th Dist. No. 65794,

1994 WL 530892 (Sept. 29, 1994). Furthermore, a defendant must show a

prejudicial effect. Stewart at 93.

In this case, the trial court held a hearing to determine the reasonableness

of Maddox's pro se motion to vacate his plea and thoroughly considered the

arguments advanced. Maddox, represented by counsel at all times, claimed he

would not have pleaded guilty to the vandalism and breaking and entering

charges had he known they were allied offenses.

At the plea hearing, the trial court conducted a thorough colloquy detailing

Maddox's rights, ensuring he understood those rights, and informing him of the

potential penalties of the breaking and entering and vandalism charges. More

specifically, Maddox acknowledged that he could face up to one year of

imprisonment for each count of his plea. The allied offense issue is a sentencing

issue, which of course does not preclude the defendant and the state from

stipulating to the facts that can be used to determine whether the offenses are

allied. See Snuffer, 2011-Ohio-6430. Pleading guilty to crimes that are

determined at the sentencing hearing to be allied reduces the potential penalty,

and therefore Maddox cannot show he was prejudiced by pleading guilty to both

charges. See Stewart at 93.

'^.Olt 1 ^'i "rU^^^^38

-9-

Because the trial court strictly adhered to the mandates of Crim.R. 11

during the plea colloquy, thoroughly considered Maddox's motion to vacate the

plea, and Maddox failed to demonstrate any prejudice, we find the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in denying Maddox's motion to vacate his plea. Maddox

did not have a reasonable or legitimate basis for withdrawing his plea. We

accordingly overrule Maddox's arguments to the contrary, including Maddox's

claim that his attorney was ineffective for failing to argue Maddox's pro se

motion to withdraw his plea.

Judicial Bias

Finally, Maddox argues that the trial court's statement during the

sentencing hearing directed at Maddox constitutes judicial bias. Specifically, the

trial court stated during the sentencing hearing that "you [Maddox] scare me."

Maddox cites State u. Dean, 127 Ohio St.3d 140, 2010-Ohio-5070, 937 N.E.2d 97,

for the proposition that

opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced orevents occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of priorproceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motionunless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism thatwould make fair judgment impossible. 1'hus, judicial remarksduring the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, oreven hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do notsupport a bias or partiality challenge. Id., citing Liteky u. United

States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S.Ct. 1147, 127 L.Ed.2d 474 (1994).

vau.) 7 G.7 ^^i'J 4 39

-10-

It is important to note that Maddox, with at least nine theft-related

convictions dating to 1986, was released on reduced bail during the pendency of

his case. Maddox originally indicated in securing that release that he was not

a drug addict. Despite his assurances, Maddox tested positive for cocaine

several times while out on bail. The trial court, after relating Maddox's case

history, announced Maddox's jail sentence. When the court announced its

decision, Maddox became confrontational and asked the court to remove him

from the courtroom. The court then noted that Maddox was unable to conform

his conduct while under the watchful eye of a deputy and court staff and that he

failed to be truthful with his history of drug abuse. It was under these

circumstances and in light of Maddox's history of recidivism, that the court

stated that Maddox's conduct "scared" the court.

The record indicates that the court's comment was based on the facts and

circumstances gleaned from the course of Maddox's trial proceedings. The

comment also does not demonstrate a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that

made fair judgment impossible. In fact, the comment merely reflects the court's

1 i. .] li..:4<. M rlnnoivn thnattention to iviaddox's extensive criminal ,L^^S 5_ 1, _^ty ar^u procuV.., u

court. Accordingly, no judicial bias was demonstrated, and Maddox's fifth

assignment of error is overruled.

The decision of the trial court is affirmed.

'e;74 r FL E.1440

-11-

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. Case remanded to the

trial court for execution of sentence.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the jRules of Appellate Procedure.

/^ C_..-...

KENNETH A. ROCCO, J., andKATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR

^V.^^174'1 ^G^JLi 14