Upload
others
View
7
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2020 | 21
– 1
- 122- 124
ECE R47, WMTC 128/ 130
131136
/ 106WLTP 107
108111
ORVR 112
100 – 101 – 102
138
8287899091929496
- OBD 50- ODB 51EPA/CARB ODB - 54
LEV III 58CARB Tier 2/Tier 3 59CARB OBD II - 60CARB OBD II - 64
71727979
- 4- 6- 8
NEDC WLTC 1214
Tier 2 20Tier 3 21
24LEV II-III 26
303334
- - 37 414446
ZEV 116117
NEV 118
1
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2015
2015 2020 2025
WLTC + RDEECE + EUDC40 + EUDC
ddbba
LEV II LEV ULEV SULEV PZEV 2015 LEV III 2017 - 2025 LEV IIILEV I TLEV LEV ULEV ZEVTier 1Tier 0
Tier 1 US 94
2000/2001 SFTP/NLEV
2004 - 2009 Tier 2
2017 - 2025 Tier 3
Tier 0 US 87
10/15+ 11 JC08
20052000 2009
2/13 3/08
5/14 11/09
7/2020
a
7/2023
b
4/16 7/10
1987 1994 2000 2004 2015 2017
7/92 1/96 1/00 1/05 1/09 9/11 9/14 9/17 1/20
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025
DIFlex ASIC
3
4
ECEECE
ECE-R-83
- /
WLTP/WLTC 12-13
70/156/Ec 2007/46/Ec
1 2017 9 RDE2 M1 M1
I 1
II / COP
III
IV Evap
VVI
- OBD OBD
M PC
M1 9
M29
2)
M3
N
LCVHDV
N1 CL1
GVW
N1 CL 2
N1 CL 3
N2
N3
5
–
• LPG NG
•
•
• 70/156/Ec 2007/46/Ec
•
• NEDC 780 -7°C (266K)
•
• RVP
•
(g/km)THC (g/km)
GVW / M1 N1 CL1 2002 1 15
N1 CL2 M12003 1 24
N1 CL32003 1 30
6
– M 2.500 kg GVW
1 COP2 IDI 1999 10 DI +
3 4 2002 12 GVW > 2T N1
EC 93 EC 96 EC 2000 EC 200591/441/EEC 93/59/EEC 94/12/EC 96/69/EC 70/220/EC 98/69/EC 2003/76/EC
TA 7/1992, FR 1/1993 TA 1/1996, FR 1/1997 TA 1/2000, FR 1/2001 TA 1/2005, FR 1/200640 + EUDC + EUDC
(PI) CI (PI) CI 2 (PI) CI (PI) CI 4
– – – – – –– – – –
+ 1) 1) – – 1) 1)
– 140 (180) 1) – 80 – 50 – 25
+ + + + +
80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 5 years 80,000 5 years 100,000 5 years3) 100,000 5 years3)
EOBD – – – – EOBD EOBD EOBD EOBD
7
– N1 m > 2,500 kg GVW 7-9
1 COP2 3 GVW
4 1 2 3EOBD EOBD OBD TA/FR
EOBD
EC 93 EC 96 EC 2000 EC 200593/59/EEC 94/12/EC 96/44/EC, 93/116/EC 70/220/EC 98/69/EC 2003/76/EC
CL 1 4) CL 2 4) CL 3 4) CL 1 4) CL 2 4) CL 3 4) CL 1 CL 2 CL 3 3) CL 1 CL 2 CL 3 3)
TA 10/1993, FR 10/1994
TA 1/97, FR 10/97
TA 1/98, FR 10/98
TA 1/98, FR 10/99
TA 1/2000, FR 1/2001
TA 1/2001, FR 1/2002
TA 1/2005, FR 1/2006
TA 1/2006, FR 1/2007
40 + EUDC + EUDCPI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – –
+ 1)
– – – – – –
1) 1
1)2) 140 (180)
190 (220)
250 (290) – 80
(100) – 120 (140) – 170
(200) – 50 – 70 – 100 – 25 – 40 – 60
8
–
1 M1 N1 CL3 I2 87 7
3 PI DI4 TA/FR 3 b DI 6*E12
PC M 1), LCV N1 CL 1 LCV N1 CL 2 LCV N1 CL 3, N2
a b/b+ b c d d a b/b+ b c
d d a b/b+ b c d d
– Ec 715/2007 Ec 692/2008100 100 100 130 130 130 160 160 16068 68 68 90 90 90 108 108 10860 60 60 75 75 75 82 82 82
1000 1000 1000 1810 1810 1810 2270 2270 2270 2 3
2 3 – – 6x1011 4) – – 6x1011 4) – – 6x1011 4)
– Ec 715/2007 Ec 692/2008180 180 80 235 235 105 280 280 125
+ 230 230 170 295 295 195 350 350 215500 500 500 630 630 630 740 740 740
1
1 – 6x1011 6x1011 – 6x1011 6x1011 – 6x1011 6x1011
9
–
•
70/156/EC M1 M2 N1 N2
2,840 M1 M2 N1 N2
•
M1
–
- 7
-
N1 3
•
1 E5 E10 E85 B5 B7
6 E5 E10 E75
•
c/ d
10
– (Eu) 2017/1151 (Eu) 2018/1832 2019 1 1
• c= b + PI + OBD -2 + E10 B7
+ RDEPN NTE + RDE
• d- = b + PI + OBD -2 + E10
B7 +
RDE
• d- -ISC = d- + ISC RDE 4 6
• d- -EVAP-ISC= d- -ISC +48
• d-ISC-FCM= b + PI + OBD -2 + E10
B7 +
RDE + ISC + 48 + /
NEDC d- WLTC c
WLTC
RDE
• 2016 4
• d-
• d
a b b c d- d- -ISC d- -EVAP-ISC d -ISC-FCM
M, N1 CL 1
TA 2009 9 1 2011 9 1 2014 9 1 2017 9 1 2019 1 1 2019 9 1 2020 1 1
FR 2011 1 1 2013 1 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1
N1 CL 2, 3 N2
TA 2010 9 1 2011 9 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1
FR 2012 1 1 2013 1 1 2016 9 1 2019 9 1 2020 9 1 2022 1 1
11
-5
• • • (g/km)
(g/km)
M, N1, CL 1 15N1, CL 2 24N1 CL 3, N2 30
PI -7°c 6
PI
• 1
• 780
•
• 110%
10 10
6 5 ISC 1
WLTP RDE 4 6 ISC
CI -7°c 6
CI TA
• -7°C 400
• EGR1) DF CI DF
+PI –CI1) – –
12
NEDC
ECE + EUDC
MVEG-A: ECE+EUDC
• 40
MVEG-A: ECE+EUDC
• 40
(km/h)
(s)
WLTC
2017 9 NEDC WLTC 2018 9WLTC
1 BS2 ES
13
WLTC ECE 15
•
• TA FR 2017 9 2018 9
• AC / /
• WLTP
•
•
•
1 32 2
MvEg-b WLTC 3b
1,180 1,800
C° 20 - 30 23±5
%120
2 1
589 455433 323
1800
PMR (W/kg)
3
3a
PMR > 34
3+ 3-1
+ 3-1+ 3 1)
3b 3+ 3-2
+ 3-2+ 3 1)
2 2+ 2
+ 2+ 2 2)
1 1+ 1+ 1
14
RDE
PEMS
90%
(EU) 2017/1151 IIIA (EU) 2018/1832 RDE
2019 1 1
RDE
RDE
RDE WLTP Ki
RDE RDE
NTE
• PEMS 2018 12 13
T-339/16 T-352/16 T-391/16
RDE CF
NTE = CF x EURO-6
d RDECF 1
d-1+
–
d 1+1+
–
15
1 2020 1 2021 1
RDE
1
2020 1 1)
RDE
• 5
70°C
•
• 15
• 90
• 15
• 30 6 56
•
16
5
95
(RPA) =
RDE
•
•
•
–>
–> RPA
1 N22 M23 4 105 v RPA6 / N1 N2
RDE
60 1) 1)
29 - 44% 23 - 43% 23 - 43%90-120
3) – –
4) 6-30% – –
300 – –1 2) – – 5
– – 3%
/
17
MAW WLTC
WLTP
WLTC LS HS EHS
P1 P2 P3
CO2 LS-WLTP CO2 HS-WLTP CO2 EHS-WLTP
18
50%
1 N22 NOVC-HEV OVC-HEV 1% 50%
451
801
+ 45%2) + 40%2)
ICE NOVC-HEV -25% OVC-HEV -100%
RDE
19
MCO2,WLTP,k WLTP k
ICE + WLTP
NOVC-HEV WLTP
OVC-HEV WLTP
RDE
Ki RDE NTE
MRDE MRDE
RDE RDERDE
/RDE K•RF RDE WLTP
• ICE NOVE-HEV r M
• OVC-HEV
IC
RDE
20
1 LD LD 2006 HLD MD 20082
TIER 2• Tier 2 2004-2009
• GVWR 8,500 lbs SUV
•
• Tier 2
• GVWR 6,000 lbs 10
25/50/75/100% 2004-2007
50/100% 2008/2009
• 8
• Tier 2
• FTP MY 2004
– -
(g/mi)
(50,000 mi)
120,000mi
– – – – –– – – – –– – – – –– – – – –
–––
2) –
1) 2) –
1) 2) –
1) –
21
TIER 3
• Tier 3 2014 3 2017-2025
• +
• 15
• 10% E10
TIER 3 FTP
Tier 3 LEV III 50
TIER 3 FTP + Mg/Mi
GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT MDPV MY 2018
1 MY 2017-2020
Tier 3 Bin FTP 150,000mi
Bin +(mg/mi)
1 mg/mi
g/mi mg/ml
160 3 4125 3 470 3 450 3 430 3 420 3 40 0 0 0
120110100
908070605040302010
02018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
101
86
92
79
83
72
74
65
65
58
5647
4437
3830
30
51
2025 20262016 2017
NM
OG+
NO
x
LDV, LDT1 LDT2, LDT3, LDT4, MDPV
22
TIER 3 FTP (mg/mi)2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022+201) 20 40 70 100 100
3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 3
TIER 3
• • • 20°F FTP•
• GVWR 6,000 LDV25/50/75/100% MY 2010-2013
• GVWR 6,000 8,500 MDPV 10,000 lbs LDV25/50/75/100% MY
2012-2015
50°F/10°C
•
HWFET
Tier 2Tier 3 +
TIER 3
• Tier 3•
TIER 3 SFTP
• SFTP•
1 MY 2017 GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT 20%LDV LDT MDPV 10%
2 GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT MDPV MY 2018
TIER 3 + SFTP2017 2 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
+ 103) 97 90 83 77 70 63 57 50
23
TIER 3 US06
• Tier 3 US06•
TIER 3
•
• Tier 3
• US06
• : 4,000 SFTP
TIER 3 US062017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024+
20 20 40 70 100 100 100 10010 10 6 6 6 6 6 610 10 10 10 10 10 10 6
24
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(s) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0-505 s
505-1369 s
0-505 s
EPA60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(s)
0 29 58 87 116
145
174
203
232
261
290
319
348
377
406
435
464
493
522
551
580
609
638
667
696
725
754
1,874 540 660
)
20
9-11
765
1 FTP 75, EPA III – + FTP 72, EPA II, UDDS, LA-42 – HWFET
25
SC03 US06 /
596
5
598
18
SC03 –
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(s)
0 23 46 69 92 115
138
161
184
207
230
253
276
299
322
345
368
391
414
437
460
483
506
529
552
575
US06 FTP
0 23 46 69 92 115
138
161
184
207
230
253
276
299
322
345
368
391
414
437
460
483
506
529
552
575
908070605040302010
0
(s)
26
1) +2)
LEV II8,500 lbs
LEV III• LEV III MY 2015-2025 MY 2020
LEV III
• +
•
LEV III FTP8,500 lbs
• •
GVW 3,151 lbs 4%
LEV II 50°F/10°CFTPLEV II
• =2 x LEV II • LEV II
(mi) 1) +
g/mi
(g/mi)
(g/mi) 2)
(g/mi)
150,000 ( )
LEV160 4ULEV125 4ULEV70 4ULEV50 4
SULEV30 4SULEV20 4
(mi)
(g/mi)
(g/mi)
(g/mi)
(g/mi)
(g/mi)
50,000LEV
15
ULEV 8
120,000
LEV18
ULEV 11SULEV 4
150,000 ()
LEV18
ULEV 11SULEV 4
27
LEV III + LEV II 50°F/10°CFTP2015-2019
LEV III
+ g/mi g/mi
LEV160ULEV125ULEV70ULEV50
SULEV30SULEV20
PC, LDT, MDPVYear
PC, LDT, MDPV
=3 mg/mi =1 mg/mi =3 mg/mi =1 mg/mi2017 10
0
2023 100 02018 20 2024 100 02019 40 2025 75 252020 70 2026 50 502021 100 2027 25 752022 100 2028 0 100
0,140
0,120
0,100
0,080
0,060
0,040
0,020
0,0002014 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
0,030
0,0380,047
0,0560,065
0,0740,083
0,0920,101
0,1100,119
0,1000,093
0,0860,079
0,0720,065
0,0580,051
0,0440,037
2025 20262015 2016 2017
LDT2 & MDPV
PC & LDT1
28
SFTP +
• LEVII LEV III LEV ULEV+
+
• LEV III
• SFTP FTP
• SFTP LEV III
+LEV III
US06= US06 +
SC03= SC03 +
FTP= FTP +
1) Lev IIIFTP
SFTP
FTP LEV III LEV SFTP ULEV
LEV III SULEV SFTP SULEV
2) SFTP SULEV GVWR 6,000 8,500 lbs MDPV
2015 2020 GVWR
0-6,000 lbs
LEV III SFTPMY 2012 LEV III
SFTP +
(mi) 1)US06 g/mi SC03 g/mi
+ +
PC GVWR0-8,500 lbs
LDTMDPV
150,000
LEVULEV
SULEV 2)
SULEV
29
LEV III SFTP
1) Lev IIIFTP
SFTP
2) LEV II + LEV II FTP
SFTP +
LEV II FTP US06 SC03
LEV III SFTP
SFTP +
FTP SFTP
SFTP 4 K
3) Lev IIIFTP PC LDT MDPV
SFTP
MY 2017 LEV IIISFTP 3
mg/mi
20182019
PC GVWR0-8,500 lbs
LDT MDPV150,000 US06 10 6
MY 2015SFTP + 1
PC GVWR0-8,500
lbsLDT
MDPV
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025+
+ 2
30
– LPG1)
2000 10-15
–
11
2002 10-1511
2000 GVW 10-1511
2001 GVW 10-1511
2005
JC0820072005 GVW2005 GVW
2009 JC08GVWGVW
2018
WLTP
2019GVW
GVW
1 2020 12 2022 11
31
–
1
1
2002VW
10-15 ModeVW
GVW2003 GVW
2005
VW
JC08
VWGVW
GVW
2009 GVWGVW
2018WLTPGVW
2019 GVW
32
2005 10 10-152008 10 10-152011 10 JC082019 WTLP
2022 10 GVW 9 RDE 2024 10RDE RDE RDE RDE WLTC
1%K-car 2%
25% / -1
GVW
– LPG
EC 200027 ± 4°C 1 HSL + 48 20-35°C DBL EVAP JC08
OBD – LPG J-OBDI OBD
JIS K2255-4,5 MTBE 7%JIS K2536-2,4,6
1%
360°C JIS K225445 JIS K2280
33
11
11
10-15
10-15 JC 08
480 892 15
154
660
1205
1515101010
(s) (s) (s)
34
PC LCV LCV PROCONVE PROCONVE
• PROCONVE L5 CY 2009
• PROCONVE L6 CY 2014
• PROCONVE L7 CY 2020
• CY 2002 15,000
• FTP-75
• PROCONVE L5
E22 E22
E22/E60/E100 CNG
• E22 E100 – ABNT NBR 7024
• PC/LCV
PC/LCV
•
1 2 3 4
(g/km)
1 4 2
PCL5L6
LCVL5L6
LCVL5L6
35
PC LCV LCV PROCONVE L7• CY 2002• FTP-75• PROCONVE L7 48 2023
20% 2024 60% 2025 10%• PROCONVE L7 L8 E22 E22 E22/E60/E100 CNG• FTP 75 L8 E22 E100 – ABNT NBR
• E22 E100 – ABNT NBR 7024
1 GDI2 3 4 5 GNV
+mg/km
1)
(mg/km)
(mg/km)3)
(mg/km)2)
(ppm)5
(g/ )5
(mg/L)
PC 80 6
100015 50
LCV 1403) 63)
LCV 3204) 204) – – –
36
1 GDI2
+mg/km
1)
(mg/km)
(mg/km)3)
(mg/km)2)
(ppm)5
(g/ )5
(mg/L)320 320 20 1000 –
10 50
280 280 20 1000 –250 250 20 1000 –220 220 10 1000 –200 200 10 1000 –170 170 9 1000 –
ME4
140 140 6 1000 15110 110 6 1000 1580 80 6 1000 1570 70 4 600 1060 60 4 600 1050 50 4 600 1040 40 4 500 1030 30 3 500 820 20 2 400 80
3 4 ME-
PC LCV LCV PROCONVE L7
37
5
1 GVW 6M1
2 RM
N13 RM 1,305RM
/TA FR
2010 7 1 PI 2011 7 1CI 2015 1 1
B4 2008 3 12009 11 1
2016 4 1 1 2
2017 1 1 1
2018 1 1 3
B5 IUPR PI 2013 2 1IUPR PI 2015 1 1
2014 5 1 1 4
a GB
2016
2020 7 1
b 2023 7 1
1 2 11
3 4 5 TM RM
2018 5 2018 7 1 2019 1 1
b b
2019 1 1
38
- - - -
1
+
–1 –2 –3 –
6x1011
1 6x1011
2 6x1011
3 6x1011
+PI – –CI – –
– – –1 – – –2 – – –3 – – –
1) –1 1) –2 1) –3 1) –
• NEDC•
39
-
WLTP
1
mg/km Nb/km
a
700 100 68 60 20 6×1011
1 700 100 68 60 20 6×1011
2 880 130 90 75 25 6×1011
3 1000 160 108 82 30 6×1011
b
500 50 35 35 20 6×1011
1 500 50 35 35 20 6×1011
2 630 65 45 45 25 6×1011
3 740 80 55 50 30 6×1011
-
b RDE
CF
2023 7 RDE
2023 7 RDE
2022 7 CF
RDE
1300
MAW
1 2020 7 6x1012
40
PICI 1 1
Corrected deterioration values (CN6)
PI a 150 30 20 25 0 0 0b 110 16 10 15 0 0 0
CI a 150 0 0 25 0 0 0b 110 0 0 15 0 0 0
g/km15
1 152 243 30
101 102 163 20
-
1
• a b
• •
- -7°C
-7°C NEDC
-7°C WLTC
41
1999 6 1 NCR1) 2000 4 1 LDHD (BS-I)
M1 N1 I N1 IIIN2
LDM1 M2 N1 N2
NEDC NEDC
BS VI E10 B7
BS VI – OBD – I BS VI – OBD – II AIS-137 PEMS2020 4 1 COP
PEMS 2023 4 1
BS IV
2010 4 1 NCR 1 13 2 3
2015 7 1 13 29 4
2015 10 1 + 9
2016 4 1 + 10
2017 4 1
BS V 2015 11 2016 2BS IV BS VI
BS VI 2020 4 1
1 2
3 2015 3 50
4
42
BHARAT STAGE IV
- - +
RM kg mg/km
BS IV
M GVW– 500 300 250 25
N1 M M GVW 1 500 300 250 252 630 390 330 403 RM > 1760 740 460 390 60
BS IV+
PI – –CI – 1 1
RM kg mg/km
BS IV
M GVW– 1000 100 80
N1 M M GVW 1 1000 100 802 1810 130 1003 RM > 1760 2270 160 110
43
BHARAT STAGE VI
-
1
1 2
(RM) (kg) mg/km Nb/km
BS VI
M M1M2
– All 1000 100 68 60 6×1011
N1
1 1000 100 68 60 6×1011
2 1810 130 90 75 6×1011
3 RM > 1760 2270 160 108 82 6×1011
N2 – 2270 160 108 82 6×1011
• PI
• AIS-137
-
1 2 BS VI PI DI 6×1012
+
RM kg mg/km Nb/km
BS VI
M M1 M2 – All 500 170 80 6×1011
N11 500 170 80 6×1011
2 630 195 105 6×1011
3 RM > 1760 740 215 125 6×1011
N2 – 740 215 125 6×1011
BS VI+
PI –CI – –
44
2009• 1000 cc• PC 1000 cc GVW• PC 1000 cc• 1000 cc GVW• 1000 cc GVW
• -> /CARB 2009 CARB
FAS FAS
OEM
CARB LEV ULEV SULEV ZEV
• -> 2014
• K-OBD OBD
2016
(km)
g/km g/
+
K-LEV III
LEV160
15 /
1)
2)
1) 2)
1) (2DD)
K-LEVIII
USLEVIII
ULEV1251)
2)
1) 2)
ULEV701)
2)
1) 2)
ULEV501)
2)
1) 2)
SULEV30)
)
1) 2)
SULEV20)
)
1) 2)
ZEV – – – –
1 US062 SC03
45
KLEV-III
1 WLTC RDE +2 RDE +
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025EVAP
% 0 0 30 30 80 80 100 100 100 100
% 0 10 20 40 70 100 100 100 100 100
FTP FAS+
SFTP FAS1)
b b c d- 1 d2
TA 2011 9 1 2014 9 1 2017 10 1 2020 1 1FR 2013 9 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1
1 SFTP
46
M1 N1 2009 2011GVW M1 a 2015 2017
GVW M1 N1 a 2016 2018M1 a 2013 11 2016 11
MY 2017 EPA Tier 3
2017 2020
CAFC PC (2010) LTD (2010)
MY 2005/20061 2013/20142 2013/2014
2005 2007
Tier II
M1
2016 1 LD
2010-23
III ) 2008IV ) 2014
2016MY 2004
2005 22006 2008
47
2012
M1 2001 2002
M1OBD
2001 2002
M1 2008 2009M1, N1 I 2010 2011
N1 II III 2012 2013
2018
49
50
-
• +
• GVW M1 N1 CL1
2000 1 2001 1
• OBD
PI CIX XXX
XX XX X
EGRX X
EOBD - g/km PI CI PI CI PI CI CI
NI CL1 GVW M1NI CL2NI CL3 GVW M1
51
OBD
11 70/220EC 715/2007EC 692/2008EC
• OBD• • ISO15031-5
• OBD• • ISO 15765-4 (CAN)
1) GDI2) 2011 9 1 RM M N3) DOC DeNOx DPF4) + OBD TA 2011 9 1 / FR 2014 1 1
mg/km PI CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI 2)
M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2009 FR 9/2011
1,900 1,900 250 320 300 540
50 50N1 CL 2 TA 9/2010
FR 9/20123,400 2,400 330 360 375 705
N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,800 400 400 410 840
EGREGR
3
> + 3 4
3
3
IUPR > + 4
52
OBD
• 2017 9 2019 9 OEM NEDC WLTP
OBD
• 2019 9 WLTP-1 PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI
M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2014 FR 9/2015
1,900 1,750 170 290 150 180 25 25
N1 CL 2 TA 9/2015 FR 9/2016
3,400 2,200 225 320 190 220 25 25N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,500 270 350 210 280 30 30
-2 PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI
M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2017 FR 9/2018
1,900 1,750 170 290 90 140 12 12
N1 CL 2 TA 9/2018 FR 9/2019
3,400 2,200 225 320 110 180 12 12N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,500 270 350 120 220 12 12
53
IUPR a
IUPR b
IUPR b+
IUPR b
IUPR c/d
PI CI PI CI– –
EGR – –– –– –– –– –– – –
VVT – –– – CI – – + >15
EVAP – –– – 2) 2)
– – CI – 2) – 2)
+ 1) IUPR
IUPR
IUPR = M M
M M
1 + OBD TA 2011 9 1 / FR 2014 1 1 2
54
EPA Tier III CARB 50 EPA
EPA OBD II EPA
ODB
EVAP 0040
EPA Tier III – EPA Tier III MY 2017 CARB OBD II– VVT /
CARB OBD II MY 2005 CARB OBD II – 2016 7 25
–
a – 20°C 50%– OBD
b MY 2019 -30% MY 2020 -60 MY 2021-100% IAT 20°CECT 35°F
– – – – 15°F 2 -
15-35°F 5 MY 2019 -30% MY 2020 -60% MY 2021 -100%
55
– –
/c d
– CV/
a) CV / CV CVb) CV / CV CV
MY 2023 -20% MY 2024 -50% MY2025 -100%1 2
a b)– CV CV / CV– CV CV
CVCV
/
– – /
– / OBDESS
56
CARB OBD II –
– – - PC/LDT SULEV II 25% 15%–
–
a) b) c) d) CARB
– e) / /
– MY 2006-18 / VVT MY 2019 /VVT
-
a) b) c)
– – d
d) – – +/- 30%– – +/- 50%
57
-
e) / – - – –f)
– 15% /
– MY 2020– – EGR VVT MY 2021–
– MY 2019– MD MY 2016-2018 LD MD MY2019-2021
– OBD /– ’’ EGR/VVT
58
LEV III
1) MY 20192) MY 20193) MY 20194) +5)
= +
+5 +
MDPVLEV160 / ULEV125
N/A 2)ULEV70 / ULEV50SULEV30 / SULEV20 4)
MDV MDV 1) 3)
59
1) (f)(4)-(f)(7) (f)(12)-(f)(13)2) (f) (1)-(f)(2) (f)(8)3) MY 2019
CARB Tier 2/Tier 3
CARB Tier 2 Tier 3
Tier 2 (bin 3 bin 4)
ULEV IIPC/LDT SULEV II
2015 8 5 40
Tier 3 (bin 85 bin110)
+2 x + 2015
8 5
Tier 3 (bin 85 bin110) +mg/mi
3)
1)
2) 3) 3)
3) 3)
60
CARB OBD II–
1) 58
EGR +
– LEVIII LEV III 1– – -
– LEVIII LEV III 1
– RO2 LEVIII LEV III 1
– A/F– LEVIII– LEVIII – LEV160 ULEV12 MD =1) – ULEV50/70 = 2014-2018 3 x 2019 1)
– SULEV 20/30 = 2014-2018 4 x 2019 1)a) b)
/– LEVIII LEV III 1– 2% 1% 1,000– 1000 1000 4– 5%– /
61
1) 58
a) – 20% - MY 2019 50% – MY2020 100% – MY2021– US06 1%b) ’’ 25
– A/F
a) – LEVIII LEV III 1
– ( ) /b) c) d) – ( ) e) f MY 2022
– a) b)
CARB OBD II–
62
1) 58
CARB OBD II–
/ LEVIII LEV III 1 – / -
LEV II, ULEV II, MDV SULEV II 50%
SULEV II 50%
LEV III 1)
a) - – b) – LEVIII LEV III 1 –
LEVIII LEV III 1
LEVIII LEV III 1
/ OBD
63
DOR
– LEVIII LEVIII– > 50% LEVIII 50%– LEVIII– DOR = + DOR
LEVIII
OBD II CARB OBD II
– –
CARB 20 F 15% 11V PTO
CARB OBD II–
64
CARB OBD II–
a) b)
– LD MDPV– MY 2010-2015– MDPV MY 2019 -20% MY 2020 -50% MY 2021 -100%– MY 2018
– 1000 5%–
– – LD MDPV LEVIII / / LEV III 1
–– LD MDPV – MY 2020-2021 MDPV – MY 2010-2018
– 75% 75%50% 5% 75%
– LD MDPV MY 2022 -20% MY 2023 -50% MY 2024 -100% MDPV MY 2019-20% MY 2020 -50% MY 2021 -100%
– 50%10% 100%
1) 70
65
CARB OBD II–
a) b) c) /
CARB
EGR
a) b) c)
OBD II CARB OBD II
a) b) PC/LDT SULEV II ULEV II SULEV IIc) MDV
d) CARB 20 F 15% 11V PTO
66
CARB OBD II–
e) MY 2016 MD– –– MD
– – LEVIII LEVIII 1)
– MDV
–
a) b) SCR SCR a) b) 25% SULEV 20% ULEV 30%
MDV 15%c) d) SCR SCR
SCR b
–
LEVIII LEVIII 1)
MDV– MY 2016
– SCR a) :b) – : –
– a) b) c)
65
67
CARB OBD II– LEV III
LDV MDV MDVMY MY
2013+ – – 2013+ – –
–
– 2022 MDV
2013+ 2013-2015 – –
– – – – 2016+ –
EGR–
2013+ 2013+–
(VGT)–
–
/ 2013
2013+ 2013+
68
CARB OBD II– LEV III
LDV MDV MDVMY MY
/VVT
– –
2013+ 2013+
2013-2021 – – – 2013+ –2022+
– 2013+ – 2013+ – –
–
2015+ - - – 2015-2021 – – –2022+ – –
30% MDV 15%
– 2016MD
SCR a) b) 25% SULEV 20% ULEV 30% MDV 15%
2010 LEV III 2015 2010
69
CARB OBD II– LEV III
MYLDV MDV
MDV MDV
2013+
/ 2013+
2015+MY15%
A/F 2013+
A/F 2013+
EGR 2013+
EGR 2013+ – – – –
2013+ – – – –
70
LEV III OBD II
1) MY 20192) 3) 4) +5) (f)(4)-(f)(7) (f)(12)-(f)(13)6) (f)(1)-(f)(2) (f)(8)7) MDPV
5) 6) DPF
+ + 1 +2
MDPV
LEV160 / ULEV1251)ULEV70 / ULEV50
SULEV30 / SULEV204)
MY 2016-2018MDV 7) All MDV 2) 3)
MY 2019MDV 7) All MDV
2)
3)
2)
3)2) 3)
71
2010 2013 LPG CNG GVW2013
2020 4 1 2023 4 1 BS VI OBD-1 -2
BS VI–OBD–I 2020 4 1
RM - kg
mg/km
CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI
M (M1 & M2) – 1900 1750 170 290 150 180 25 25
N1
1 1900 1750 170 290 150 180 25 25
2
3400 2200 225 320 190 220 25 25
3 RM > 1,760 4300 2500 270 350 210 280 30 30N2 – 4300 2500 270 350 210 280 30 30
1
BS VI-1 OBD BS VI-2 OBD M1 N1 IN1 II N1 III N2
LDM1 M2 N1 N2
AIS-137 2023 4 1 BS VI IUPRM
RM - kg
mg/km
CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI
M (M1 & M2) – 1900 1750 170 290 90 140 12 12
N1
1 1900 1750 170 290 90 140 12 12
2
3400 2200 225 320 110 180 12 12
3 RM > 1,760 4300 2500 270 350 120 220 12 12N2 – 4300 2500 270 350 120 220 12 12
BS VI–OBD–II 2023 4 1
72
OBD CARB OBD II• • • •
• CARB 1000
OTL
+
g/km
IIIIII
CARB
– – – C3I
EGR EGR5%
– – SCR
– –
IUPR
73
OBD g/km
1 2
OBDBr-219-30% 90-100%
CY ’14 —’16
PC –
–
–
OBDBr-2+ CY 2018PC –
––
OBDBr-DOBD
Nr 5, 06 FEB 2013CY 2018
PC –––
OBDBr-1 :1) LPG2) LPG
74
OBD g/km 4) OBDg/km
+ 2 +
OBDBr-31)
PROCONVE L7
+ 3
400
2022 1
360 2000 36 480
630 2500 36 840
1 OBDBr3 OBDBr3 PROCONVE L7 L8 CONAMA 354/2004 OBD Br2+
2 GDI3 + CFR404
75
1 OBDBr3 OBDBr3 PROCONVE L7 L8 CONAMA 354/2004 OBD Br2+
2 GDI3 + CFR404
OBD (g/km)4)
+ 2
OBDBr-31)
PROCONVE L8
+ 3
400
2025 1
VLC140 420 2000 18110 330 2000 18
VLP/VLC
80 240 2000 1870 210 1500 1860 180 1500 1850 175 1500 1840 140 1250 1830 105 1250 1220 70 1000 12
76
OBDBr-3
PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8ODB =FTP
EGR + PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8– – - PROCONVE L7 (* )PROCONVE L8* E22-E30 E90-E100
PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8–
PROCONVE L8–
PROCONVE L7 = /PROCONVE L8 =a) b) c) d) –e)
77
OBDBr-3
400 PROCONVE L7 = - PID 0x93 = SAE J1979DA -MIPROCONVE L8
/PROCONVE L8– /–
PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8–
– MY 2020– – EGR VVT MY 2021–
– MY 2019– MD MY 2016-2018 LD MD MY2019-2021
– OBD /– EGR/VVT
78
OBDBr-3
- CV /
PROCONVE L8a) CV / CV CVb) CV / CV CV
1 2a b)
– CV CV / CV– CV CV
CV/
CARB 20 F 15%11V PTO
79
J-OBDII• LPG• • 10OBD JC08•
XX X
X XEGR X X
X XX XX X
EVAP X XECU X
• 1% 1%• 5% 5%
WOT
JC06
GDi
500+ bar
81
82
M1 N1
2024
NEDC
2015 2021 2020
95%
LCV 2015 2020
•
(EC) 443/2009
•
•
2 2020 2021 2022 1 2023
2020-2022
LCV
2017 1 2018
LCV
2015-2019 100% 2020 95% 2021 1 100%
2017 100%
– 2012-2018 5
15 25 95
– 2019 95
2017 9 WLTP NEDC 2017 2020 CO2MPASS
WLTC NEDC
2020
NEDC WLTP 2021
83
CO2 = + a x (M - M0)
M0
M
a M0g/km / kg g/km kg
2012-2015 130 13722016-2018 130
2019 1302020 95
2014-2017 175 17062018 1752020 147
84
2021 2024
2021 WLTP 14°C
NEDC 2020 2020WLTP
WLTP = WLTP * NEDC
NEDC
WLTP 2020 WLTPNEDC OEM 2020NEDC NEDC 2020
( )
= WLTP + a (Mø - M0) - (Mø2020 - M0‚2020)
A 2020M0 2021 2020M0‚2020 2020Mø Mø2020 2020
85
2025 2029 2030
2019 4 17 (EU) 2019/631
510/2011 2020 1 1
2021• 2025 15% 2030• 2025 15% 2030 31%
OEM 2021
WLTP OEM 2020PC NEDCa PC LCVMØ2021 2021M0,2021 2021
2025 OEM 2021 20252030 OEM WLTP
N(i) OEM (i) 2021
2025
2030 PC LCV
( )2021 (i) = WLTP · NEDC
+ a · (MØ2021 - M0,2021) NEDC
( )2025/2030 2021 (i) · N(i)
2025/2030)
=
86
2025 2029 2030
2025 OEM
= 0
TM TM0
a2025/2030
a2021 2021
2025 OEMOEM
95 OEM
ZLEV 1+y-x y
2
X 2025 2029 15% 2030 PC 35% LCV 30%
2025/2030 = 2025/2030• ZLEV
a2025/2030 = a2021 · 2025/2030
2021
87
• CAFE 1975 1985CAFE 2010
• 2007 EISA40% 2007
CAA
• 2010 4 EPA NHTSA MY 2012-2016CAFE GHG
• 2012 8 EPA NHTSA MY 2017-2025GHG
• EPA MY 2022-2025 MTEEPA
2018 4 MTE MY 2022-2025 2018 8 EPANHTSA 2021-2026
FAFE
• CAFEEPA
TLAAS
2012-2016
67% 33%
GVWR 10,000 lbs PC LDT MDPVEPA 2- FTP-75 + HWFET
2012-2016
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016263 256 247 236 225
1
346 337 326 312 2981
295 286 276 263 2501
1)
88
FTP-75 –
ABT
ABT2012-2016
• •
• •
2017-2025 2012
67%33%
1)
2017-2025
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025212 202 191 182 172 164 157 150 143
1
295 285 277 269 249 237 225 214 2031
243 232 222 213 199 190 180 171 1631
EPA 2018 4 MTE MY 2022-2025 2018 8
EPA NHTSA 2021-2026
FAFE
89
• GHG2002 2006 2009-2016
• 2010 2012-2016CARB
• NHTSA EPA 2010 EPA CARB 2017-2025
• 2021-2025 CARB EPA2019 11
23 EPA
GHGGHG g CO2/mi
(g CO2/km)CAFE mpg
(l/100 km)PC/LDT1 LDT2 PC/LDT1 LDT2
2009 323 (201) 439 (274)2010 301 (188) 420 (262)2011 267 (166) 390 (243)2012 233 (146) 361 (225)2013 227 (142) 355 (221)2014 222 (138) 350 (218)2015 213 (133) 341 (213)2016 205 (128) 332 (207)
90
PC LDT
GFEI 50 by 50UNEP IEA ITS FIA
2050 50%
2012 2016 2017 2018 2019 20202020 10%/20%/30%/60%/100%2020 10%/20%/30%/60%/100%
kg FTP75 199/100
1,200-1,8001,800-2,4002,400-3,0003,000-3,6003,600-4,2004,200-5,400> 5,400
91
CAFC LPG CNG
GVW
W
iWi i
Ni i
Ni Ki FCI i
NEDCFC LPG CNG
FCFC
LPG CNG FCI
l/100 km
2017/18 2021/22 NEDC
2022/23 NEDC 1)
1) 2016 1 1 2016 12 31 W’b’ ’b’
FC LPG l/100 km CNG kg/100 km
2 –
2
LPG 2
CNG 2
–
AAFC2017 4 1
AAFC AAFC
iNiFCi i
92
• FCCAFC
• CAFC VM• 2020 CAFC• NEV CAFCCAFC
i = VMTi = i
Vi = i
1
l/100 km
(CM), kg
GB 19578–2004FC II 1/2008–1/2016
GB 19578–2014FC III 1/2016–
CAFC II
M/T A/T1) M/T A/T1) M/T 2) A/T1)
78
8
137
CAFCGB 27999-2011 CAFC ICAFC = 7 L/100 km
GB 27999-2014 CAFC IICAFC = 5 L/100 km
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020109% 106% 103% 100% 134% 128% 120% 110% 100%
2
93
GB 20997-2015
N1 M2 GVW2009 1 2008 2
N1 M2 GVW 3,500 kg
(CM), kg
N1 M2
(l/km)
(l/km)
(l/km)
(l/km)5 5
5
7
7
98
10
1110
94
2015
JC08 2013 5
– 2015601
- 740
741 -
855
856 -
970
971 -
1,080
1,081 -
1,195
1,195 -
1,310
1,311 -
1,420
1,421 -
1,530
1,531 -
1,650
1,651 -
1,760
1,761 -
1,870
1,871 -
1,990
1,991 -
2,100
2,101 -
2,270
• CAFÉ FE• JC08 • FE=• LPG FE=
2004 – km/l
2005 – km/l
%
PC
LCV
– 2020741
- 855
856 -
970
971 -
1,080
1,081 -
1,195
1,196 -
1,310
1,311 -
1,420
1,421 -
1,530
1,531 -
1,650
1,651 -
1,760
1,761 -
1,870
1,871 -
1,990
1,991 -
2,100
2,101 -
2,270
95
–
JC28 2013 3
• ICE HEV PHEV EV• 9
10
• LPG
• WLTC
• FE
• LPG FE
• EV FE=6750/EC
• EC AC
M-6×M2 -4
M
FE
2030 FE
96
•
PROCONVE L5
• 80% =• 60% 80% =• 60% =
E22E100 100% E22 E100
•
• =
97
–
1a E20 + E100 / / EPA75 = (ABNT NBR6601 )
1b E20 + E100 (ABNT NBR 7024 )
2 = x
3 E20 E100 = 55% + 45%
4 E20 E100
PBE EC - MJ/kg
ABCDE
5 E20 E100
E00 E22 E100 GNV
– 2
MJ/l – 3
18
99
100
2008/692/EC
E5/E10 E5 E10 2016 3 1 E10 2018 8
1 E10
B5 B752-54 52-56
15°C 3 833-837T50 °CT95 °C 345-350 345-360
°C°C
40°C 2/s
24
FAME3 % vol4
110°C– Class 1
B5/B7
E5 E10RON/MON
56-601)
15°C 3 743-75670°C 24-44 34-46100°C 48-60 54-62150°C 82-90 86-94
°C 190-210 170-19529-35 25-323-13 6-13
2 9-10%(v/v)
> 480
– 1
1) 2) EN 153763) FAME EN 142144)
101
-
E040 CFR
86.113-0440 CFR
86.113-0440 CFR
86.213-1140 CFR
86.213-11
RON 93 93(R+M)/2
R-MDVPE PSIDVPE PSIIBP °F 75-95 75-105 76-96 76-96T10 °F 120-135 120-135 98-118 105-125T50 °F 200-230 200-230 179-214 195-225T90 °F 300-325 300-325 316-346 316-346FBP °F 415 415 413 413
% vol 35 35 28-36% vol 10 10% vol
15-80 15-80 15-80 15-80
E10 EPA Tier 3 EPA Tier 3 EPA Tier 3 Carb LEV III40 CFR
1065.71040 CFR
1065.71040 CFR
1065.71040 CFR
86.113-07
R-MDVPE PSIT10 °F 120-140 110-130 120-140 130-150T50 °F 190-210 190-210 190-210 205-215T90 °F 315-335 315-335 315-335 310-320FBP °F 380-420 380-240 380-420
1000 1000 1000 1000
102
- (EPA 86.1313-2017)
CARB 3)
1-D2) 2-D40-54 40-50 47-55 D-61340-54 40-50 – D-976
°F (°C) 3)
°F (°C) 330-390 (166-199) 340-400 (171-204) 340-420 (171-216)10% °F (°C) 370-430 (188-221) 400-460 (204-238) 400-490 (204-254)50% °F (°C) 410-480 (210-249) 470-540 (243-282) 470-560 (243-293)90% °F (°C) 460-520 (238-271) 560-630 (293-332) 550-610 (288-321)
°F (°C) 500-560 (260-293) 610-690 (321-366) 580-660 (304-349)API 40-44 32-37 33-39 D-287
7-15 7-15 7-15 3)
100-500 3)
8 ( )1) 27 ( )1) 8-12 3)
)°F (°C) 130 (54) D-93
40°F (4°C) 2/sec D-445
1) 2) 2-D 1-D 1-D3) ASTM / Tile 13, CCR
103
105
106
715/2007/EC 692/2008/EC VI /ECE 88 7
c/d –
EPA
40%EPA II
182x
16-30°C1 ECE + 2 EUDC
12-36 68-86°F 20-30°C
/40±2%
45-60°F 10-14°C
SHED 60-84°F 16-30°C
EPA III
TA
ECE+EUDCTA
68-86°F 23-32°C+
- - TA 1/2000/ 40%
/
/40±2%
20-30°C1 ECE+2 EUDC
20-30°C 12-3620-30°C ECE+EUDC
220-30°C
6-36 20±2°C 6
24 VT SHED 120-35°C
+
107
WLTP GTR 19
2017
M HS + M Dmax + PF <CPc/d GTR 2019 9 1
GTR c/d/ 40%
1 - -23±3°C1)
23±3°C 12-36
1 - -23±3°C
M HS 23-31°C 60±56-36 20±2°C 6
M D1 VT SHED 24 20-35-20°CM D2 VT SHED 24 20-35-20°C
M HS + M D1 + M D2 + 2xPF < 2g/
50 12300
20 40°C 40% PF = HC 20w - HC 3w
GTR c/d
85%
OVC-HEV
M HS + M D1 + M D2 + 2xPF < 2g/
1) 1 2x - - 2 3 - - -
108
/
2012
• ORVR 102
•
3 2
68-86°F
/ /6 6
/ 12-36 300 BV
/ 1:1/
/ 12-36 /
1:1 /
EPA III EPA III
EPA: 90-100°F CARB:
100-110°F
1-6
EPA II, 2x NYCC, EPA II
1(EPA 95 / CARB 105°F)
1(68-86°F)
3 2
EPA: 90-100°F CARB:
100-110°F
6-36(EPA 72 / CARB 65°F)
6-36(EPA 72 / CARB 65°F)
72 3 EPA 72-96°F,
CARB 65-105°F
48 3 EPA 72-96°F,
CARB 65-105°FEPA/CARB LEV I
CARB LEV IIEPA Tier II
3 2
109
EPA CARB
EPA• CARB LEV II
• LDV 3
• LDV 2
• LLDT / HLDT / MDPV
• CARB LEV II EPA
• MY 2009 LDV/LLDT MY 2010 HLDT/MDPVFFV
CARB LEV II• 15
• 2007 LEV II 3
• ZEV + 2 3
EPA Tier II •
• HEV/ZEV
EPA III
Tier III 2018 CARB LEV III CARB LEV III• OBD• E15 2017 E10• 2020 EPA E15• 2017 PZEV
2019• • OBD
EPA Tier II EPA LEV II
95 ± 5°F 105 ± 5°F
9 psi RVP,7 psi RVP
’96-’99: 20/40/90/100%
Tier II ’04-’07: 25/50/75/100%
’95-’98: 10/30/50/100%
Tier II ’04-’06: 40/80/100%
110
CARB LEV III• • MY 2015
• ’15-’17 PZEV ’18-’19 60%, ’20-’21 80%, ’22 100%• MTBE LEV III E10 2020 E10• ORVR GVWR 14,000 lbs E10• 3 3• 15
1
(lbs GVWR)
(g/mile)
3 +2 +
2
lbs GVWR (g/mile)
+
g/g/
g/ g/6,000 lbs LD
0 - 3,750 lbs LVW6,000 lbs LD
6,000-8000 lbs LD6,000 lbs LD
3,750 - 5,750 lbs LVW
MD6,000-8000 lbs LD
MD
8,501 - 14,000 lbs MD 8,501 - 14,000 lbs MD14,000 lbs HD14,000 lbs HD
111
• SHED
• COP BWC 90%
2020 7 1 aCARB IV
• WLTC I - - -
• NOVC OVC
• 38±2°C
• 38±2°C 33-41°C
• SHED 68-95 °F (20-35°C)
•
• CoP BWC 90%
• NIRCO
• M D1 HC_24 M HC_48 + M HS• DF
SHED - 1 +- 24 2000
Proconve-L6E22/E61/E100 2 SHED
Proconve-L7 2022 1 1E22/E61/E100 48 SHED
ORVR
CFR86
g/ SHED1
2 I2 II2 III
IV DF
112
• CARB EPA 40/80/100%
MY 1998-2000 GVW 6000 lbs LDT MY 2001-2003 GVW 6000 lbs LDT MY 2004-2006 2000 100%• CARB LEV II EPA Tier II ORVR• EVAP
•
CARB LEV III
• MY 2015 E10 7 psi RVP•
)
• 40%• 68-86°F (20-30°C) 6• 1 EPA II
• 40%• 12-36• 50% /• EPA III• 68-86°F (20-30°C) 0-1• 68-86°F EPA II, 2x NYCC, EPA II
• • 10%• 80±3°F (27°C) 6-24• •
85%85%
113
EPA
• GVW 14,000 lbsEVAP 1999 100%
• EVAPORVR
• •
2012
• (d) (1) (d) (2)
• 85%
/ VII ORVR
• VII CARB ORVR• ORVR• NIRCO 95%
10%
Viper
115
116
ZEVZEV
177 ZEV 9EPA
2019 11 ZEVZEVZEV TZEV ZEV
ZEV EV FCEVBEVx NEV TZEV PHEV
HICE
20,000 LVE ZEV
EV FCEV ZEV
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025+
ZEV (EV FCEV), BEVx, NEV 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%TZEV PHEV HICE 3% 4% 5% 6%
ZEV 7% 12% 17% 22%
5000 20,000 ZEVZEV ZEV
TZEV 5000ZEV ZEV TZEV ZEV ZEV
AER ZEV
0
4
AER ZEV
0
TZEV: PHEV ZEV
BEVx ZEV
AER ZEV
0
4
AER ZEV
TZEV: HICE ZEV
ZEV ZEV TZEVZEV ZEV BEVx 50% ZEV
US06 AER 10TZEV ZEV
250TZEV:HICE
BEVx, AER0
117
ZEV
EV FCEV PHEV ZLEV
ZLEV2025
15% 2030 35% ZLEVZLEV 5%
ZLEV /
WLPT ZLEV ZLEX
g/km ZLEV
CO2 1
2 2
CO2 0
ZLEV ZLEV 201714
ZEV ZEV TZEVZEV UDDS AER 375 EV
ZEV ZEV 4 UDDS US06AER 100 PHEV PHEV TZEV
ZEV
NEV ZEV
NEV ZEV
25
0-20MPH 6
118
NEV
NEV 2019
NEV
• PHEV -• BEV -
• FCEV - 5
2019 10 %2020 12 %2021 14 %2022 16 %2023 18 %
2024+ TBD
PHEV
NEV AER
FC 70% NEV
FC 70% NEV
/
EEC BEVE NEV BEV
119
NEVFCEV
NEV AER0 NEV
NEV
NEV =2*NEV 6
BEV
NEV AER EEC
(Et)
kg (Et
AER Rf
01
AER Rf
BEV (Ef)
(E Ef
Ef = (E /EEC)/EEC) Ef
NEV = Rf * Ef
NEV BEV PHEV FCEVNEV EEC
BEV NEV NEV70% FC PHEV NEV
NEV
OE
121
122
L 1 2002/24/EC2) 97/24/EC3) 2015 12 31 L1e L7e 2002/24/EC L1e L2eL6e 2002/24/EC 97/24/EC 2013/60/EU 2017 12 31
I
(cm3)
(mg/km)+
L1e 4) + 1,000 – – 1,200 ECE R47 2000
L3e
5,500 1,200 300 – ECE R40, UDC 20035,500 1,000 300 – ECE R40, UDC 20032,000 800 150 – ECE R40, UDC5) 20062,000 300 150 – ECE R40, UDC+EUDC6) 2006
v 2,620 750 170 – GTR No 2 2006v 2,620 330 220 – GTR No 2 2006
1) L L1e-A L1e-B L2eL3e L4e L5e L6e L7e
4) 448 2013 11 2830% /70%
5) -6) -
123
1) 2013 11 28 30% /70%
(cm3)
mg/km+
L2e1) 2+3
7,000 1,500 400 –L2+L6: ECE R47
L5+L7 UDC2003
L5e 2L6e1) 2-3L7e 2
L2e 2
2,000 1,000 650 –L2+L6: ECE R47
L5+L7 UDC+EUDC2003
L5e 2L6e 2L7e 2
124
(EU) No 168/20131) (EU) No 134/20142) 2016 3)1 1 L1e L7e (EU) No 168/2013 4 I (EU) No 168/2013 L
4) 5)
I VI A1 VI A2
II– PI PI
– PI PI2009/40/EC6)
III
IV VI C1 VI C2
VI(A), VII(A), VII(B), I(A), VII(A), VII(B),
VI VI
VII/
VIII OBD 7 ODB I VI B1 ODB II VI B2IX VI(D) VI(D)
20172020/2021
125
I
mg/km
L2 L3 L4
L1e-A PI/CI/ 560 100 70 – ECE R47L1e-B PI/CI/ 1,000 630 170 – ECE R47L2e PI/CI/ 1,900 730 170 – ECE R47
L3e1)
L4ePI/CI/
v1,140 380 70 – WMTC 2
L5e-A L7e-A
PI/CI/ v
1,140 170 90 – WMTC 2
CI/CI/ 1,000 100 300 80 WMTC 2
L5e-BPI/PI/ 2,000 550 250 – ECE R40CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R40
3) 2014 9 11 (EU) No 168/2013 IV
4 2016 1 1 2017 1 1
5 (EU) No 168/2013 23(4) 23 (5) 2020 1 1 20211 1
6 2010/48/EU7 XII OBD
126
1 I L3e-AxE ( , x = 1, 2 3) L3e-AxT ( , x = 1, 2 3)VI A L2 L3 +L2 + L3
2 CI GDI3 WMTC 2 WMTC (EU)No 134/2014 6
Mass of (mg/km)CO THC NOx PML1 L2 L3 L4
L6e-A PI/PI/ 1,900 730 170 – ECE R47L6e-B CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R47L7e-B PI/PI/ 2,000 550 250 – ECE R40L7e-C CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R40
Mass of (mg/km)2)
L1 L2A L2B L3 L4
L1e-A PI/CI/ 500 100 68 60 WMTC3
L1e-B-L7e LPI/CI/ 1,000 100 68 60 WMTCCI/CI/ 500 100 68 90 WMTC
127
IV
1) L1e L2e L5e-B L6e-B L7e-B L7e-C (EU) No V 1
2 SHED V 3
3 L1e L2e L5e-B L6e-B L7e-B L7e-CSHED
4 V 2
1)
mg/
L3e L4e
PI 2,000 SHED 2)L5e-AL6e-AL7e-A
3)
4)SHED
(mg/m2/ ) mg/L1e-A
PI
1,500 15,000 1,500L1e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L2e 1,500 15,000 1,500
L3e L4e
1,500
L5e-A 1,500L5e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L6e-A 1,500L6e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L7e-A 1,500L7e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L7e-C 1,500 15,000 1,500
128
V 1)
WMTCECE R472)
2) 2013/60/EU 97/24/EC 2017 12 31 (EU) No 134/2014 20149 11 2018 1 1 47
L1e, L2e L6eWMTC1) (EU) No 168/2013 23 (3a) (3b) (3c)
x=1 2 3 km
L1e-A5,500
L1e-B
11,000L2eL3e-AxEL6e-AL7e-B
L3e L4e
v
20,000L5eL6e-BL7e-C
L3e L4e L7e-A
v
35,000
(s)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
112 448
896
100 400 700200 500 800300 600 9000
30% 70%
129
WMTC
- UN-ECE GTR no. 02)
1 3 v 2-1 3 3 v
3-2 v 3
130120110100
908070605040302010
0
(s) (s) (s)
130120110100
908070605040302010
0
130120110100
908070605040302010
0600540480420360300240180120600 600540480420360300240180120600 600540480420360300240180120600
2 2
3
3
1
1
130
CFR 40 Part. 86.401
1980 FTP-75
MY 2005 EPACARB
EPA g/km
I : 0 169cc II 170 279cc III
EPA g/km
HC +
1988-2003I & II 50-279 12IIIa 280-699 12IIIb 12
2004-2007 III 122008+ III 12
cc+
2006+I 50-169 12II 170-279 12
2006-09 III 122010+ III 12
131
1) 1
PROMOT 4/WMTC – – 2014 2% - 2014 1DR
– CO, HC, NOx 20% > 10,000 – – DF – DF – DF
/ +
2012: LA-4 - Tier 2, ECE40+EUDC – , WMTC –
GB 14622-2002 (MC)GB 18176-2002
( )
2003 12003 7 MC
2004 12004 1 MC 2005 1 MC
2005 1 2006 1
GB 14622-2007 (MCs)GB 18176-2007 ( )
2008 7 2009 7 1)
GB 14622-2016 (MCs)GB 18176-2016 ( )
2018 7 2019 7
132
(g/km)
(g/km) +
(g/km)
(g/km)
2008
2W
– – 1 ECE R4750 - 150 CC – 2 ECE R40
– 2ECE R40 +EUDC
3W
– – ECE R47
1 – 4 ECE R40
3W
– – ECE R47
1 – 4 ECE R40
133
(cc)
vmax
mg/kmOBD km
+
2018
v 630 170 1,000 – – ECE R47 11,000
Iv
380 70 1,140 – –
WMTC I
20,000II
WMTC II-1v
WMTC II-2
III 170 90 1,140 – –WMTC III-1
35,000V > 1,500 v WMTC III-2
v 730 170 1,900 – – ECE R47 11,000PI V > 50 v > 50 550 250 2,000 – –
ECE R40 20,000CI V> 50 v > 50 – 390 740 460 60
134
1) 2016 10 1 2017 9 12) 3) 2020 12 2022 11
BS VI 2W
1 1+ 1
2-1 1+ 1
2-2
3-1
3-2 v 1 2
D – WMTC
2013 9 / WMTC ISDO 6460OBD
(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
2016 1 –2 3 2) 2) – 2)
2016 10 1 1)
1 50cc 150cc vv 50 –
2 v 100> 150 cc v
2) 2) – 2)
3 v ) 2) 2) – 2)
2020 12 3) 2022 11 3)
2)4) 2) 2) 2)
4) CO5)
135
2W 3W97/24/EC
(g/km)
(g/km)
(g/km)
+ (g/km) g/
2008 1
All 3W CVS-40 7–
–
UDC2
2W > 150 CC PI ECE40 + EUDCCVS-47 1 – –
2017 1
ECE R47 1
–WMTC2W > 50 CC PI & v V
2W > 50 CC PI & v
2020 1 WMTC
(g/km)
(g/km)
(g/km)
(g/km) g/
6
2017
136
BS VI2016 9 15 GSR 889(E) 2020 4 1
PI CI BS VI
* DI** SHED
AIS 137*** OBD 2023 4 1
TA=COPmg/km DF T=0
500AIS 137
IDC350150
BS VI
OBD
V
PI1 & 2-1 1‚000 100 60 68
1‚500***
20‚0002-2 1‚000 100 60 68
3-1 & 3-2 1‚000 100 60 68 35‚000CI 500 100 90 68 – 35‚000
DF300** – –
BS VI
137
BS VI
OBD
OBD BS VI OBD2023 4 1
2023 4 1 BS VI M IUPR 1 PI
OBDBS VI
OBDBS VI
2023 4 1
✔ ✔
✔ ✔
✔ ✔
✘ ✔
EGR ✔ ✔
✘ ✔
✘ ✔
OBD /
mg/km
mg/km
mg/km
mg/km1 & 2-1 1‚900 250 300 501)
2-2 1‚900 250 300 501)
3-1 & 3-2 1‚900 250 300 501)
OBD /
mg/km
mg/km
mg/km
mg/km1‚900 320 540 50
138
AER
AMA
ASM
BEV
BV
CAFC
CAFE
CF
CI
COP
CWF
DF
DI
EEC
EOBD
EUDC
EVAP
FAME
FC
FCEV
FE
FR
FTP
GDI
GHG
GVM
GVW
GVWR
IDI
IUPR
LBS
LCV
LDT
LEV
LLDT
LPV
LVW
MDPV
MIL
MTBE
NEDC
NEV
NHV
NMHC
NMOG
NTE
NYCC
OBD
ORVR
PEMS
PHEV
PI
PM/PN /
RAFs
RDE
RM
RVP
139
SEA
SG
SHED
SFTP
SI
SULEV
TA
TF
UDDS
ULEV
VM
VT SHED SHED
WC
WLTC
WLTP
ZLEV
ACEA
CARB
ECE
EPA
EU
MVEG
140
135
136
137
138
139
140
141