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&oYu&.A ., ;J~:" ;JUfIJFEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA
OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
(afl1';;: qoo-'t ~'I'C ?;'Qh.!tll hOfl DJ1P-'t U +1 I!!f1r
7th Year No. 24ADDIS ABABA -24th May, 2001
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hCP~ ~'I'C Uc!}?;/I!!f1r q.r. Proclamation No. 236/2001f8l oo-/11iA~ f F~ FCq-'t 'hli fO'f/1l;q",nDJ Anti-Corruption Special Procedure and Rules ofhCP~ 1R' lii'LQ£11 Evidence Proclamation Page 1497
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PROCLAMATION NO. 236/2001
A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR SPECIALPROCEDURE AND RULES OF EVIDENCE ON
ANTI-CORRUPTION
WHEREAS, it has become necessary to provide forrelevant matters in law that would make the disclosure andinvestigation of corruption offences and institution ofcriminal proceeding of such offences, effective;
WHEREAS, it has been found necessary to regulate asystem under which a property acquired through a criminaloffence could be restrained, administered and confiscated;
WHEREAS, it has become necessary to provide for therules of evidence compatible with offences relating tocorruption;
NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1)of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows:
Section OneGeneral
1. Short Title
This Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Anti-CorruptionSpecial Procedure and Rules of Evidence ProclamationNo. 236/2001".
2. Definitions
In this Proclamation:1) "Corruption offence" means any offence commit-
ted in relation to a government or public service orpublic interest in violation of the duties proper to agovernment or a public service by seeking, exactingpromise, or receiving any gratification or advantagefor himself or for other person or group of persons, orinflicting harm on another person; and includescorrupt practices, acceptance of undue advantage,traffic in official influence, abuse of power, malad-ministration; appropriation and misappropriation indischarge of duties, extortion and disclosure ofsecret, and shall include such other similar cases;
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2) "Property acquired by the commission of corruptionoffence" means any property which the offenderowns or possesses directly or indirectly as a result ofthe commission of the offence, and includes anysuch property or money which has been donateddirectly or indirectly by the offender, put undersomeone's custody or hidden somewhere;
3) "Appropriate organ" means an organ which isempowered to investigate corruption offences;
4) "Restraining order" means an order which prohibitsthe offender from dealing with certain property andincludes the right to transfer, use and destroy theproperty in any manner;
5) "Investigator" means a police who is empowered toinvestigate crime iI}accordance with the CriminalProcedure Code or any organ which is empoweredby law to investigate crime;
6) "person" meaIis any natural or juridical pel"son.
Section TwoRestraining
3. Principle1) Without prejudice to Article 4 of this Proclamation, a
court may issue a restraining order against anyproperty acquired by the commission of corruptionoffence.
2) An investigator or a prosecutor may, supported by anaffidavit, apply to the court for a restraining orderagainst any property acquired by the commission ofcorruption offence.
3) An application for a restraining order may be madebefore or after the institution of a criminalproceeding.
4. Property not Subjected to Restraining Order
Properties that are necessary for the accused to earn hislivelihood shall not be subjected to restraining order. Itshall, in particular, include the following:1) the necessary wearing-apparel, cooking vessels, bed
and bedding of the accused and his family;2) such amount of food necessary for the accused and
his family.
5. Contents of the Application
An application for a restraining order shall contain:1) the facts of the case and the measures that have been
taken; where a criminal proceeding has not beeninstituted, an information about the status of thecase;
2) tangible information which shows that the propertyagainst which a restraining order is requested isacquired by the commission of corruption offence;
3) detail description of the properties and theirlocation.
6. Contents of the Affidavit
1) An affidavit to be submitted in accordance withSub-Article (2) of Article 3 of this Proclamationshall contain:(a) the reasons for the request;(b) the property against which a restraining order
is to be issued, and the person who possessesthe property.
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2) Unless the court decides otherwise, an affidavit
submitted in accordance with Sub-Article (1) of thisArticle shall contain the sources of the informationwhich support the reasons for the request.
3) any application which supports the request for arestraining order shall be stated in detail in theaffidavit in a complete and precise manner.
4) Where the situation requires the issuance of anadditional restra,ining order, the investigator or theprosecutor may apply to the court.
7. Duty to Notify
1) The court may order a third party to hand over to theinvestigator or to the prosecutor any evidence underhis possession or to allow access to inspect same.
2) The person who has been ordered to hand over, orgive access to the evidence in accordance with Sub-Article (1) of this Article shall be notified to appearbefore the court when the case is heard.
. 8. Issuil!gof RestrainingOrder
1) Without prejudice to Article 4 of this Proclamation;the court may, after having examined the applicationand the document, issue a restraining order where itis convinced of issuing such order.
2) Where a restraining order is issued ex parte, theprosecutor shall serve copies of the order and theaffidavit on the defendant or on any other personspecified in the order. He shall also notify any personaffected by the order.
3) Unless the court decides otherwise, a restrainingorder issued ex parte shall be effective.
9. Appointment of Receiver
With respect to the custody of the property against whicha restraining order is issued, the provisions of Articles13-15 of this Proclamation shall apply.
10. Termination of Restraining Order
A restraining order may be terminated on the followinggrounds:1) where the court decides against confiscation;2) where a confiscation order is issued;3) where the case is. withdrawn or the defendant is
acquitted or is not found guilty.
Withdrawal or Amendment of a Restraining Order
1) Any person who has been served or notified aboutthe restraint order may apply to the court forwithdrawal or amendment of the order.
2) Where the court accepts the application and the
evidence submitted in accordance with Sub-Ar-ticle (1) of this Article, it shall serve same on theprosecutor.
3) Where the court believes that the application for the
withdrawal or amendment is based on reasonablegrounds, it may amend or allow the withdrawal ofthe order.
11.
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Sub-Section One
Appointment of Receivers
12. Condition for Appointment of Receiver
1) When it appears to the court to be just and
convenient, the court may, with respect to theproperty on which a restraining order is issued,
order:(a) appoint a receiver of the property;(b) remove any person from the possession or
custody of the property;(c) commit the same to the possession, custody or
management of the receiver;(d) confer upon the receiver the power for
preservation, management and improvementof the property. '
2) The court may confer upon the receiver all such
powers, as to bringing and defending suits, and forthe collection of the rents, profits and any otherincome thereof, the investment and disposal of suchrents, profits, or income, for useful purposes, or
such other powers as the court thinks fit.
3) Upon issuing an order in accordance with Sub-Ar-
ticle (1) and (2) of this Article, the court shall haveregard to the amount of the probable costs of his
appointment and may, before making the appoint-ment, direct such inquiries on these or other mattersto be made as it thinks fit.
4) If the person to be appointed as a receiver pursuant
to Sub-Article (l)(a) of this Article is a naturalperson, such person shall be of good character, withintegrity and who has no bond of relltionship by
consanguinity or affinity or conflict of interest.
13. Remuneration of the Receiver
The court may, by general or special order, fix theamount to be paid as remuneration for the services of thereceiver.
14. Duties of the Receiver
Any receiver appointed under Article 12 shall have thefollowingduties: .
1) furnish such security to account for what he shall
receive in respect of the property;2) submit his accounts as such periods and in such
form as the court directs;3) pay the amount due from him as the court directs;
and4) be responsible for any loss occasioned to the
property by his gross negligence or willful default.
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15. Enforcement of Receiver's Duties
1) Where ,a receiver causes damage to or loss of the
property by his gross negligence or intentionally,the court may order him to pay the amount due.
2) If the receicver fails to observe the order of the
court, the court may direct his property to beattached and sold and may apply the proceeds tomake good any amount found to be due from him orany loss occasioned by him, and shall pay thebalance, if any, to the reciever.
Sub-Section TwoAffixing of Seals and Making of
Inventories
16. Principle
1) Where it is necessary to affix seals on the property
on which a restraint order is issued, the followingprovisions of this Sub-section shall apply.
2) Unless the court decides otherwise, no person may
remove or open the seal. Any interested person mayapply for the removal of the seal.
17. Application for Affixing of Seals1) An application for affixing of seals may be made to
the court by the prosecuter upon satisfying the courtby affidavit or otherwise that the property should be
preserved.2) An order for the affixing of seals may be made at
any stage of the proceedings by the court of its own
motion or on application.3) On making -an order for the affixing of seals, the
court shall appoint such person (hereinafter referredto as the "official sealer' ') as it thinks fit to carry outsuch order.
18. Record1) The official sealer after having affixed seals in
accordance with the order of the court, shall preparea dated and signed record showing:(a) the order of the court and the date thereof;(b) a list of the property to which seals have been
affixed and the place where such property is tobe found;
(c) a list of the articles to be sealed which cannot
be found; and(d) the name and address of the caretaker, if any,
in charge of the premises where the sealing hastaken place.
2) The official sealer sh;;.llhand over to the registrar of
the court all the keys of the locks he has sealed.19. No Seals to be Affixed on Certain Property
1) No seals shall be affixed to the following property:(a) perishable goods;(b) any property to which the affixing of seals
might cause deterioration;(c) any property required for the use of a party to
the suit specifically exempted from sealing bythe court.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 24 24thMay, 2001-Page 1502
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2) Details of property on which the court has ordered
not to affix a seal, in accordance with Sub-Article(1)(c) hereof, shall be submitted to the court by the
sealer.3) The court may order goods indicated in Sub-Ar-
ticle (1)(a) to be sold by auction and have it
deposited.
20.' Wills imd Other Documents
1) Where the official sealer finds Wills, sealed papers
or other documents, he shall make a list of suchpapers and shall place them in a sealed bundle and
forward such list to the court for instructions.2) The court shall make such order for the custody of
such documents as it thinks fit.
21. Removal of Seals
1) Where an application for the removal of seals is
made or where the court finds it necessary to
remove such seals, all interested parties shall be
informed of the day when the order will be made;
and if they appear, they may be heard.2) When an order for the remvoal of seals has been
made by the court, the official sealer shall remove
the seals and shall make a dated and signed report to
the court giving particulars of all property which he
has unsealed.
22. Making of Inventory
1) The court may, where it thinks necessary to prepare
an inventory of property, appoint a person
(hereinafter referred to as the "official recorder")
to carry out the inventory and submit record.2) The official recorder shall, in the presence of not
less than two ~ndependent witnesses, prepare an
inventory of the property specified in the order of
the court, containing:(a) a reference to the order of the court; and
(b) an accurate description of each article entered
in the inventory and the estimated value
thereof.3) Where the court so orders, the estimation of value
shall be made by an expert, appointed under Article
136 of the Civil Procedure Code, whose report,
dated and signed, shall be attached as an annex to
the official recorder's report.4) The report of the offical recorder, dated and signed,
shall be forwarded to the court and, after being
registered by the registrar of the court in a special
inventory register, shall form part of the record of
the case.
'IK- lin:~rr l.. .~A ~.7t+ .7u.nr4t1'C;Ii ..,.,11+Ii +, IUne ,.,....1
Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 24 24thMay, 200 I-Page 1503
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Section ThreeConfiscation Procedure
23. Application for C;onfiscationof Property
1) Confiscation of prqperty acquired by the commis-sion of corruption offence may be entertained bythe application of the prosecutor.
2) An application for confiscation of property may bemade after conviction.
24. Standard of Proof
The standard of proof required to determine anyquestion arising as to whether a person has benefitedfrom criminal conduct, or the amount to be recoveredshall be that applicable in civil proceedings.
25. Submission of Evidence to the Court
1) If an application for confiscation made in accor-dance with Article 23 is accepted, the prosecutorshall, within a period determined by the court,submit evidence which shows that the defendant orany other third party has benefited from thecriminal conduct and the assessment of the value ofsuch benefit.
2) If the court is not satisfied with the evidencesubmitted under Sub-Article (1) of this Article, itmay order. the prosecutor to provide additionalevidence.
26. Acceptance by the Defendant
Any evidence submitted to the Court in accordance withSub-Article (1) of Article 25 and which has beenaccepted, or which has not been denied by the defen-dant, may be taken by the Court as conclusive of thematters to which it relates.
27. Provision of Infonnation by the Defendant
If the court finds it necessary for determining the case, itcan order the defendant to give such information asrequired and specify the manner and the period in whichthe information is given.
28. Property or Benefit to be Recovered
1) The defendant shall retljrn the property aquired bythe commission of the crime and the benefit derivedfrom the property acquired by the commission ofthe crime.
2) The amount of benefit which the court orders thedefendant to return shall not exceed the benefit orthe amount that might be realized.
29. Postponement of Confiscation
1) Where the court considers that it requires additionalinformation to determine whether the defendanthas benefited from any criminal conduct or theamount to be recovered, it may postpone thedetermination for a period not exceeding sixmonths from the date of conviction.
2) A postponement may be made in accordance withSub-Article (1) of this Article on application by theprosecutor or by the court of its own motion.
'IX' fiit?if~ tofot./A ";1~'''' ;111."J <111'Cti~ "l'){1"" Ii +') Iunl: ,.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. 24 24thMay, 2oot-Page 1504
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Section FourPreparatoryHearing
30. Principle
A preparatory hearing shall be held by the court whichhears the case before the corruption case is submitted fortrial.
31. Purpose and Proceedings of Preparatory Hearing
1) The purposes of the preparatory hearing are the
following:(a) to identify issues which are likely to be
material to the case;(b) to assist the parties in comprehending the
issues;(c) to facilitate the proceedings;(d) to assist the court in the management of the
trial.2) In the proceeding of a preparatory hearing, the
court shall make ruling with respect to:(a) any question as to the admissibility of
evidence;(b) any question of law which is found necessary
to give ruling before the trial starts.
32. Obligation of the Prosecutor
The court may order the prosecutor:1) to give the court and the accused a written statement
of the matters falling under Article 33 of thisProclamation;
2) to prepare the prosecution evidence and any ex-
planatory material in such a form as appears to thecourt to be likely to assist the proceeding andsubmit same to the court and the accused;
3) to give to the court and the accused a written notice
of documents the truth of the contents of whichought in the prosecutor's view to be admitted and ofany other matters which in his view ought to beagreed;
4) to make any amendments of any written statement
given pursuant to Sub-Article (1) ofthis Article thatappear to be appropriate, having regard to objec-tions made by the accused.
33. Written Statement of the Prosecutor
The written statement to be submitted in accordance
with Sub-Article (1) of Article 32 shall contain the
following:1) the principal facts of the case for the prosecution;
2) the witness who will speak to those facts;
3) any exhibits and documentary evidence relevant to
those facts;4) any provision of the law on which the prosecutor
propose to rely;5) any matter falling within proceeding Sub-Articles
or that appear to the prosecutor to flow from same.
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34. Obligation of the Accused
Where the prosecutor has complied with the order of thecourt, the court may order the accused:1) to give the court and the prosecutor a written
statement setting out in general terms the nature ofhis defence and indicating the principal matters onwhich he takes issues with prosecution;
2) to give to the court and the prosecutor a writtennotice of any objections that he has to the casestatement;
3) to give the court and the prosecutor a written noticeof any point of law and the admissibility ofevidence which he relies on;
4) to give to the court and the prosecutor a writtennotice stating the extent to which he agrees with theprosecutor relating to documents and other mattersreferred to in Sub Article (3) of Article 32.
35. Appeal
No appeal shall lie against the decision made inaccordance with Article 31(2) of this Proclamation.
Section FiveRules of Evidence
36. Request for Information1) An investigator. or a prosecutor may apply to the
court to obtain or gain access to relevant material inorder to establish whether the suspect has benefitedfrom criminal conduct or to get information regar-ding the amount of benefit, or its whereabout.
2) If the court is satisfied, it may, without requiring the-appearance of the suspect or the person concerned,order the person who is in possession or whoappears to be in possession of the material, toproduce it to an investigator or prosecutor or giveaccess to same within the period determined by it.
37. Shifting of Burden of Proof1) With respect to offence of corruption, the burden of
proof may shift from the prosecutor to the defen-dant if the prosecutor can show that:(a) the service is a government or a public service;(b) there is a ground which indicates a gratification
has been sought, exacted a promise of, orreceived by the accused; and
(c) the person who has sought or exacted apromise of, or received gratification has aworking relationship with the corrupter;
2) Notwithstanding the provision of Sub-Article (1)of this Article, if the prosecutor can show that theservice is a government or a public service and thedefendant has lived, or has accumulated wealth,beyond his legal means of income, the burden ofproof may shift from the prosecutor to the accused.
3) The' defendant t:Ilay rebut the presumptionsprovided for in Sub-articles (1) and (2) of thisArticle.
4) The property specified in Sub-Article (2) of thisArticle shall be deemed to have been owned orpossessed by the accused irrespective of its transferto a third party.
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38. Effect of Silence in the Proceeding
1) Where a person who is accused of corruption andwhose:(a) guilt is not already established;(b) physical and mental condition 'has not ren-
dered him incapable of testifying;prefers to remain silent or unwilling to answerwithout good cause after the prosecution witness isheard, the court may take his silence as an admis-sion.
2) The silence or refusal of the accused pursuant toSub-Article (1) of this Article may be taken asgood cause if it is based on:(a) legal privilege; or(b) permission of the court.
39. Immunity from Prosecution1) Airy person who has been involved in corruption
offence and who, before the case is taken to thecourt, provide substantial information as to theoffence and the role of his partners, may be givenimmunity by the Commissioner of the FederalEthics and Anti-Corruption Commission or theHead of any simlar organ of the Region. He shall,however, be made to return the property obtainedby the commission of the offence and the proceedsthereof.
2) The testimony of the person who has been givenimmunity from prosecution shall have equal weightas the testimony of ordinary witness.
Hostile Witness1) The court may allow the party who called the
witness to cross examine a prosecution or defencewitness who, being unwilling to tell the truth, hasgiven a statement contradictory from his previousstatement.
2) The court shall, before allowing cross-ex-amination' ask the witness whether he has givencontradictory statement or not. If he admits, thecross examination shall be allowed.
3) If the witness denies making a contradictorystatement, the cou.rtshall give its ruling.
41. Document Produced by a Computer
A statement in adocument produced by a computershall be admissible as evidence of any fact stated if it isshown:1) that there are no reasonable grounds for believing
that the statement is inaccurate because of improperuse of the computer; and
2) that at all material times, the computer wasoperating properly, or if not, any part of thecomputer was not operating properly, or was out ofoperation, was not such as to affect the productionof the document or the accuracy of its contents.
42 Interception of Correspondence and Letters1) Where it is necessary for the investigation of
corruption offence, the court may order the inter-ception of correspondence by telephone, telecom-munications and electronic devices as well as bypostal letters. The decision of the court shall befinal.
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2) An order given in accordance with Sub-Article (I) of this
Article shall indicate the offence which gives rise to theinterception, and the duration of the interception, and, ifit is a telephone or telecommunication, the link to beintercepted. Unless the court decides otherwise, theduration of the interception may not exceed four months.
43. Recording1) The organ which implements the order for recor-
ding of correspondence shall draft an officialrecord of each interception and the time therecording operation takes.
2) The organ to which the order is given shall
transcribe and present to the court the correspon-dence which is useful for the discovery of the truth.If the correspondence is in a language differentfrom the language of the court, it shall be translatedinto the language of the court and submitted withthe original.
Section SixProtection of Whistle - Blowers
44. Objectives
The objectives of the protection are:1) to encourage the disclosure of corruption offences;2) to give appropriate consideration to the rights and
interests of the person against whom a disclosure ismade.
45. Making of Disclosure
I) A disclosure of corruption offence may be made
with or without the name of the person who makesthe disclosure.
2) If a disclosure is properly made to the appropriate
organ, the disclosure shall be deemed to have beenreceived by such organ.
46. Exemptionfrom Libility
Any person who has an obligation to maintain confiden-tiality under a law, oath or an agreement, the disclosureof such information to the appropriate organ shall not beconsidered as a violation of law, oath or agreement.
47. Organ Receiving Infonnation
1) The appropriate organ has an obligation to receiveany disclosure made by any person about corrup-tion offence.
2) The appropriate organ to which the disclosure is
made shall keep record about it.3) The appropriate organ shall, with respect to the
disclosure, have the responsibility:(a) to submit report to the organ to which it is
accountable;(b) to give the necessary information to the person
who made the disclosure.4) No information may be given in accordance with
Sub-Article (3)(b) of this Article, if the informationwould be likely to adversely affect any body'ssafety or the investigation of an offence.
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48. Particulars to be Entered in the Record
The appropriate organ shall, with respect to disclosurereceived by it, keep a record which includes thefollowing particulars:1) the name of the person making the disclosure, if
known;2) the information disclosed; and3) any action taken with respect to the disclosure.
49. Illegality of Reprisal
1) Any reprisal taken against a whistle-blower formaking or attempting to make a disclosure shall beillegal.
2) Every government office shall establish aprocedure to protect its employees from reprisal.
50. Suspension of Reprisal Measure
1) Where the person against whom a reprisal measurehas been taken is an employee, he may apply to thecourt or to any appropriate organ for an injunction.
2) The court or the organ which has received theapplication in accordance with Sub-Article (1) ofthis Article has ascertained the existence of areprisal measure, it shall give a ruling immediatelyto suspend such measure.
Section SevenMiscellaneous Provisions
51. Applicable Laws
The Criminal Procedure Code, the Civil ProcedureCode, the Penal Code, and any other relevant laws shallbe applicable in so far as they are consistent with thisProclamation.
52. Penalty
1) A defendant or any person against whom a restraintorder is issued and refuses to comply with suchrestraint order shall be punished with imprisonmentnot exceeding 2 years and with a fine not exceedingBirr 10,000 for contempt of court.
2) Unless a higher penalty is provided for in the Penallaw; a person who intentionally remove; or opens aseal or occasions a loss to the property violating theprovisions of Article 15(1) and 16(2) of thisProclamation shall be punished with imprison,mentnot exceeding 3 years and a fine not exceeding20,000 Birr.
53. Effective Date
This proclamation shall come into force as of the24thday of May, 2001.
Done at Addis Ababa this 24thday of May, 2001.
NAGASO GIDADA (DR.)PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
ilCV')'i" /'11\9" "'1+"7.1 ~c;f:"" :t'+OD
BERHANENA SELAM PRINTING ENTERPRISp
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