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First Estate: clergy›higher clergy (wealthy families, luxury)
› lower clergy (middle/lower classes)
Second Estate: nobility›highest offices in gvt. & army
›very well off, but often jealous of King
Third Estate: peasants, workers, mid. class›Carried tax burden; hardest working
›middle class: bourgeoisie (next slide)
Middle class of Third Estate›merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers
Money & Educations, but w/o noble bloodlines
Philosophes greatly influenced them›Challenged nobility & clergy as natural leaders (Enlightenment)
Sick of paying all of the taxes
Pushed Revolution forward
Louis XVI calls meeting Estates-General
Delegates Third Estate insist on equal vote in Estates-General
Louis XVI refuses & closes doors
Third Estate: meets on palace tennis court insisted France adopt Constitution›called themselves National Assembly
›Tennis Court Oath
Louis XVI ordered other 2 Estates join›also calls in 18,000 troops to Paris
LOUIS XVI
Parisians › food shortages, unemployment, high prices
›worried about 18,000 soldiers
›worried about National Assembly
Charged the prison› over 100 Parisians killed› warden & mayor killed (heads paraded)
July 14, 1789 Bastille Day› most important holiday in France
Major Reforms› feudalism abolished›Catholic Church: no longer collect taxes
›all positions in Church, Army, & Govt open to all citizens regardless of birth
›Declaration of Rights of Man
›Constitution of 1791›adult males granted suffrage (vote)
DECLARATION OF THE
RIGHTS OF MAN
Slogan of French Revolution
JACOBINS (THE MOUNTAIN)› RADICAL REVOLUTIONARIES› ROBESPIERRE & DANTON› FIRED UP SANS-CULOTTES
GIRONDISTS› REPS FROM OUTSIDE OF PARIS
Women march to Versailles›Demand bread
Men soon follow Louis, Antoinette, & family forced to Paris
Louis XVI & family attempt to flee
Divisions grow between Bourgeoisie
France declares war on Austria› Austria warns citizens not to harm royals
› King & Marie Antoinette killed
nearly all of Europe joins in War effort
Jacobins take over war effort
Conscription: People’s Army formed› 1 million strong
Brissot=Girondin leader Assembly
Danton=Jacobin leader of club
Robespierre=Jacobin lawyer
Marat=Jacobin writer
Guillotine
GUILLOTINE
Robespierre: leader of Jacobins›creates program to silence critics Committee of Public Safety
›1793-1794: 29,000 killed by the big G…
› many thrown in jail w/o trial; many die
› guillotine = symbol of Revolution
› Robespierre arrested & chopped
› moderates (Girondists) take over once again
INCREDIBLE people’s movement
Promoted individual rights & liberties
Abolished feudalism & slavery
Introduced new style of warfare
› Citizen’s army (conscription = the draft)
› TOTAL WAR: whole nation unites in war men & women all ages, everyone has role
Spirit of nationalism (pride)
Economic & social problems continue Led campaigns in Austria & Egypt
› soldiers found Rosetta Stone (hieroglyphics)
Coup Successful: placed a popular general in charge (Napoleon)
Napoleon attempted to replace Directory› Unsuccessful: so he drove it out w/ force
I wonder if I can take this horse off some sweet
jumps?
Napoleon needs approval of bourgeoisie › his policies reflected this
Promoted trade, created new jobs, lowered prices on food, stablized money
Recognized land taken during Revolution› peasants & workers keep stolen land
Allowed 2nd Estate comeback w/o punishment (emigres)
Napoleon signs treaties with Sp. & Port.
Soon wars break out (balance of power)›Austria, Prussia, & Russia›Napoleon woops ‘em (making France #1)
Napoleon controls nearly all of Europe
Then Trafalgar: next slide
ARC DE TRIOMPHE
Britain blockaded French ports› Britain seized French ships
Napoleon attacks & loses ½ his ships
British lose 0 British: Horatio Nelson Napoleon gives up on
plans to invade Britain. Tries something else
Napoleon sets up Continental System›Defeat England= no English imports into Europe
›didn’t work
› People smuggled & traded w/ colonies
› Portugal doesn’t use Continental SystemNapoleon conquers Portugal & Spain; puts brother in charge
Based on Declaration of Rights of Man›NO feudalism & class privilege
›Freedom of all religions›Protect property rights
› Individual liberties & natural rights
› Each state given constitution & Parliament
› Free public education for all Napoleon spreads
Enlightenment ideals all over Europe
Russia traded w/ Britain ›violated Continental System
Napoleon organizes Grand Army›614,000 soldiers
Russians slowly retreated; burned everything
Napoleon to Moscow (nothing left)
Harsh winter, disease, starvation, & desertion forced Napoleon to retreat
Less than 40,000 soldiers survived campaign
As Napoleon retreats, united front of nations declare war on France
“Battle of Nations” ›Napoleon abdicated, sent to Elba
›Louis XVIII placed in power
Quadruple Alliance Prussia, Russia, Austria, &
Great Britain› prevent France from conquering Europe
Napoleon escapes from Elba
ELBA
Napoleon lands French coast w/ 1000 men
Louis XVIII sends troops to capture him
Napoleon arrives in Paris w/ overwhelming acceptance
Quadruple Alliance prepares itself for war
Napoleon’s troops crushed at Waterloo
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena; dies there
EMPORER NAPOLEON
Positives:› Established education as priority
› Compromised with Church› Promoted ideals of Revolution
› Enlightenment ideals spread across EuropeNatural rights
Negatives:› ignored many individual freedomsNo: free elections, free press, heavy war taxes, took title of emperor, the draft
Idea (Goals)
Struggle (Challenges Government)
Revolt (Work toward Goals)
Mass Upheaval (Restructure)
Oppression
This process is uncontrollable There must be a someone to assume
role of "Liberator-Hero“ Key Enlightenment ideals
› Popular sovereignty, individual freedom, political and legal equality, and the social contract
Mercantile (trade) policies of Great Britain
Dependence status of colonies symbolized by “no taxation without representation”
Enlightenment ideas
Noncompliance of British laws Retaliation by the British Protests: boycotts, violence, letters, and
declarations to the British Crown Cycle of rising protests and reprisals Declaration of Independence, 1776 Alliances with Britain’s enemies Peace Treaty, 1783
Establishment of the United States of America in 1776
Recognition by other nations and finally the British
Loss of territory and revenues by the British
Long Term effects of rule by absolute monarchy
Policies of Louis XVI National debt and financial collapse Privileges assigned to the nobility;
abuses
Privileges assigned to the Roman Catholic Church; abuses
Rise of the bourgeoisie; rivalry for power with nobles and Church
Conditions of peasants; series of poor harvests
Conditions of urban workers, sans culottes
Enlightenment ideas; philosophes
Four Stages Aristocrats challenge king Bourgeoisie challenge voting process in
Estates-General Popular revolution, the people in the
cities, Paris, especially; support the bourgeoisie
Peasants in the countryside; support the revolution in Paris
French Republic: National ConventionDirectory
Unsolved Problems:› Continuing war with Great Britain, Austria› Corrupt politicians› Bread riots› Anger over policies related to the Church› Growing royalist support
National Assembly Formal abolition of feudalism Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen Revocation of privileges of the Roman
Catholic Church; reorganization of the Church under the state
Set up limited monarchy
National Convention Abolished the monarchy and the aristocracy Extended voting rights to more but not all
male citizens
Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror (Jacobin Club)
Directory 5-man council, absolute powerNapoleon asked to assume power