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Fertile Crescent (p. 33)Mesopotamia (p. 33)City-state (p. 34)Polytheism (p. 34)Dynasty (p. 35)Cuneiform (p. 35) Indo-Europeans (p. 40)
Warm Up: Key Terms
Chapter 2.1The Ancient Near East
Understand how the first known civilization in Mesopotamia influenced later civilizations in the region
Explain how Indo-European invaders both shaped the cultures of the Fertile Crescent and adapted to the civilizations they encountered there
Objectives: Day 3, 1/25/11
Watch the following video clip about the rise of civilizations in Mesopotamia and copy the questions to answer during the video:
Video: From Nomads to Farmers
◦ 1. What does the word “Mesopotamia” mean?◦ 2. What two rivers was it located between?◦ 3. How did Mesopotamian’s control the river water?◦ 4. How did people become slaves in Mesopotamia?◦ 5. What group has the highest/most important job
in Mesopotamian society?
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia and Sumer
The Cradle of Civilization
The Fertile Crescent ◦ a band of fertile land that
forms an oasis in the midst of deserts and mountains between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf
Mesopotamia◦ Area between Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers◦ Means “between the
rivers”
Geography Promotes Civilization
Sumer Developed the first
civilization Large cities appeared by
3000 B.C.◦ Eventually formed city-states
A political unit with its own government
Religion shaped life in city-states◦ Sumerians practiced
polytheism The worship of many gods
Sumerians developed the world’s first known writing system◦ Known as cuneiform◦ Produced using sharp tools
called stylusses to make wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets
◦ Used to keep business accounts and other records
◦ Paid scribes to create written documents
Sumerian Writing
Tribe called Amorites settled in Babylon on the Euphrates River near modern day Baghdad, Iraq
Hammurabi became king in 1792 B.C.◦ Most famous for his code of laws◦ Important because it was written
down for all to see No one could lie about it or make up
laws
Hammurabi’s Code
Fertile Crescent Empires
Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Phoenicians
As the Babylonian Empire declined, Indo-Europeans took over◦ Several tribes from the north that spoke related
languages The Hittites
◦ Warlike Indo-European tribe ◦ Settled in Asia Minor, present day Turkey◦ Used horse-drawn chariot
The Hittites
Originally from northern Mesopotamia, near the city of Assur along the upper Tigris River
Built a large empire that included all of Mesopotamia, some of Asia Minor, and Egypt
Relied on military strength Produced great cultural
achievements such as library at Nineveh
The Assyrians
Took over after Assyrian collapse
Made Babylon their capital
Nebuchadnezzar II became king◦ Rebuilt Babylon◦ Famous for building the
Hanging Gardens (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world)
The Chaldeans
Built a wealthy trading society
Founded trading colonies, including Carthage
Greatest achievement was their alphabet◦ Consisted of 22 letters◦ Later modified by the Greeks
to create their own alphabet on which our own is based
The Phoenicians