f nAl dZi

English 306A; Harris

/t/

[t][t˘][/][tH]

/f nAl dZi/√ √


Sets

/water/

[water][steam][ice]


Sets

/water/

[water][steam][ice]

Prototype


/t/

[t][t˘][/][tH]

/t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones


Phonemic - phonetic

[pH√k|]/p√k/


/t/[t]

[t˘][t|]

[tH]

Phone, phoneme, allophone

[/]

[R]=



Phone: a speech soundPhoneme: set of related speech soundsAllophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme)

[tH]/t/



PhoneA noise systematically exploited by

communities of language users to construct signifiers

A concrete thing, not an abstract thingLanguage independentWatch for the brackets

[tH]



PhonemeA mental entity, not an acoustic entityAn abstract notion, not a concrete notionLanguage dependentWatch for the slashes

/t/



PhonemeRepresented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceableA critical diagnostic: the minimal pair

pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil



AllophoneDoes not make sense except in terms

of some specific phonemeThere is no such thing as “an

allophone”, only “an allophone of some phoneme”

It is defined by its relationship to aphoneme

[tH]/t/


English


Allophone[tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an

allophone of /t/ (in English)”

[tH]/t/



AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of more

than one phoneme (in a given language).

[R]/t/ /d/

English


Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear

[R], [d], [D]

SpanishEnglish


Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear

[R], [d], [D]

* Phonemicdistinctions


Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear

* Allophonesof the samephoneme

[R], [d], [D]



English Spanishsoda [soR´] toro [toRo]

dough [do] donde [dAnde]

though [Do] todos [toDos]



English Spanisheasy hard easy hard[d] vs [D]

[d] vs [R]

[d] vs [R]

[d] vs [D]

[R] vs [D]

[D] vs [R]


English Spanish


/D/ [D]

[R] [d]/d/ [D] [d]/d/

[R] [r]/r/



AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of different

phonemes in different languages.

[R]

/t/, /d/ /r/

[D]

/D/ /d/English Spanish English Spanish



AllophoneA critical diagnostic: complementary distributionPhonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods

[pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|]


Phonological processes

Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds

Phonological rulesExpressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations

[pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl

X Y ⁄ W Z



Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds

[tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|][pHIl] [spIl]

[lIp|]

[kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|]



PhonesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]



PhonesVoiceless stops

PhonemesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/



Allophones

PhonemesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/

and phonesand voiceless stops



Phonological rules

X Y ⁄ W Z

Express allophonic regularities

Have the form:


[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English

+stop-voice

+syllabic+stress +aspirated /


[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]


+stop-voice -release ⁄ #


??? ???? ⁄ ??? ???

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]



Phonological Rules: classes of sounds

/ p / [ph] / V

/ t / [th] / V

/ k / [kh] / V

+stop-voice

+syllabic+stress +aspirated /



Some English rules

Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables

Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words

[+stop] [-released] ⁄ #

-voice+stop [+aspirated] / +syllabic

+stress


Vowel nasalization: English

[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)

Complementary distribution



What’s the rule?

[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)



What’s the rule?

[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)

[+syllabic]



What’s the rule?


[+nasal]



What’s the rule?


⁄ [+nasal]



What’s the rule?


[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]


Vowel length: English

[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)




What’s the rule?




What’s the rule?

[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]



[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]

[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.

English vowel allophones

˘ ˜


[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]

[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.

i.e., V, V:, V

/V/ [V:] / [+voice]

[V] / [+nasal]

[V] / elsewhere

˜


˜

˘ ˜


/V/ [V:] / [+voice][V] / [+nasal]

[V] / elsewhere

˜



[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]


Nasalization: Scots Gaelic

[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]

(wet)



[bQ‚˘n] (ban) [mu)] (about)[gA‚˘n] (gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud)

Nasalization

English Scots GaelicRegressive

Progressive


Nasalization: Scots Gaelic


What’s the rrrrrrrule?

[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]

(wet)


Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)

[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)



Minimal pairs




i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/




i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/

What’s the rule?




None!There is no allophonic

variation in the data.

What’s the rule?



Aspiration: Khmer

[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)


Aspiration: Khmer

Minimal pairs



Aspiration: Khmer

Minimal pairs

/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/



(Phones), Allophones, PhonemesMinimal pairsComplementary distributionPhonological processes/rules

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