(Ethylene)

C2H4 28 ..1900 Neljubow 50 Denny (degreen) Denny 2 Climacteric Non-climacteric fruits

(Synergism) (Antagonism)

-- (S-adenosylmethionine SAM) ATP 5- (5-methylthioadenosine MTA) MTA 5-(5-methylthioribose) 5- CH3-S- (homoserine) 5- Methionine ----------> SAM ----------> ACC ----------> Ethylene

SAM ACC - AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine 2-amino-4- aminoethoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid) AVG ACC AVG (Pyridoxal phosphate) SAM ACC (Pyridoxal enzyme) ACC synthase 55,000 ACC Synthase SAM (SAM-methylthioadenosine-lyase)

ACC (membrane-associated) ACC -(ACC hydroxylase) (Ethylene Forming Enzyme EFE) ACC -- (N-hydroxy ACC) (cyanocarboxylic acid)

climacteric pre-climacteric ACC 0.1 m mol/g ACC ACC 6 7 ACC EFE Ethylene forming enzyme EFE EFE (membrane-bound)

pre-climacteric pre-climacteric ACC ACC ACC pre-climacteric 12 ACC EFE ACC synthase

(Senescence) climacteric ACC ACC ACC ACC ACC EFE

1. ACC 8 2. 0-25 30 40 ACC

3. (Vinylglycine) (Hydroxylamine analogues) SAM ACC ACC Synthase SAM ACC ACC

3.1 (Vinylglycine analogues L-2-amino-4-alkoxyl-trans-3-butenoic acid) AVG ACC Synthase AVG -CHO Schiff base ACC Synthase AVG SAM ACC ACC AVG ACC Streptomyces sp. AVG

3.2 (Hydroxylamine analogues) (oximes) AOA ACC synthase AVG AVG AOA ACC ACC ACC

2 ACC (Co+2) (Ni+2) oxidative phosphorylation 2,4-(2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-DNP) (carbonylcyanide) EFE ACC

rhizobitoxine Rhizobium japonicum (metal chelators) EDTA DIECA KCN

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conversion constant

( ( l ()

. .)

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( Navel)

0.5 - 1

0.1 - 1.0

( McIntosh) 2.0 - 13

25.0 - 2,500

2.2

29.0 - 74.0

( Gros Michel)

1.9

0.05 - 2.1

1.8

0.11 - 0.17

3.4

0.3 - 1.96

3.8

0.04 - 3.0

( Elberta)

5.2

0.9 - 20.7

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conversion constant

( ( l ()

. .)

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( Bosc)

5.0 80

2.0 - 7.0

0.16 - 0.40

3.2 - 4.4

3.6 - 30

2.5

1.0 - 16

0.25 - 0.34 0.25 - 0.75

0.3

2.0

0.42

0.8

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()

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> 0.002

(Floral senescence)

0.01 - 0.1

(Epinasty)

0.1

> 0.1

10

Avena

300

Perilla

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receptor site receptor site in vivo in vitro Kinetic receptor site (Half-maximal) binding site

Yang, S.F. 1985.

--------- ACC Primary reaction----->------>-------->Responses

Complex

Exogenous

0.01 ml/l 0.1 ml/l (Half-maximal) 10 ml/l (Saturation doses) 2 1 2 autocatalytic

autocatalytic 2 1 2 Cherimoya

1. 1 ml/l receptor ki 15 ml/l

2. (Ag+) Ag+ complex Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ competitive inhibitor ligand receptor site Ag+ receptor site complex

3. Norbornadiene 2,5-norbornadiene Ki 170 ml/l norbornadiene competitive inhibitor norbornadiene receptor site ligand receptor site

3. isocoumarin ipomeamarone 1. 2.

4. 72 2 5. (Russet spot) (Polyphenol Oxidase) (Phenolic)

6. 0.5 (Sleepiness) 7. (epinasty) 8. 9.

1. 2. (Ethephon) 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid 2-chloroethyltris-(2-methoxyethoxy) silane Cl-CH2-CH2-PO3-H2 + 2OH-------------> Cl- + CH2=CH2 + H2PO4 + H2O Cl-CH2-CH2-Si(O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3)3 + 2H2O----------> Cl- + CH2 = CH2 + SiO2+30H-CH2- CH2-CH2-O-CH3 + H+

3. Ethylene generator -H2O CH3-CH2-OH ----------------> CH2 = CH2 4. climacteric

1. Brominated activated charcoal Scrubber activated charcoal dibromoethane activated charcoal Hydrobromic CH2 = CH2 + Br2-----------> B2-CH2-CH2-Br

2. Potassium per manganate scrubber H2O CH2 = CH2 + KMnO4---------------> CH2OH-CH2-OH + MnO2 3. Ultraviolet light scrubber Ultraviolet H2O CH2 = CH2 + O3---------------------> 2HCHO

1. (Species Cultivar) 3 . Friar, Grand Rosa Laroda . Eldorado, Red Peanut Santa Rosa . Late Santa Rosa

2. Climacteric 3. 0-25 30 4. 8

5. 6. climacteric rise 7.

8. Stress 9. (Growth Regulators) . . IAA IAA Aspartate IAA IAA

. (GA) GA GA . Abscisic acid (ABA) ABA ABA