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E-Government and Knowledge Management
MIS 580Noyan Ilk
Shaokun FanXiao (Erin) Yao
Agenda
References
Case Studies:- The MEDW Project- The InfoCitizen Project- KM System- ADVISE Program
Technology:- Gov 2.0- Ontologies
Overview:- E-Government- KM for E-Government- Some Issues with KM in E-Government
E-Government: An Overview
• The use of information technology to provide access to government information and delivery of public services to;
– Citizens: government-to-citizens (G2C)– Businesses: government-to-business (G2B)– Government: government-to-government (G2G)– Employees: government-to-employees (G2E)
E-Government: A Changing Service Model
Citizen Government Technology
E-Government: A Changing Service Model
Citizen Government Technology
Citizen GovernmentTechnology
Recreation One Stop
Timeline: US Government Goes Electronic [1]
1986 2002
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1986Brooks Act amended
reducing government costs through volume buying, including IT purchases
1996Information Technology Management Reform Act
establishing the CIO position to manage IT resources1998
WebGov Portalreplaced by FirstGov Portal
20022000
2001 2002
2000Federal Rehabilitation
Actrequiring all IT productsbe accessible to disabled 2000
FirstGov Portal
2001National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy No. 11
NSA approval
2001HIPPA
2002E-Government Act
Funding additional e-government initiatives and creating Office of Electronic GovernmentWhite House 2.0 & E-Gov Video
Benefits of E-Government
• Improved government accountability to citizens
• Greater public access to information
• More efficient/effective government services
• More convenience of governmental services
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
MostImportantBenefits*
Gov.Accountibility
PublicAccess
MoreEfficientGov.
Convenience
* Study by The Council for Excellence in Government, August 2000
Knowledge Management for E-Government• At the level of a government, knowledge management (KM) for
government can be defined as leveraging knowledge for improving internal processes, for formulation of sound government policies and programs and for efficient public service delivery for increased productivity [2].
• In 2002, print, film, magnetic, and optical storage media produced about 5 exabytes of new information (1 exabyte= 1018 bytes) [3].
• 92% of the new information was stored on magnetic media, mostly in hard disks. Film represents 7% of the total, paper 0.01%, and optical media 0.002%. Almost 800 MB of recorded information is produced per person each year [2].
• Governments, therefore, face information explosion and KM can help governments in coping with information explosion leading to better policy formulation, better program implementation and need-based skill formation for increased productivity.
The Need for Knowledge Integration in E-Government
Program Admin ComplianceServices to Citizens
Public Asset ManagementMarketable Asset ManagementDefense & Nat’l Security OpsDiplomacy & Foreign RelationsDisaster ManagementDomestic EconomyEducationEnergy ManagementInsurancePublic HealthRecreation & National ResourcesSocial ServicesR&D & Science
Regulated Activity ApprovalConsumer Safety
Environmental ManagementLaw Enforcement
LegalRevenue Collection
Trade (Import/Export)Transportation
Workforce Management
Support Delivery of Services
Internal Operations/Infrastructure
Legislative ManagementBusiness Management of InformationIT ManagementPlanning and Resource AllocationRegulatory Management
Controls and OversightPublic AffairsInternal Risk Management and MitigationFederal Financial Assistance
Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management
Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management
Inter-Agency Intra-Agency
Program Admin ComplianceServices to Citizens
Public Asset ManagementMarketable Asset ManagementDefense & Nat’l Security OpsDiplomacy & Foreign RelationsDisaster ManagementDomestic EconomyEducationEnergy ManagementInsurancePublic HealthRecreation & National ResourcesSocial ServicesR&D & Science
Regulated Activity ApprovalConsumer Safety
Environmental ManagementLaw Enforcement
LegalRevenue Collection
Trade (Import/Export)Transportation
Workforce Management
Support Delivery of Services
Internal Operations/InfrastructureInternal Operations/Infrastructure
Legislative ManagementBusiness Management of InformationIT ManagementPlanning and Resource AllocationRegulatory Management
Controls and OversightPublic AffairsInternal Risk Management and MitigationFederal Financial Assistance
Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management
Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management
Inter-Agency Intra-Agency
Document Library
File Shares
RecordDBs
GovernmentServices
KM for E-Government: Challenges / Controversies [1, 2]
• Disparate and out-dated information infrastructure and systems
• Lack of IT funding and personnel
• Security and privacy issues
• Organizational and cultural inertia
• Government laws and legal regulations
Technical Trends for E-Government
• Government 2.0: apply the technology of Web 2.0 to the practice of e government.
• Ontology: a formal explicit specification of a shared body of concepts
What is missing in E-Government 1.0?
The Boom of Web 2.0
Government 2.0 Technologies
• Government 2.0 [4] is to provide more effective processes for government service delivery to individuals and businesses. Integration of tools such as– wikis– government-specific social networking sites – blogs– RSS feeds – Google Maps
Advantages of Government 2.0
• Provides new drivers and incentives for change towards better e-government:– Simple and user-oriented– Interactive– Collaborative– Innovative
Technical Challenges for KM in E-Government
• Interoperability Challenge [5]– Environment is heterogeneous– Systems are widely distributed– The use of one fixed vocabulary is not possible
• Search Challenge– Resources are growing at exponential rates– Users want more than “exact keyword search”,
they are demanding both accuracy and completeness
The Ontology-based Solution
An Ontology Example
Why Build Ontologies?
• To share common understanding of information among people or software agents
• To enable reuse of domain knowledge• To analyze domain knowledge
• Some Issues / Controversies:– Who should build/maintain the ontology?
– What if ontology needs to be changed?
– Be aware of “Human Flesh Search”
Case Studies
The MEDW ProjectThe InfoCitizen Project
KM systemADVISE program
About & MotivationsMEDW [6]
Supported by the Beijing Statistics Bureau: 2006 - 2010Relating to the national and government agencies’ statistics and survey system, and other non-government investigationsProviding all kinds of information on various aspects of Beijing’s macro-economy and social development
InfoCitizen[7]
Piloted by eleven organization s within 5 different EU-countries : 2001, €3.3mPromoting pan-European interoperabilityTransparent public service provision to the European citizenReducing costs of administrative processes
KM System[8]
Designed for the Italian Department of Technology and Innovation: 2002Promoting the realization of e-government projects on a local basisHelping Local Authorities in the implementation phase and to guarantee integration between different projects carried out in different areas of the Country.
ADVISE[9, 10]
Developed by Department of Homeland Security: 2003 – 2007, $42mIdentifying actionable and credible knowledge for the prevention of, response to, and recovery from incidentsAllowing threat and vulnerability assessmentUncovering potential threats to effectively respond to an event
Approaches
MEDW Beijing, China Data Warehouse
InfoCitizen5 European countries
Distributed Knowledge Repository Infocitizen European ArchitectureInteroperable Agent
KM SystemItaly
2 Dimensions
The KM Map
ADVISEDHS, the United States
Enhanced Semantic Graph: An ontology-based semantic matching and filtering technique
Data Mining
DiscussionMEDW Beijing, China
Stress the cooperation between different departments and staff’s awareness of cooperation.Achieve standardization of service experience and chief process; Increase government office efficiency and the quality of services; support for decision making.
InfoCitizen5 European countries
No central database required: individual databases integration through interoperable agent.Help to make cross-border mobility easier; help to reduce the costs of PA processes.
KM SystemItaly
Emphasize communities and the actors: Knowledge grows with the actors’ actively participation.Maintain consistence among Local Authorities without restricting their freedom; support actors in keeping in contact, sharing resources, approaches, solutions and problems, re-using experiences and knowledge.
ADVISEDHS, the United States
The domain ontology and data mining: finding patterns and relationships within data that can possibly result in new knowledge.Mine and identify meaningful potential threats, and minimize false alerts, inferring threats coming from several independent seemingly benign activities
Trends and Controversies
• Cooperation is important: G2G – MEDW, Infocitizen, KM system – different departments, different regions, different countries
• Participation is still a challenge: G2G – Infocitizen, KM system
• Privacy is a big concern: G2C, G2G – Infocitizen, KM system, ADVISE[11]
• Centralization and Local Autonomy is also an issue: G2G – Infocitizen, KM system
References1. Chen, H., “Achieving Information Resources Empowerment: A Digital Library and
Knowledge Management Perspective”. MIS 580 AI Lab Presentation.2. Misra, D.C., 2007. “Ten guiding principles for knowledge management in e-
Government in developing countries.” In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Knowledge Management for Productivity and Competitiveness, January 11-12, 2007.
3. SIMS (School of Information Management and System), University of California (UC), Berkeley (2003): How much information? 2003 Executive Summary, October 27.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_2.05. Wimmer, M. A. 2006. Implementing a Knowledge Portal for e-Government
Based on Semantic Modeling: The e-Government Intelligent Portal (eip.at). In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii international Conference on System Sciences - Volume 04 (January 04 - 07, 2006). HICSS.
6. Xing, C., Yang, J., He, W., Zhang, Y., and Chen, C., “Research and Development of Key Technologies for E-government: Case Studies in China”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Digital Government - E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation, 2007, pp. 615-645.
References (Cont.)7. Adam, O., Werth, D., and Zangl, F., “Distributed Knowledge Repositories for Pan-
European Public Services”, Wimmer, M. (ed.), Knowledge Management in e-Government, 2003, pp. 1-12.
8. Morici ,R., Nunziata, E., and Sciarra, G., “A Knowledge Manage System for E-government Projects and Actors”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Knowledge Management in Electronic Government, 2003, pp. 304-309.
9. Adam, N., Janeja, V., Paliwal, A., Atluri, V., Chun, S., Cooper, J., Paczkowski, J., Bornhovd, C., and Schaper, J., “Semantics-based threat structure mining for homeland security”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Digital Government - E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation, 2007, pp. 308-327.
10. SourceWatch entry on ADVISE: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ADVISE
11. DHS Privacy Office Review of the Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight and Semantic Enhancement (ADVISE) Program, Privacy Office, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2007: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_rpt_advise.pdf
Project Consortium• Scientific Partners
Saarland University – Institute of Information Systems (IWi) GermanyUniversity of MinhoPortugalCenter for Research and Technology Hellas/ GreeceInformatics and Telematics Institute (CERTH/ITI)
• Industrial PartnersEngineering ItalyIbermaticaSpainALTE C Greece
• User PartnersMunicipality of Colleferro ItalyMunicipality of Tres CantosSpainPrefecture of Thessaloniki GreeceMunicipality of Schmelz Germany
• Dissemination PartnerUNTCGreece
Integration
Integration of geographically distributed locations
European level
National level
Regional level
Local level
Inte
grati
on o
f aut
horit
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strib
uted
or
gani
satio
ns
Infocitizen European Architecture
KM system – Approach
Content management issues: the creation of a knowledge map
Dimensions
Community building issues: definition of actors and their roles in the KM system
The Knowledge Map
• Codification, searching and Management of all document, resources and information about e-government
All Internet Users
Actors
Local Governments
Regional Competence Centers and Staff
• Supporting and activating communities of users involved in e-government projects.