편집순서 1. 표지

(뒷면) (앞면)

과제번호

↑ 과제번호5cm ↓

최종보고서(초안)또는

최종보고서(완결본)

연

구

개

발

과

제

명

중 분 야 명(18포인트 HY중고딕체)

영 문 명

연구개발과제명(17포인트 HY중고딕체)

영 문 명(15포인트 HY중고딕체)

주관연구기관명(17포인트 HY신명조체)

↑9cm ↓

주 의(편집순서7)

(15포인트 HY신명조체)

↑6cm↓

환경부

↑3cm↓

환 경 부(17포인트 HY신명조체)

↑4cm↓

최종보고서(완결본) 061-061-031

정수장 효율향상 ․ 고도처리기술Improvement of drinking-water treatment plant

and advanced water treatment technology

저에너지형 소규모 광전기소독 정수시스템 개발Development of small-type energy-efficient

photo-electrochemical water treatment system

한국과학기술연구원

환 경 부

061-

061-

031

저에너지형

소규모

광전기소독

정수시스템

개발

환

경

부

25

정수장 효율향상 ․ 고도처리기술Improvement of drinking-water treatment plant

and advanced water treatment technology

저에너지형 소규모 광전기소독 정수시스템 개발Development of small-type energy-efficient

photo-electrochemical water treatment system

한국과학기술연구원

환 경 부

- 1 -

제 출 문

환경부장관 귀하

본 보고서를 “저에너지형 소규모 광전기소독 정수시스템 개발 에 관한 연구”

과제 (위탁과제 “전기분해를 이용한 환원-소독 공정 효율 평가 에 관한 연구”)

의 최종보고서로 제출합니다.

2009 년 12 월 29 일

주관연구기관명 : 한국과학기술연구원(KIST)

연구책임자 : 이 석 헌

연 구 원 : 안 규 홍

〃 : 조 진 우

〃 : 김 두 일

〃 : 손 진 식

〃 : 정 성 필

〃 : 서 선 근

〃 : 김 희 선

〃 : 박 전 연

〃 : 박 용 해

〃 : 임 환 규

〃 : 윤 성 환

〃 : 최 수 훈

〃 : 최 관 호

〃 : 장 선 미

〃 : 장 희 규

〃 : 조 주 미

〃 : 에 레 와 리

(세부)위탁연구기관명 : 국민대학교 (세부)위탁연구책임자 : 손 진 식

- 2 -

사업명 차세대 핵심환경기술개발사업 기술분류 실용

연구과제명 저에너지형 소규모 광전기 소독 정수시스템 개발

최종성과품 저에너지형 소규모 광전기 소독 정수시스템

수행기관

(주관기관)

기관

(기업)명한국과학기술연구원 설립일 1965.05.18

주소 서울특별시 성북구 하월곡동 39-1번지

대표자

(기관장)한 홍 토마스 연락처 02-958-6860

홈페이지 http://www.kist.re.kr 팩스 02-958-6854

연구과제

개요

주관연구책임자 이 석 헌 소속부서환경기술

연구단

전화

E-mail02-958-5829

seocklee@kist.re.kr

실무담당자 정 성 필전화

E-mail

02-958-6444

spjeong@kist.re.kr

참여기업 (주)성우, (주)에코셋

총사업비

(천원)

정부출연금민간부담금

합계현금 현물

790,000 26,700 237,300 1,054,000

총연구기간 2006.04.01 ~ 2009.09.30 ( 3년 6월)

연구개발

결과

최종목표

주관연구기관에서는 유지관리가 용이하고 효율이 극대화된 저에너지형

비접촉식 다파장 UV 소독장치를 개발하고, 막오염이 적으며 화학 세정

에 강한 세라믹 막을 이용하여 pilot 규모의 분리막 시스템을 제작한다.

또한, UV 소독 장치 및 분리막 일체형 시스템의 안정적인 운전을 위하

여 유입수의 수질 및 유량 변화에 따라 자동 운전 및 제어되는 통합시

스템을 개발한다. 위탁연구기관에서는 담수전해장치의 유지관리성 및

전극내구성을 향상시키기 위한 공정설계를 목표로 한다.

개발내용 및

결과

1.고효율 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독 장치

비접촉 형태로서 스케일 형성을 최소화하고, UV 램프 파손에 따른 수은

의 2차 오염 유발의 방지 등 유지관리가 용이하고, 안전성이 우수한 특

징을 가지고 있다. 또한 비접촉형태를 활용한 진공의 이용과 다파장 UV

램프를 적용하여 UV파장의 증가에 따른 소독효율을 향상시켜 소독, 유

기물질제거, Nitrate환원을 동시에 수행하는 것이 가능하다.

2. 세라믹 막여과 시스템

국내산 무기질의 세라믹막을 이용한 막여과 시스템을 정수처리에 적용

보고서 초록

- 3 -

하여 성능을 평가하였으며, 급격한 수질변화에도 처리수 탁도 0.04

NTU이하 안정적으로 처리가능하였으며, 화학적, 물리적으로 유기막에

비하여 강하여 유지관리가 쉽다.

3. 실규모 일체형 간이정수처리시스템 구축 및 검증

50m3/d 규모의 pilot plant 설치하여 In-line mixer, 세라믹 막여과,

UV소독장치를 연계 처리하는 소규모 간이정수시스템을 구축, 평가하였

으며, 수질에 따라 각각의 단위 공정들의 처리 순서를 유기적으로 변화

하여 에너지 소비를 최소화 하였다. 또한 UV소독장치 및 세라믹 막여과

장치를 자동제어하여 시스템의 자동운전 및 원격제어가 가능하다.

개발기술의

특징․장점

저압UV소독과 달리 DNA, 효소, 세포벽 등을 손상시켜 소독력을 향상

시킬 수 있는 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치를 국산화하였으며, 진공

casing내부에 장치를 구성하고 획기적인 접촉기술을 개발하여 UV조사

효율을 99%이상유지하고, 실제 미생물을 99.99% 이상 안정적으로 살

균할 수 있다. 세라믹 막여과는 급변하는 수질에도 안정적인 수질(탁도

- 4 -

비SCI논문 1건

1. 전기분해에 의한 잔류염소 생성 예측 모델 개발 / 상하수도학회지

기 타 자문회의 15회, 공개세미나 3회, 학술회의 3건

사업화

성과

매출액개발후 현재까지 억원

향후 3년간 매출 억원

시장

규모

현재의 시장규모 국내 : 1,590 억원

세계 : 33,540 억원

향후(3년) 예상되는 시장규모 국내 : 2,070 억원

세계 : 62,620 억원

시장

점유율

개발후 현재까지 국내 : %

세계 : %

향후 3년 국내 : %

세계 : %

세계시장

경쟁력

순위

현재 제품 세계시장 경쟁력 순위 위 ( %)

3년 후 제품 세계시장 경쟁력 순위 위 ( %)

- 5 -

요 약 문

I. 제 목

저에너지형 소규모 광전기 소독 정수시스템 개발

II. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성

소규모의 정수시설의 경우 시설규모와 수원 및 수질특성 그리고 유지 관리성 등의 이

유로 대부분 단순여과와 염소소독을 하는 것이 가장 일반화된 공정으로 인식되어 왔다. 그

러나 최근 양질의 취수원 확보곤란, 비전문가에 의한 시설관리, 기술적 낙후, 시설개량을 위

한 예산지원 부족 등의 이유로 수질기준초과 사례가 빈번하고 도시로 공급되는 먹는 물에

비해 수질이 악화될 우려가 높아 수요자로부터 수돗물의 안전성에 대한 불신은 증가하고

있다. 시설의 노후 및 운영관리 미흡과 같은 문제는 결국 수돗물 생산에 큰 지장과 수질저

하를 초래할 수 있으며, 생산수인 먹는 물의 수질관리 측면에서 악재로 작용하게 된다. 세

부적으로는 일반세균, 대장균군, 질산성질소 등 분원성 오염원과 관련된 항목과 잔류염소의

기준초과 비율이 대부분을 차지하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 주원인은 바로 부실하게 운영되

고 있는 소독공정으로 나타났다. 이와 관련하여 환경관리공단에서 최근에 발표한 마을상수

도 및 소규모급수시설 개량계획에 따르면 먹는물 수질기준 준수를 위해서 막여과설비 등의

설치가 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 소독설비가 설치되지 않은 지역이나 시설이 노후된

지역의 소독설비 개선사업이 시급한 것으로 보고하고 있다.

III. 연구개발의 내용 및 범위

본 연구의 연구내용은 크게 3가지 분야로 나눌 수 있다. 저압 UV소독과 달리 DNA,

효소, 세포벽 등을 손상시켜 소독력을 향상시킬 수 있는 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치를 개

발하는 것과 급변하는 수질변화에도 안정적인 수질을 만족하며 유지 및 관리가 용이한 국

산 세라믹 막여과 장치를 구성하고 확인하는 것, 마지막으로 담수전해장치의 적용을 위한

유지관리성, 전극내구성을 향상시키기 위한 공정설계를 목표로 한다. UV장치는 진공

casing내부에 장치를 구성하고 획기적인 접촉기술을 개발하여 유지관리를 용이하게 하는

한편 UV조사 효율을 99%이상 유지하고, 실제 미생물을 99.99% 이상 안정적으로 살균할

수 있어야 한다. 막오염이 적으며 화학 세정에 강한 세라믹 막을 이용하여 pilot 규모의 분

리막 시스템을 제작한다. 최종적으로는 UV 소독 장치 및 분리막 일체형 시스템의 안정적인

운전을 위하여 유입수의 수질 및 유량 변화에 따라 자동 운전 및 제어되는 통합시스템을

개발하는 것이다.

- 6 -

IV. 연구개발결과

1. 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독 장치 개발

일반적으로 사용되는 접촉식 UV소독장치와는 차별되는 고효율 비접촉형 UV소독장치

를 개발 및 최적화하였다. 이 고효율 비접촉형 UV소독장치는 비접촉 형태로서 스케일 형성

을 최소화하고, UV 램프 파손에 따른 수은의 2차 오염 유발의 방지 등 유지관리가 용이하

고, 안전성이 우수한 특징을 가지고 있다. 또한 다파장 UV램프를 적용하여 UV파장의 증가

에 따른 소독효율을 향상시켜 소독, Nitrate환원을 동시에 수행하는 것이 가능하다. 실제

E-coli와 bacillus substilus spores 미생물을 이용하여 성능을 평가하였으며, 4-log 이상

의 제거효율을 나타냈다. 또한 진공을 적용하여 UV조사 강도 밒 효율을 향상시켰으며, 다

양한 파장의 자외선을 방출하는 다파장 중압 UV램프의 광량을 정량하기 위한 물리적, 화학

적 방법을 적용하여 성능을 파악하였다.

2. 세라믹 막여과 평가 및 공정 최적화

기존 정수처리 시설의 막여과 조합공정에서는 유기막이 가장 보편적으로 사용되어지

나, 유기막은 막오염시 약품사용이 불가피하여, 수명이 짧고 최종처분시 2차 환경오염을 유

발하는 단점을 지니고 있다. 이에 국내산 세라믹 무기막을 정수처리 조합 공정에 적용하여

평가하였으며, 운전을 최적화하였다. 세라믹막의 내구성 및 유지관리성이 우수하여 탁도 및

입자성 오염물질들을 안정적으로 배재하여 탁도 0.04 NTU 이하로 처리 가능하였다. 운전

방법 및 역세정 주기, 역세정 방법 등의 운전조건별 성능을 평가하고 최적화하였다.

3. 담수전해장치

현재 마을상수도시설에서 고체 또는 액체 형태의 염소소독제를 주입하는 방식은 정량

주입이 어렵고 유지관리가 되지 않아 소독공정의 신뢰도를 확보할 수 없기 때문에 전기분

해방식의 염소발생장치를 적용하는 방안이 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 본 연구과제에서는 최

적의 소독효율 검정과 산화능의 조건 등을 알아내기 위한 기초연구를 수행하였으며 실험실

규모의 소형 전기소독장치를 제작 완료하여 각종 전해질 조건에서 실험하였다. 전기 공급

장치는 36 Volt 전압에서 펄스형식의 전원공급이 가능한 시스템을 구성하였으며, 손쉽게

조건에 따라 설치, 해체가 가능한 티타늄-백금전극을 이용하였다. 본 연구과제에서 사용되

는 전극은 내구성이 우수하고 요구전력량이 적을 뿐만 아니라 부반응의 선택적 억제로 인

해 전극표면의 세척빈도를 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 그리고 별도의 촉매나 약품주입 없이

차아염소산이온을 생성시키고 그 잔류되는 농도를 조절함으로써 먹는 물의 안정성을 극대

화시킬 수 있다. 또한, 전기분해과정에서 질산성질소를 환원시킴으로써 국내 마을단위의 농

촌지역의 급수수질에 문제가 되고 있는 질산성질소 역시 UV조사와 담수전기분해공정을 조

합함으로써 효과적으로 무해화할 수 있다.

- 7 -

4. 실규모 일체형 간이정수처리 시스템 구축 및 검증

개별 단위공정들의 연구개발과 연계하여 In-line mixer, 세라믹 막여과, UV소독장치

를 조합한 소규모 간이정수처리시스템 구축하고, 50 m3/d 규모의 pilot plant을 설치하여

검증하였다. 각 단계별 최적 운전 조건들을 도출하고, 처리수들의 수질을 분석하여 간이정

수시스템으로서의 처리효율, 경제성, 유지관리 용이성 등을 평가하였다. 또한 모든 공정들을

자동화 운전이 가능하도록 프로그램하여 최소의 인력으로도 운전이 가능할 수 있었으며, 인

터넷을 기반으로 한 무인, 원격제어가 가능하였다.

V. 연구개발결과의 활용계획

본 연구개발을 통하여 확보된 비접촉식 다파장 UV소독장치 및 세라믹 막여과 시스템

을 기존의 소규모 정수시설을 대상으로 통합공정이나 상황에 맞춘 각각의 개별 장치들을

선택적으로 도입시키는 사업을 추진할 수 있을 것으로 예상되며, 정수산업분야의 수출유망

환경기술로서 상품화하여 연 성장율이 15~20%에 이르는 중국, 동남아 등 개발도상국을 주

요 수출 대상국으로 수출이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

- 8 -

SUMMARY

I. Title

Development of small-type energy-efficient photo-electrochemical water

treatment system

II. Research Purpose and Necessity

The conventional treatment process of the water purification system consists

of filtration with sand filter or membrane and disinfection with chlorine, according

to the facility scale, the origin of water and the characteristics of water quality

and management. However, the distrust of water consumers about the public tap

water safety is getting increased because of the poor quality of drinking water

supplying into the city and the poor service caused by the secure problem water

supply, the facility management by layman, the technical trouble and the lack of

budget for facility improvement. The problem such as decrepit facility and

insufficiency of professionalism operating and managing the facility could cause an

unfavorable factor like declining water quality in case of drinking water quality

management. In detail, bacteria (etc. coliform bacillus), nitrate and the excess

ratio of residual chlorine against the standard were the parameters related with

fecal waste result in the main reason for the unsatisfied managed disinfection

process. Environmental Management Corporation reported that it is the urgent

situation to improve disinfection facility in un-installed or un-sufficient regions.

According to the announcement by Environmental Management Corporation about

new improvement plans for the water supply system in small town to satisfy

drinking water standard, a membrane process combined by UV disinfection were

proposed in this research.

III. Research Areas

In this research, the purpose can be divided in three part; (1)improvement of

multi-wavelength UV disinfection device which can increase disinfection by

breaking DNA, enzyme and cell wall comparing the low pressure UV disinfection,

- 9 -

(2)improvement and confirmation of ceramic membrane filteration device made by

korea which can make satisfaction for stable water quality and easy to maintain

and management even though water fluctuation is happened, and (3)design process

to improve maintenance and management, electrode durability which can be applied

to electrolysis device. It is necessary not only to comprise some device inside of

vacuum casing and develop remarkable contact technology for UV facility but also

to make more than 99% of UV efficiency and disinfect more than 99.99% of

present bacteria. Separation membrane system in pilot scale will be made using

ceramic membrane which has less fouling and durability of chemical washing.

Ultimately, multi-system will be developed that can be operated and controled

automatically according to water quality and fluctuation of water quantity in order

to operate stable UV disinfection facility and separation membrane mono-system.

IV. Results of Research

1. Development of non-contact multi-wavelength UV system

High-efficient and non-contact multi-wavelength UV disinfection facility

was developed and optimized which is distinguished from connected UV

disinfection facility in general use. This high-efficient and non-contact UV

disinfection facility has several advantages. It is very safe and it can minimize

scale formation, easy to maintenance and management such as prevent the

provocation of second pollution. Also both disinfection and reduction of nitrate can

be performed at the same time by improvement efficiency of disinfection from

increase of UV wavelength applying multi-wavelength UV lamp. Reality, we

evaluated the performance using E-coli and bacillus substilus spores, more than

4-log removal rate were measured. Also, we improved strength and efficiency of

UV applying vacuum and estimated the performance using physical and chemical

method in order to quantify the amount of light from multi-wavelength and

midium-pressure UV lamp which can releases various ultraviolet rays.

2. Evaluate the performance of ceramic membrane and to optimise its process

Although the organic membrane is used generally for membrane filteration

compounded process in the present water treatment system, organic membrane is

inevitable to use chemical reagents for fouling and it has short life time. Also, it

- 10 -

can make second pollution when it is disposed. So, we evaluated the application of

ceramic inorganic membrane made by Korea to the composition of water treatment

system. The durability and maintenance & management were very good that

caused remarkable results treating under the 0.04 NTU of turbidity with stable

removal of pollution particle. Various operation condition were evaluated and

optimized such as the operation method, the period of reverse washing, and

method of reverse washing.

3. Electrolysis

Choline production facility with electrolysis is representing as an alternative

method because the system using solid or liquid choline disinfection reagents is

difficult to inject exact amount of reagents and to maintain and manage the

process in the village water supply facility. In this project, the basic research was

performed to find the optimum disinfection efficiency and oxidizability condition,

and was experimented under all sorts of electrolyte condition with the miniature

electric disinfecting equipment on a laboratory scale. Electric supply divice

composes the systems, which can supply power in a pulse type on 36 volt, and

titanium-platinum electrode which installation and disassembly are easily possible

was used. The electrode, which is used in this project, is durable, and demand

low electricity, as well as has the advantage of decreasing the number of washing

surface of electrode by the selective suppression of side reactions. And stability

of drinking water can be maximized by producing hypochlorous acid with no

injection of extra catalyst or chemicals and by controlling the residual

concentration. Nitrate nitrogen, which is a problem in water quality of rural region

of domestic village unit by reduction nitrate nitrogen in electrolysis, also can be

harmless by combination of UV research and electrolysis of fresh water.

4. Construction and verification of simplified water treatment system

By constructing the small scale simplified water treatment system which is

made up In-line mixer, ceramic membrane filtration and UV disinfection device

and setting up the pilot plant of 50 , which is linked with study development

of individual unit processes is verified. The treatment efficiency, economical

efficiency, and easiness of maintenance of simplified water treatment system is

- 11 -

evaluated by analyzing the quality of treated water and deriving the best operating

condition of each steps. Also, it is possible a remote control which is based on

internet and operation with a minimum staff by programming all processes which

are possible to control automatically.

V. Applications of Current Research

We can promote a business that introducing a noncontact multi-wavelength

UV disinfecting equipment and a ceramic membrane filtration system which are

secured by this research to integrated process or individual devices which set in

specific situations selectively for existing small-scale filtration facilities.

Moreover, those can be commercialized as a promising environmental technology

for exportation in the water purification industry and we can expect export them

to underdeveloped countries that those annual growth rate is 15~20%, such as

china, Southeast Asia and so on, as main target countries for exportation.

- 12 -

목 차

제 1 장 서론································································································································· 23

제 1 절 연구개발의 중요성 및 필요성 ························································································ 23

1. 소규모 정수시설의 문제점 ···································································································· 23

2. 소규모 정수처리를 위한 핵심요구기술 ··············································································· 25

가. 기존의 기술적 접근 ············································································································ 26

나. UV소독공정의 영향인자 ···································································································· 29

제 2 절 연구개발의 국내외 현황 ································································································· 32

1. 세계적 수준 ····························································································································· 32

2. 국내수준 ·································································································································· 35

3. 국내․외의 연구현황 ················································································································ 37 제 3 절 연구 개발 대상 기술의 차별성 ······················································································ 38

제 2 장 연구개발의 목표 및 내용··················································································· 45

제 1 절 연구의 최종목표 ·············································································································· 45

제 2 절 연도별 연구개발의 목표 및 평가방법 ·········································································· 45

1. 연도별 연구개발 목표 및 개발 내용 ····················································································· 45

2. 연도별 평가 착안점 및 기준 ·································································································· 46

제 3 절 연도별 추진체계 ·············································································································· 47

1. 연구개발의 추진전략 ··············································································································· 47

가. 연구수행 및 추진을 위한 관리방안 ··················································································· 47

나. 개발기술의 실용화/사업화를 위한 참여기업의 관리방안 ················································ 47

다. 연차별 추진체계 ··················································································································· 49

제 3 장 연구개발 결과 및 활용계획·············································································· 52

제 1 절 연구개발 결과 및 토의 ··································································································· 52

1. 고효율 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치의 개발 ····································································· 52

가. 이론적 접근방법 ··················································································································· 52

나. 고효율 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치의 설계 ·································································· 56

다. 장치의 구조적 평가사항 ······································································································ 58

라. 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독 장치별 공정 개요 ···································································· 60

마. 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치 개선 및 운전 최적화 ······················································· 62

- 13 -

(1) 비접촉 다파장 UV 특성 조사 ························································································· 62

(2) 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치의 열전달 해석 ······························································· 63

(3) 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독 장치 운전 최적화 ································································· 73

2. 세라믹 막여과 장치 ················································································································· 88

가. 이론적 접근방법 ··················································································································· 88

나. 분리막여과 공정 설계 ·········································································································· 89

(1) 침지식 분리막여과 시스템 구성 및 운전 가능성 실험 ················································ 89

(2) 가압식 분리막여과 시스템 구성 및 운전 가능성 실험 ················································ 91

3. 고효율 담수전해장치 ··············································································································· 93

가. 이론적 접근방법 ··················································································································· 93

나. 고효율 담수전해장치 실험결과 ··························································································· 95

(1) 전기소독장치 실험 ············································································································· 95

(2) 전기산화장치 전후의 자연유기물질 성상 변화분석 ······················································ 96

(3) 전기산화장치 발생 초미량 소독부산물 측정기술 개발 ················································ 97

다. 담수전해소독장치의 개발 (1차년도) ················································································· 98

라. 담수전해소독장치의 개발 (2차년도) ·············································································· 101

마. 담수전해소독장치의 개발 (3차년도) ·············································································· 106

4. 파일럿 플랜트 ························································································································ 117

가. 공정설계 ······························································································································ 117

나. 파일럿플랜트 운전 최적화 ································································································ 120

나. 파일럿플랜트 장기운전 ······································································································ 120

제 2 절 연도별 연구개발목표의 달성도 ··················································································· 122

제 3 절 연도별 연구성과 (논문․특허 등) ················································································· 123 제 4 절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도 ······················································································· 125

제 5 절 연구개발 결과의 활용계획 ··························································································· 127

감사의 글 ··········································································································································· 129

제 4 장 참고문헌····················································································································· 130

부 록················································································································································ 133

- 14 -

표 목 차

전국 마을상수도 설치현황 ······················································································ 23

마을상수도 수질검사결과 기준 초과율 추이 ························································ 24

취수원별 소규모 정수시설 현황 ············································································ 24

UV 램프 특성 ··········································································································· 28

유럽과 미국 정수장에서 MF막을 적용하고 있는 사례 ······································ 34

세라믹 분리막의 장단점 ·························································································· 42

Current microbial items regulated by advanced states ···························· 55

Microbial items mainly managed by foreign countries ····························· 55

진공영역 별 진공도 범위 ························································································ 57

Nutrient Agar 배지 조성 ···················································································· 59

Vortex Tube의 Spec. ························································································ 70

압력에 따른 컴프레셔와 vortex tube의 유량 및 온도 ··································· 74

Pressure, particles and the mean free path ··············································· 82

미생물에 따른 Bioassay 결과 ··············································································· 83

진공도에 따른 Bioassay 결과 ··············································································· 83

UV actinometer 실험을 통한 진공 조건에 따른 UV 강도 ························· 87

세라믹 분리막의 장단점 ····················································································· 88

소독부산물 정량 범위 ························································································· 97

THM(GC/ECD)분석조건 ················································································· 100

HAA(GC/ECD)분석조건 ·················································································· 100

소독부산물(THMs, HAAs) 생성 비교를 위한 실험 조건 ························· 116

Static in-line mixer 방식의 순간혼화장치의 설계인자 ···························· 118

- 15 -

그 림 목 차

소규모 정수시설에 적합한 소독제의 선택기준 ·················································· 31

질산성질소 환원효율 향상을 위한 전극개발과 모의실험 ································ 34

접촉방식의 UV소독공정에서 석영관에 생성되는 스케일과 스케일방지를

위해 현재 사용 중인 비접촉방식의 UV소독개념도 ·········································· 39

비접촉방식의 UV소독장치개발 개념도 ······························································ 40

담수전기분해공법을 이용한 다양한 질산성질소제거와 염소소독 원리 ········ 43

태양광의 파장별 분포 ······························································································ 53

UV 램프 출력 분포 및 DNA UV 흡수 ······························································ 54

UV 챔버 설계도면 ·································································································· 56

고효율 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독장치 전체 설계도면 ······································ 57

기존 중압램프의 출력파장 분포 ············································································ 58

E. coli 실험방법 모식도 ························································································· 59

고효율 비접촉형 다파장 UV소독 장치 ································································ 60

진공-대기 상태 강도 비교 ····················································································· 62

다파장 UV램프(hanovia) ······················································································· 63

LP-다파장 MP 램프의 대기중 방출 파장 비교 ············································ 63

UV램프 제원 ··········································································································· 64

Vortex tube의 작동 원리 ··················································································· 68

진공 펌프 작동에 따른 챔버 내부 진공 압력 변화 ······································· 74

T냉각 방법 ·············································································································· 75

T냉각 결과 ·············································································································· 75

냉각방식의 최적 조건 결과 ················································································· 75

냉각 유량에 따른 UV강도 변화 ········································································· 76

냉각 유량에 따른 온도변화 ················································································· 76

UV 접촉시간에 따른 ferrous 농도 ··································································· 77

챔버 내부온도에 따른 ferrous 농도 ································································· 78

챔버 vacuum에 따른 ferrous농도 ···································································· 78

챔버 내부온도에 따른 UV강도 변화 ································································· 79

챔버 내부의 진공 유/무에 따른 UV강도 변화 ················································ 79

E- coli 소독 실험 결과 ······················································································ 80

bacteria, viruses, protozoa의 비활성 UV 조사량 (저압 UV램프) ········ 81

고진공 장치가 적용된 UV 소독장치 ································································· 82

- 16 -

Bioassay 기법 ········································································································ 83

UV collimating device apparatus ································································· 84

UV radiometer로 측정한 거리별 UV 강도 결과 ·········································· 84

UV spectrometer를 이용하여 측정한 진공도에 따른 UV 소독장치의 UV 강도···· 85

Steady state를 모사하기 위한 UV 광량 실험 방법 변화 ·························· 86

진공 조건에 따른 포름알데히드 생성 및 과산화수소 감소 곡선 ··············· 87

분리막 공정 개요 ··································································································· 89

Lab-scale 세라믹 분리막 시스템 ····································································· 90

Lab-scale의 세라믹 분리막에서의 역세정에 따른 플럭스 변화 ··············· 91

Lab-scale 세라믹 막여과 장치 구성도 (역세정 : 물+공기) ···················· 91

역세정(물+공기)에 따른 세라믹 막여과 회복 ················································ 92

역세정(물)에 따른 세라믹 막여과 회복 ··························································· 92

세라믹 막여과 처리수의 탁도 ············································································· 93

제작된 전기소독장치 ····························································································· 95

전기산화장치에 의한 염소 발생량 (30분 반응) ············································ 95

전기산화장치에 의한 시간별 염소 발생량

(초순수+NaCl 250 mg/L) ················································································ 96

염수 적용 전기산화장치에 의한 시간별 염소 발생량 ··································· 96

저농도 음이온 소독부산물 측정 크로마토그램 (Bromate) ························· 97

저농도 음이온 소독부산물 측정 크로마토그램 (Perchlorate) ··················· 98

저농도 음이온 소독부산물 측정 크로마토그램 (Chlorate) ························· 98

NOx 분석 장치 (HACH DR4000) ··································································· 99

소독부산물 측정장치 (SHIMADZU GC-2010) ········································· 101

제작된 전기소독장치 ··························································································· 101

시간별 염소 생성량 ····························································································· 102

NaCl 주입량에 따른 염소생성량 ······································································ 102

전극개수에 따른 염소생성량 ············································································· 103

전압에 따른 염소 생성량 ··················································································· 103

pH에 따른 염소 생성량 ······················································································ 104

NO2 제거 (전극개수별) ····················································································· 104

NO3 제거 (전극개수별) ····················································································· 105

시간별 THMs 생성량 ························································································· 105

시간별 HAAs 생성량 ························································································· 106

사용한 전원장치 및 전극 ··················································································· 106

시간별 염소 생성량 ····························································································· 107

- 17 -

Chloride 이온농도에 따른 염소생성량 ··························································· 107

전극개수에 따른 염소생성량 ············································································· 108

pH에 따른 염소 생성량 ······················································································ 109

전압에 따른 염소 생성량 ··················································································· 109

모델식에 의한 염소생성량 비교 (실측값, 예측값) ······································ 110

수계에 따른 잔류염소 발생량 ··········································································· 111

전압에 따른 잔류염소 발생량 (한강) ····························································· 111

원수의 염소 생성량 비교 (실측값, 예측값) ·················································· 112

DOC를 고려한 염소생성량 비교 (실측값, 예측값) ····································· 112

반응시간에 따른 nitrate 제거율 ······································································ 113

전압 세기에 따른 nitrate 제거율 ···································································· 113

Nitrate 농도에 따른 nitrate 제거율 ······························································· 114

pH에 따른 nitrate 제거율 ················································································· 114

수계에 따른 Nitrate 제거율 ············································································· 115

한강과 낙동강 원수에 대한 잔류염소 거동 ··················································· 115

THM 결과 ············································································································· 116

HAA 결과 ·············································································································· 116

파일럿플랜트 구성도 ··························································································· 117

파일럿플랜트 내,외부 전경 ················································································ 117

파일럿 플랜트의 MMI 화면구성 ······································································ 119

생산된 세라믹 분리막의 SEM 사진과 Mercury Porosimeter 분석 결과 ····· 119

정유량 방식의 세라믹막여과 운전 ··································································· 120

세라믹 막여과 유입원수 조건 ··········································································· 121

세라믹 막여과 운전 결과 ··················································································· 121

- 18 -

Contents of Table

Establishment state of village tap water in Korea ···································· 23

Change of standard excess rate that result of village tap

water quality inspection ·················································································· 24

State of small-scale water purifier facility that classified

by water supplies ······························································································ 24

Characteristics of UV lamp ················································································ 28

The example of using MF membrane in Europe and USA ····················· 34

Advantage and disadvantage of ceramic membrane ·································· 42

Current microbial items regulated by advanced states ···························· 55

Microbial items mainly managed by foreign countries ····························· 55

Vacuum range by vacuum sphere ··································································· 57

Consists of nutrient agar medium ··································································· 59

Specification of vortex tube ·············································································· 70

Flow rate and temperature of compressor and vortex tube

at different pressure ···························································································· 74

Pressure, particles and the mean free path ··············································· 82

Bioassay result by microorganism ·································································· 83

Bioassay result by vacuum ················································································ 83

UV intensity at different vaccum condition using UV actinometer ···· 87

Advantage and disadvantage of ceramic membrane ································ 88

Quantity range of disinfection residuum ····················································· 97

THM(GC/ECD) analyze condition ································································ 100

HAA(GC/ECD) analyze condition ································································ 100

Experimental requirement that compare production of disinfection

residuum (THMs, HAAs) ··········································································· 116

Design factor of instant mixture equipment in static in-line

mixer form ······································································································ 118

- 19 -

Contents of Figure

Standard of disinfector selection that fitted small-scale

water purifier facility ························································································· 31

Electrode development and mock experiment for improvement of

reductive efficiency of nitric acid nitrogen ················································· 34

Scale that producted at quartz tube in UV disinfection process by

contact method and UV disinfection process using now for

prevention of scale by non-contact method ·············································· 39

Process of development of UV disinfection equipment

by non-contact method ····················································································· 40

Principle of chlorination and removal of nitric acid nitrogen using

contained water electric decompose method ·············································· 43

Distribution of sunrays by wavelength ························································· 53

Distribution that output of UV lamp and DNA UV absorption ·············· 54

Design drawing of UV chamber ······································································ 56

Whole design drawing of high efficiency and non-contact

multi wavelength UV disinfection equipment ·············································· 57

Distribution of output wavelength existing heavy pressured lamp ······ 58

Design drawing of experimental method using E.coli ······························ 59

High efficiency and non-contact multi wavelength UV

disinfection equipment ························································································ 60

Compare of strength of vacuum with air condition ·································· 62

Multi wavelength UV lamp (hanovia) ···························································· 63

Comparison LP-multi wavelength with MP lamp wavelength

that emitted in air ··························································································· 63

Specification of UV lamp ················································································ 64

Running principle of vortex tube ································································· 68

Change of vacuum pressure in chamber causing operation

of vacuum pump ································································································· 74

Method of T-cooling ······················································································· 75

Result of T-cooling ························································································· 75

Result of cooling method under optimum condition ····························· 75

Change of UV strength causing cooling flux ············································ 76

- 20 -

Change of temperature causing cooling flux ············································ 76

Density of ferrous causing contact time of UV ······································ 77

Density of ferrous causing temperature of inside of chamber ·········· 78

Density of ferrous causing vacuum of chamber ····································· 78

Change of UV strength causing temperature of inside of chamber ··· 79

Change of UV strength causing existence and non-existence

of vacuum inside of chamber ········································································ 79

Reult of experiment of E.coli disinfection ··············································· 80

Inert irradiation volume of bacteria, viruses and protozoa

(low pressure UV lamp) ················································································· 81

UV disinfection equipment with high pressured device ························ 82

Method of bioassay ·························································································· 83

UV collimating device apparatus ·································································· 84

Result of UV strength by distance measured by UV radio meter ··· 84

UV strength of UV disinfection causing vacuum degree

using UV spectrometer ·················································································· 85

Change of UV experiment that measure rays volume method

for plotting steady state ·················································································· 86

Graph that show formation of formaldehyde and decrease of

hydrogen peroxide causing vacuum condition ·········································· 87

Outline of separate membrane ······································································ 89

Separated ceramic membrane in Lab-scale ············································· 90

Change of flux causing backwashing at Separated ceramic

membrane in Lab-scale ·················································································· 91

Composition diagram of ceramic membrane filtration equipment

in Lab-scale (backwashing : water+air) ·················································· 91

Recovery of ceramic membrane filtration causing backwashing

(water+air) ·········································································································· 92

Recovery of ceramic membrane filtration causing backwashing ········ 92

Turbidity of processed water by ceramic membrane filtration ········· 93

Electric disinfector ·························································································· 95

Amount of chlorine treatment using electric oxidation apparatus

(reaction in 30 minute) ··················································································· 95

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by time using electric

oxidation apparatus (deionized water+NaCl 250 mg/L) ······················· 96

- 21 -

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by time using electric

oxidation apparatus applied to salt water ·················································· 96

Chromatogram measuring by-product of low density anion

disinfection (Bromate) ··················································································· 97

Chromatogram measuring by-product of low density anion

disinfection (Perchlorate) ··············································································· 98

Chromatogram measuring by-product of low density anion

disinfection (Chlorate) ····················································································· 98

Analysis instrument for NOx (HACH DR4000) ······································ 99

Measuring instrument for by-product of disinfection

(SHIMADZU GC-2010) ················································································ 101

Electric disinfector ························································································· 101

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by time ································· 102

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by injection rate of NaCl ·· 102

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by the number of electrode ··· 103

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by voltage ···························· 103

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by pH ···································· 104

Removal of NO2(classified by the number of electrode) ··················· 104

Removal of NO3(classified by the number of electrode) ··················· 105

Amount of THMs treatment classified by time ···································· 105

Amount of HAAs treatment classified by time ····································· 106

Power source and electrode ······································································· 106

Amount of chlorine treatment classified by time ································· 107

Amount of chlorine treatment causing chloride ionic density ·········· 107

Amount of chlorine treatment causing the number of electrode ···· 108

Amount of chlorine treatment causing pH ·············································· 109

Amount of chlorine treatment causing voltage ······································ 109

Comparison that amount of chlorine treatment causing model

formula(survey value, estimate value) ····················································· 110

Amount of residual chlorine treatment causing water height ·········· 111

Amount of residual chlorine treatment causing voltage(HAN river) ····· 111

Comparison that amount of chlorine treatment of source water

(survey value, estimate value) ································································· 112

Comparison that amount of chlorine treatment considered DOC

(survey value, estimate value) ································································· 112

- 22 -

Removal rate of nitrate causing reaction time ······································ 113

Removal rate of nitrate causing voltage ················································· 113

Removal rate of nitrate causing nitrate density ··································· 114

Removal rate of nitrate causing pH ·························································· 114

Removal rate of nitrate causing water height ······································· 115

Movement of residual chlorine for Han river source and

Nakdong river source ·················································································· 115

Result of THM ································································································· 116

Result of HAA ································································································· 116

Composition diagram of pilot plant ···························································· 117

View diagram of inside and outside pilot plant ···································· 117

MMI screen of pilot plant ············································································ 119

SEM photograph of separated membrane and result of

Mercury Porosimeter analysis ································································ 119

Operation of ceramic membrane filtration by stable flow method ···· 120

Condition of water that flow in ceramic membrane filtration ········· 121

Result of operating ceramic membrane filtration ································· 121

- 23 -

제 1 장 서론

제 1 절 연구개발의 중요성 및 필요성

1. 소규모 정수시설의 문제점

응집, 플록형성, 침전, 급속여과 및 소독 등으로 이루어지는 급속여과시스템은 탁질, 콜

로이드성분의 제거를 목적으로 약 100여 년간 정수처리시스템으로 활용되어 왔다. 대도시

나 광역상수도의 경우에는 이와 같은 급속여과 정수처리시스템을 통하여 먹는 물을 공급받

고 있지만 대부분의 농어촌 지역에서는 열악한 마을상수도와 소규모 급수시설에 의존하고

있다.

소규모의 정수시설의 경우 시설규모와 수원 및 수질특성 그리고 유지 관리성 등의 이

유로 대부분 단순여과와 염소소독을 하는 것이 가장 일반화된 공정으로 인식되어 왔다. 그

러나 최근 양질의 취수원 확보곤란, 비전문가에 의한 시설관리, 기술적 낙후, 시설개량을 위

한 예산지원 부족 등의 이유로 수질기준초과 사례가 빈번하고 도시로 공급되는 먹는 물에

비해 수질이 악화될 우려가 높아 수요자로부터 수돗물의 안전성에 대한 불신은 증가하고

있다.

환경관리공단과 환경부자료에 따르면 2004년 말 전체 인구의 3.8%인 187만 명이 총

10,824개소의 소규모 정수시설에서 생산된 수돗물을 음용수로 이용하고 있는 것으로 보고

되었으며, 이중 약 60%에 해당하는 6,561개소가 80년대 이전에 설치되어 시설이 노후화

된 상태이다(간이상수도 기술지원백서, 환경부․환경관리공단, 2004). 더욱이 소규모 정수시설의 설치 및 운영관리 책임이 시장 또는 군수 등에게 있지만, 시설수가 많아 관계기관에서

직접 관리가 곤란하여 전문성이 없는 마을대표가 관리하는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 극히 일부

지자체만이 민간이 운영하는 전문기관에 운영관리를 위탁하고 있는 실정이다.

전국 마을상수도 설치현황(2005년 4월 마을상수도사업설명회, 환경부․환경관리공단)계 1970년대 이전 1970년대 1980년대 1990년대 2000년대

10,824 개소 129 개소 4,501 개소 1,931 개소 3,204 개소 1,059 개소

시설의 노후 및 운영관리 미흡과 같은 문제는 결국 수돗물 생산에 큰 지장과 수질저하

를 초래할 수 있으며, 생산수인 먹는 물의 수질관리 측면에서 악재로 작용하게 된다. 실제

로 2003년 민관합동 수질검사결과 기준 초과율은 1998년부터 2001년까지 감소하다가 시

설경년과 시설수가 증가하는 것에 비해 유지관리인원의 숫자와 이들의 전문성 부재로 인해

서 이후 2003년에는 6.7%로 다시 증가하는 추세를 나타내어, 기존 중대형 정수장의 기준

초과율인 1.2%에 비해 아직도 매우 높은 실정이다. 세부적으로는 일반세균, 대장균군, 질산

성질소 등 분원성 오염원과 관련된 항목과 잔류염소의 기준초과 비율이 대부분을 차지하는

- 24 -

것으로 조사되었으며, 주원인은 바로 부실하게 운영되고 있는 소독공정으로 나타났다. 이와

관련하여 환경관리공단에서 최근에 발표한 마을상수도 및 소규모급수시설 개량계획에 따르

면 먹는물 수질기준 준수를 위해서 막여과설비 등의 설치가 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 또

한 소독설비가 설치되지 않은 지역이나 시설이 노후된 지역의 소독설비 개선사업이 시급한

것으로 보고하고 있다.

마을상수도 수질검사결과 기준 초과율 추이(2005년 환경관리공단)

구분 1998년 1999년 2000년 2001년 2002년 2003년

초과율 15.3% 12.0% 4.5% 3.4% 4.9% 6.7%

수질기준을 만족시키지 못하는 이유로는 안정적인 수량 및 수질확보가 곤란한 문제점

을 들 수가 있다. 즉, 취수원의 80%가 지하수이지만 취수정의 심도가 낮아 단기간의 가뭄

에도 수원이 조기에 고갈될 가능성이 높고, 특히 농경지와 축사 그리고 주택인근에 위치하

여 수질 오염가능성이 매우 높은 실정이다. 따라서 일정한 수량과 수질이 보장되는 암반 지

하수의 안정적 확보가 곤란할 뿐만 아니라 이용하고 있는 지하관정의 상부보호공이 대부분

설치되어 있지 않거나 casing과 암반접착이 부실한 불량시공 등의 사유로 오염원에 취약할

수밖에 없다(수돗물 수질개선과 중소규모 상수도시설의 효율적 관리방안 연구, 환경관리공

단 2003). 그 외 계곡수나 하천수를 수원으로 하는 경우 역시 관리특성상 수원보소시설이

없어 축산폐수나 농경지 등의 주변 오염원에 상시 노출되어 있다. 약 20%에 해당하는 계곡

수를 이용하는 소규모 정수시설은 가뭄이나 갈수기 등 계절변화에 따라 취수량의 변화가

크고 취수시설 유입부에 오염물질 유입방지장치가 없어 부패물이 유입될 가능성이 있다.

취수원별 소규모 정수시설 현황(2005년 4월 마을상수도사업설명회, 환경부․환경관리공단)계 지하수 계곡수 용천수 기타

10,824 개소

100%

8,671 개소

80.1%

1,700 개소

15.7%

283 개소

2.6%

170 개소

1.6%

또한, 원수를 단순히 물탱크 등에 저장하고 특별히 정해진 절차 없이 자체 소독 후 마

을단위로 물을 공급하고 있는 경우 주민건강에 심각한 위해를 초래할 수 있다. 예를 들어

소독공정의 경우 자동염소투입기 등이 설치된 소규모 정수시설은 극히 일부에 불과하고 전

문성이 결여된 마을대표 등이 간헐적으로 소독약품을 물탱크에 투입하고 있기 때문에 기기

에 대한 조작미숙 및 이해부족 등의 요인으로 약품투입기의 수명을 단축시킬 소지가 높다.

행정자치부에서 관련기관의 협조를 받아 2005년에 실시한 소규모 정수시설 현장평가결과

- 25 -

를 지역별로 살펴보면 강화군의 경우 고체염소투입시설을 설치하여 운영하고 있으나 투입

설비의 막힘 현상과 이상 작동이 빈번하여 정상적인 가동율이 낮은 상태이고, 평택시의 경

우 수류에너지를 이용한 이른바 무동력형 액체약품투입기가 설치되어 있어 유지 관리성의

향상을 도모하였지만 주입율 조절과 CT 개념의 처리효율에 대한 신뢰도를 확보하지 못하

고 있는 실정이다(간이급수시설 기술자문평가보고서, 행정자치부 2005). 그 외에도 이용주

민의 인식부족으로 맛과 냄새 등을 이유로 염소소독제 사용을 기피하고 있으며, 일부 축산

농가의 경우 염소제 계통의 소독취에 대한 사육가축들의 거부감으로 인해 소독제 사용을

반대하고 있어 수인성 전염병에 상시 노출되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 마을단위로 운영되고

있는 시설자체가 매우 열악하고 대부분 노후화 되어 지금과 같은 운영조건으로는 현실적으

로 수질기준을 준수하기가 어렵고, 수질검사 항목 역시 14개에 불과하여 급수지역내 주민

건강을 심각하게 위협하고 있기 때문에 무엇보다도 현실적으로 소규모 정수시설의 운영형

태에 부합하는 소독공정의 체계적인 기술개발과 도입이 요구된다. 이와 같은 문제점을 해소

하기 위해서 환경부를 중심으로 급수취약지역에도 깨끗하고 안전한 수돗물 공급을 위해서

소규모 정수시설 관리체계 개선 및 평가계획을 수립하였으며, 이는 도시와 농촌간 수돗물

수급불균형 및 품질격차 해소, 소규모 정수시설에 대한 자치단체의 관심배가 유도 그리고

시설관리 전문화로 위탁관리제도 활성화 도모를 기본방향으로 제시하고 있다(마을상수도

관리체계의 혁신적 개선계획, 환경부 2005). 이를 위해 기술적인 뒷받침을 마련하기 위해

서 현대식 정수시스템 설치 등 혁신적 시설대체 계획을 중점적으로 추진하고 있다.

2. 소규모 정수처리를 위한 핵심요구기술

소규모 정수시설에 적합한 정수시스템 설치 및 혁신적 시설대체를 통해서 해결해야할

과제는, 무엇보다도 현재 소규모 정수시설의 운영을 용이하게 하고 처리수의 수질을 안정적

으로 확보하는 기술의 개발보급이다. 전술한 바와 같이, 자연환경 및 계절요인에 따른 수질

변동에 대한 대처 능력이 낮고 기술적 신뢰도가 확보되지 않은 소독공정이 계속 이용될 경

우 자칫 심각한 수질사고로 이어질 수 있기 때문이다.

미생물로부터 안전성을 확보하지 못하는 소독공정은 내성이 강한 병원성미생물에 의해

서 수요자를 감염시킬