Web viewJohn Locke and Francis Bacon. c. ... perception that psychological experiments merely document the ... shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is

Pratice Test Unit 1 and 2

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates?

a. The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations.

b. The mind is an illusion produced by the brain.

c. The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.

d. The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences.

e. The mind results from biological processes produced by neural transmissions.

____ 2. The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

a. Plato and Socrates.

b. John Locke and Francis Bacon.

c. Plato and René Descartes.

d. Socrates and Confucius.

e. Aristotle and Socrates.

____ 3. The first psychological laboratory was established by

a. William James.

b. John Watson.

c. Wilhelm Wundt.

d. Sigmund Freud.

e. Jean Piaget.

____ 4. In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following?

a. structuralism

b. empiricism

c. tabula rasa

d. introspection

e. functionalism

____ 5. The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of

a. structuralism.

b. psychiatry.

c. empiricism.

d. behaviorism.

e. functionalism.

____ 6. William James was a prominent American

a. psychoanalyst.

b. behaviorist.

c. functionalist.

d. structuralist.

e. gestaltist.

____ 7. In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________.

a. evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations

b. observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information

c. childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

d. introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation

e. the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion

____ 8. Behaviorists dismissed the value of

a. science.

b. introspection.

c. spaced practice.

d. neuroscience.

e. reinforcement.

____ 9. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

a. structuralism versus functionalism.

b. evolution versus natural selection.

c. observation versus introspection.

d. nature versus nurture.

e. humanism versus behaviorism.

____ 10. In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

a. soul; body

b. structuralism; functionalism

c. stability; change

d. introspection; observation

e. nurture; nature

____ 11. Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ approach.

a. biopsychosocial

b. psychodynamic

c. behavioral

d. cognitive

e. social-cultural

____ 12. Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

a. evolutionary

b. behavioral

c. psychodynamic

d. biological

e. humanistic

____ 13. Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.

a. biological

b. psychodynamic

c. behavioral

d. cognitive

e. psychoanalytic

____ 14. Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

a. behavioral

b. cognitive

c. biological

d. social-cultural

e. psychodynamic

____ 15. Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

a. humanistic

b. cognitive

c. biological

d. psychodynamic

e. behavioral

____ 16. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

a. evolutionary

b. cognitive

c. behavioral

d. social-cultural

e. humanistic

____ 17. Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

a. psychodynamic

b. social-cultural

c. evolutionary

d. behavioral

e. cognitive

____ 18. Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states?

a. cognitive

b. social-cultural

c. psychodynamic

d. behavioral

e. biological

____ 19. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.

a. behavioral

b. evolutionary

c. cognitive

d. psychodynamic

e. biological

____ 20. Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

a. humanistic

b. evolutionary

c. psychodynamic

d. biological

e. social-cultural

____ 21. Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?

a. social psychology

b. clinical psychology

c. biological psychology

d. industrial-organizational psychology

e. developmental psychology

____ 22. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

a. social

b. clinical

c. developmental

d. industrial-organizational

e. biological

____ 23. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

a. clinical psychologist.

b. industrial-organizational psychologist.

c. developmental psychologist.

d. psychiatrist.

e. biological psychologist.

____ 24. Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

a. human factors

b. developmental

c. educational

d. social

e. clinical

____ 25. Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. Mr. Christian is most likely

a. a cognitive psychologist.

b. conducting basic research.

c. using psychometrics.

d. engaged in applied research.

e. engaged in introspection.

____ 26. While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, her strategy best reflects

a. how knowledge transforms us.

b. the nature of psychology as a science.

c. how we construct our perceptions.

d. active processing of the material.

e. how psychology affects other disciplines.

____ 27. Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

a. random sampling.

b. overconfidence.

c. the hindsight bias.

d. illusory correlation.

e. the double-blind procedure.

____ 28. When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing

a. empiricism.

b. critical thinking.

c. hindsight bias.

d. overconfidence.

e. humility.

____ 29. Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates

a. overconfidence.

b. the hindsight bias.

c. the placebo effect.

d. negative correlation.

e. illusory correlation.

____ 30. Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates

a. the hindsight bias.

b. illusory correlation.

c. random assignment.

d. the empirical approach.

e. overconfidence.

____ 31. Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be affected by

a. hindsight bias.

b. overconfidence.

c. intuition.

d. illusory correlations.

e. empiricism.

____ 32. Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to

a. describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles.

b. predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results.

c. explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results.

d. personally engage in naturalistic observation.

e. survey students living on campus

____ 33. Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint?

a. intelligence, dedication, thoroughness

b. morality, detail-orientation, cynicism

c. achievement-oriented, intellectual, empirical

d. curiosity, skepticism, humility

e. atheism, humanism, cognition

____ 34. Critical thinkers can best be described as

a. questioning.

b. cynical.

c. overconfident.

d. pessimistic.

e. impatient.

____ 35. Examining correlational evidence to determine what further research would be needed to establish a causal relationship is an example of ________ thinking?

a. correlational

b. experimental

c. naturalistic

d. critical

e. hindsight

____ 36. What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events?

a. hypothesis

b. theory

c. critical thinking

d. operational definition

e. replication

____ 37. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

a. assumptions.

b. correlations.

c. predictions.

d. variables.

e. hypotheses.

____ 38. Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual?

a. survey

b. correlation

c. experiment

d. case study

e. scientific method

____ 39. In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used?

a. experimentation

b. correlation

c. case study

d. naturalistic observation

e. survey

____ 40. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

a. the survey

b. naturalistic observation

c. the case study

d. experimentation

e. random assignment

____ 41. To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

a. naturalistic observation

b. replication

c. the survey

d. the case study

e. experimentation

____ 42. Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

a. +0.60

b. +0.01

c. –0.10

d. –0.06

e. 0.00

____ 43. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

a. +0.10

b. –0.67

c. 0.00

d. –0.10

e. +0.59

____ 44. Which of the following scatterplots represents the strongest relationship?

(Drawings 1-4 taken from www.stat.auckland. ac. nz/~teachers/2003/regression/classnotesfilledin.doc)

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

____ 45. If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that

http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~teachers/2003/regression/classnotesfilledin.doc

a. intelligence is inherited.

b. more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents.

c. the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.

d. experiments based on this relationship would indicate causation.

e. intelligence of children and parents are negatively correlated.

____ 46. Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?

a. Correlations are statistical relationships, causations are logical relationships.

b. Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.

c. If one variable is strongly positively correlated with another variable, the relationship is causal.

d. if one variable is strongly negatively correlated with another variable, the relationship is not causal.

e. Both correlations and causations need to be proven with experimental data.

____ 47. Redelmeier and Tversky (1996) followed 18 patients with arthritis for 18 months. Patients were asked to record their pain and joint tenderness, while researchers documented changes in the weather. Nearly all patients believed that their condition was associated with weather changes, when the actual correlation was near zero. These participants need to be reminded that

a. the results may not be statistically significant.

b. we are likely to recall instances that confirm our beliefs.

c. the sample size may not have been representative of the population.

d. the results of correlational studies are typically highly questionable.

e. subtle changes in how questions are worded can have major effects on results.

____ 48. The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of

a. considering these facts as statistically significant.

b. randomly sampling biblical passages.

c. generalizing from extreme examples.

d. assuming that most people share your opinions.

e. perceiving order in coincidental events.

____ 49. Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use?

a. survey

b. case study

c. experimentation

d. correlational

e. naturalistic observation

____ 50. Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment?

a. because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study

b. because correlational studies allow you to observe behavior in nonartificial environments

c. because researchers using correlational studies may generalize to the population from an atypical case

d. because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition

e. because correlational studies permit researchers to estimate the reported behaviors of a whole population

____ 51. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between

a. facts and theories.

b. causes and effects.

c. case studies and surveys.

d. random samples and representative samples.

e. hypotheses and operational definitions.

____ 52. To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use

a. the case study.

b. correlational measurement.

c. naturalistic observation.

d. replication.

e. random assignment.

____ 53. Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of

a. naturalistic observation.

b. illusory correlation.

c. the double-blind procedure.

d. random sampling.

e. the overconfidence effect.

____ 54. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about

a. the experimental hypothesis being tested.

b. whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.

c. how the dependent variable is measured.

d. which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

e. what research method is being used.

____ 55. Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of

a. correlations.

b. random sampling.

c. replication.

d. independent variables.

e. hindsight bias.

____ 56. In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?

a. list of terms

b. memorization

c. time of day

d. number of terms remembered

e. students

____ 57. In an experiment, researchers manipulate one factor to see its effect on another factor, called the

a. confounding variable.

b. operational definition.

c. control group.

d. placebo effect.

e. dependent variable.

____ 58. The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the

a. mode.

b. mean.

c. normal distribution.

d. median.

e. standard deviation.

____ 59. Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is

a. 3.

b. 6.

c. 7.

d. 8.

e. 9.

____ 60. For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?

a. 16, 28, 4, 8, 24

b. 9, 6, 9, 12, 9

c. 8, 9, 12, 10, 16

d. 6, 18, 4, 5, 2

e. 3, 4, 3, 4, 2

____ 61. The range is

a. a total population from which samples may be drawn.

b. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

c. the most commonly used measure of variation.

d. the average deviation of scores from the mean.

e. the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores.

____ 62. Coach Vroman attended a clinic to improve his basketball coaching skills. Afterward, he randomly assigned his seventh-grade players to two groups: Group 1 will be coached by the new method and Group 2 will be coached by his old method. He then measured their performance at one team practice to judge the effectiveness of the new coaching method. Which of the following might affect the statistical significance of his study?

a. Approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRb. was not obtained before beginning his study.

b. To determine the effectiveness of the new method, Coach Vroman must first find the median score of each group.

c. By testing only two groups, Coach Vroman's sample size may be too small and unrepresentative.

d. Coach Vroman should wait until next year to test the incoming freshman because his sample was biased.

e. A third variable, such as height, might affect the relationship between the two variables.

____ 63. When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is

a. positively correlated.

b. highly variable.

c. reliable.

d. statistically significant.

e. experimentally empirical.

____ 64. What do researchers call a difference between the means of experimental and control groups when they know the averages are reliable and the difference between the groups is unlikely due to random chance or extraneous variables?

a. operationally defined

b. statistically significant

c. normal curve

d. standard deviation

e. experimental group

____ 65. In 1963, Stanley Milgram reported that 65% of research participants, at the request of the experimenter, would administer phony shocks that they considered real, to a stranger. He demonstrated how obedient humans can be to authority figures. Some critics contend that Milgram's findings cannot be used to predict behavior in real life. How might Milgram respond to this criticism?

a. “Laboratory research is like 'real life' so results can be used to predict such behavior.”

b. “It's impossible to study obedience in the 'real world' so laboratory research is the only option.”

c. “Laboratory research allows you to identify general principles that do generalize to other 'real world' contexts.”

d. “All valuable psychological research is conducted in the lab. ”

e. “The situation was not artificial, but justifiable in demonstrating the impact of the situation on human behavior.”

____ 66. Which of the following are considered to be limitations of psychological experiments conducted in laboratory environments?

a. Laboratory experiments allow researchers to have control over variables.

b. Experiments conducted in laboratories allow researchers to make causal inferences.

c. It's difficult to accurately measure the research variables.

d. Laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world.

e. Researchers tend to ignore ethical considerations in the pursuit of proving their hypotheses.

____ 67. Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.

a. negative correlations

b. common psychological processes

c. gender differences

d. unconscious preferences

e. genetic dissimilarities

____ 68. A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

a. informed consent

b. protection from harm

c. confidentiality

d. debriefing

e. coercion

____ 69. A researcher who publishes the results of a case study might be most worried about violating which ethical principle of human experimentation?

a. informed consent

b. protection from harm

c. confidentiality

d. debriefing

e. coercion

____ 70. Stanley Milgram designed his influential studies on obedience in response to thinking about the Holocaust. In their defense, Nazi war criminals said they had committed such atrocities against the Jews and others because they were “just following orders.” Milgram's motivation to study obedience to authority illustrates that

a. human behavior can be tested by means of experimentation.

b. psychology is based on common sense and intuition.

c. psychology is not value free; it affects what psychologists study.

d. psychologists must be aware of ethical concerns when using human participants in experiments.

e. the personal bias of researchers make their findings suspect.

Pratice Test Unit 1 and 2

Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

REF: Page 2 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 1

TOP: Psychology's roots MSC: Conceptual

2. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium


TOP: Psychology's roots MSC: Conceptual

3. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


TOP: Psychological science is born MSC: Factual | Definitional

4. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium


TOP: Psychological science is born MSC: Conceptual | Application

5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


TOP: Thinking about the mind's structure MSC: Factual | Definitional



TOP: Thinking about the mind's functions MSC: Factual | Definitional



TOP: Psychological science develops MSC: Conceptual | Application



TOP: Psychological science develops MSC: Factual | Definitional

9. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


TOP: Psychology's biggest question MSC: Factual | Definitional

10. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


TOP: Psychology's biggest question MSC: Conceptual

11. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium


TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis MSC: Conceptual | Application


REF: Page 10 | Page 11 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches

OBJ: 4 TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis (text and Table 1.1)

MSC: Conceptual




MSC: Conceptual | Application




MSC: Factual | Definitional




MSC: Conceptual









18. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy




19. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult




20. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium






TOP: Psychology's subfields MSC: Conceptual | Application






TOP: Psychology's subfields MSC: Factual | Definitional









TOP: Tips for studying psychology MSC: Factual | Definitional


REF: Page 20 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

OBJ: 1 TOP: Hindsight bias MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 1 TOP: Hindsight bias MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 1 TOP: Overconfidence MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 1 TOP: Overconfidence MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 1 TOP: Overconfidence MSC: Conceptual | Application

32. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 2 TOP: The scientific attitude MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 2 TOP: The scientific attitude MSC: Conceptual

34. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 2 TOP: Critical thinking MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 2 TOP: Critical thinking MSC: Conceptual | Application

36. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 3 TOP: The scientific method MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 3 TOP: The scientific method MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 4 TOP: The case study MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 4 TOP: The case study MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 4 TOP: The survey MSC: Conceptual | Application

41. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 4 TOP: Naturalistic observation MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 5 TOP: Correlation MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 5 TOP: Correlation MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 5 TOP: Correlation MSC: Conceptual | Application

45. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 5 TOP: Correlation and causation MSC: Conceptual | Application

46. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 5 TOP: Correlation and causation MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 6 TOP: Illusory correlations MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 6 TOP: Illusory correlations MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 7 TOP: Experimentation MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 7 TOP: Experimentation MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 7 TOP: Experimentation MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 7 TOP: Random assignment MSC: Conceptual | Application

53. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 7 TOP: Random assignment MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 7 TOP: Random assignment MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 7 TOP: Independent and dependent variables

MSC: Conceptual




MSC: Conceptual




MSC: Conceptual



OBJ: 9 TOP: Measures of central tendency MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 9 TOP: Measures of central tendency MSC: Conceptual | Application

60. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult


OBJ: 9 TOP: Measures of central tendency MSC: Conceptual

61. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 10 TOP: Measures of variation MSC: Factual | Definitional



OBJ: 11 TOP: Making inferences/When is a difference reliable?




OBJ: 12 TOP: Making inferences/When is a difference significant?




OBJ: 12 TOP: Making inferences/When is a difference significant?




OBJ: 13 TOP: Psychology applied/laboratory experiments




OBJ: 13 TOP: Psychology applied/laboratory experiments




OBJ: 14 TOP: Psychology applied/culture and gender




OBJ: 15 TOP: Ethics in research/studying people MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 15 TOP: Ethics in research/studying people MSC: Conceptual | Application



OBJ: 16 TOP: Ethics in psychology/value judgments


Documents

Web viewJohn Locke and Francis Bacon. c. ... perception that psychological experiments merely document the ... shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is