+

DNA Technology1

+DNA Extraction

Chemical treatmentsChemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst

The DNA is inherently stickysticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture

This is called ““spoolingspooling”” DNA

2

+ Cutting DNACutting DNARestriction enzymesRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

Useful to divide DNA into manageable manageable fragmentsfragments

3

+ Electrophoresis

DNA can be separated based on size and chargesize and charge

The phosphate phosphate groupsgroups are negativelynegatively charged

DNA is placed in a gelgel and electricityelectricity is run through

4

+ Electrophoresis

Negative DNANegative DNA moves toward the positive end

SmallerSmaller fragments move farther and fasterfarther and faster

5

+ Electrophoresis 6

+Copying DNACopying DNA Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction

Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of

DNA

7

+Steps in Copying DNASteps in Copying DNA

•A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube

• DNA polymeraseDNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

8

+ Steps in Copying DNASteps in Copying DNA

The DNA is heatedDNA is heated to separate the two strands

PrimersPrimers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

9

+Copying DNACopying DNA

•The tube is cooled, and DNA DNA polymerase adds new bases polymerase adds new bases to the separated strandsto the separated strands

10

+ PCRPCR11

Large amounts of DNA can be Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting made from a small starting

samplesample

CloningCloning

May be produced by asexual asexual reproductionreproduction (mitosis)

12

CloneClone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells

+Cloning organismsCloning organisms

A body cellbody cell from one organism and an egg cellegg cell from another are fused

The resulting cell divides like a divides like a normal embryonormal embryo

13

+Cloning Cloning ““DollyDolly””14

+Human Genome Project

Started in 1990

Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)

Over 3.3 billion nucleotides

Mapping every gene location (loci)

Conducted by scientists around the world

15

+HGP InsightsHGP Insights

Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons)

Other 98% (introns) are non-coding

Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000)

Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins

About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide

About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

16

+Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in Improvements in medical preventionmedical prevention of disease, gene therapies, of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …diagnosis techniques …

Production of useful proteinProduction of useful protein products for use in medicine, products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.pharmaceutical industries.

Improved Improved bioinformaticsbioinformatics – using – using computers to help in DNA computers to help in DNA sequencing …sequencing …

17

+

Benefits of Genetic Benefits of Genetic Engineering/BiotechnoloEngineering/Biotechnologygy

Benefits of Genetic Benefits of Genetic Engineering/BiotechnoloEngineering/Biotechnologygy

18

Biotechnology is the use if gene science to create new products from plants and animals

Biotechnology is the use if gene science to create new products from plants and animals

+ 19

Biotechnology Provides:Biotechnology Provides:

• Improved food products

•Medical advances

• An enhanced environment

• Improved food products

•Medical advances

• An enhanced environment

+Herbicide Resistant Crops

Soybeans: Roundup Ready

Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link

Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready

Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

20

+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

+ Biotechnology Breakthroughs Biotechnology BreakthroughsInsulin (1982)

First commercial biotech productReliable, inexpensive source of insulin

RiceEnriched with beta-carotene and iron

BananasContaining edible hepatitis vaccine

Insulin (1982)First commercial biotech productReliable, inexpensive source of insulin

RiceEnriched with beta-carotene and iron

BananasContaining edible hepatitis vaccine

21

+Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology BreakthroughsPotatoes with higher solid content

Garlic that lowers cholesterol

Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

Potatoes with higher solid content

Garlic that lowers cholesterol

Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

22

+Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

Reduced pesticide use

Lower energy requirements

Cleaner water

Less soil erosion

Reduced pesticide use

Lower energy requirements

Cleaner water

Less soil erosion

23