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Cowboys vs. Indians:
Struggle of the western Native Americans
Mining Grows
Discoveries of precious metals in the West causes the explosion of boomtowns
No established gov’t, vigilance committees enforce the “law”
Boomtowns cause territorial populations to grow, qualify for statehood
Mining tech improves as mines exhausted, hydraulic mining allows for exaction of minerals
Mining has devastating effects on environment
Ranching & Cattle Drives
Texas Longhorn: breed of cattle adapted to life in Amer. West with little water, eat prairie grass
Open range: vast gov’t owned land for grazing
Ranchers take their cattle on long drives to R.R.
Over time the open range is bought up by farmers and fenced with barbed wire
Settling the Southwest
Mexican land owners in Southwest owned large tracts of land called haciendas
Americans move west and quickly outnumber Hispanics who lived there since Spanish times Resulting culture clash, Hispanics
marginalized As railroads reach SW, pop. Grows
El Paso, Albuquerque, Los Angeles develop barrios
Native American Tribes
Many tribes of the Great Plains were nomads
Followed buffalo herds for food, shelter, tools Americans forced natives to relocate, or move
off lands that were promised to them through treaties Sometimes in exchange for money, or
annuities Many natives forced to live in poverty
Many tribes, esp. Dakota tribe, fight back
The Plains Indians
A Sioux tribe called the Lakota go to war
against U.S. troops under the leadership of chiefs Red Cloud, Sitting Bull, and Crazy Horse Trick troops into ambush under Capt. Will
Fetterman The army abandons Bozeman Trail post in
1868 Chief Black Kettle of the Sand Creek tribe,
after much war, rides to army post in CO U.S. troops massacre Sand Creeks riding under
American and White Truce Flag
Western War
1867: Congress forms Indian Peace
Commission Plan: create two reservations, if Indians refuse
the army will attack Chiefs forced to sign treaties, Americans
ignored the terms, settlers occupied “Indian Land”
Americans kill buffalo to get rid of Indians
Attempts At Peace
Battle of Little Big Horn: US Lt. Col. Custer lead
troops against Lakota & Cheyenne against orders, slaughtered Newspapers paint battle as a massacre on the part of
the Indians, the army is dispatched to deal with them Battle of Nez Perce: Indians refuse to leave
southern land for a smaller reservation in Idaho, army attacks, tribe relocated to Oklahoma
Wounded Knee: Chief Sitting Bull defies U.S. orders, continues Ghost Dance, and is attacked—200 Lakota dead
Big Battles
1881: A Century of Dishonor published
Changes American thinking about Indians New goal is to assimilate Indians 1887: Congress passes the Dawes Act—Fails
Divides reservations into individual farm lands 1924: Citizenship Act 1934: Indian Reorganization Act
Reversed Dawes Act, restored reservation lands, allow Indians to elect their own governments
The Dawes Act