csrf;pGm aw;oHpHk &ifhusL;um cdkrSDaeMucdkufwGif opfyifudk ckwfvSJvdkufojzifh odkufjrHKudkpGefYum ab;vGwf&modkY ajy;Mu&&Sm aom iSufrsm;uJhodkY rdrdwdkYESifh taMumif;oifh&m taMumif;oifh

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yGif hOD;yGif hOD;yGif hOD;yGif hOD;yGif hOD;

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2

*Dweufoef-udkapmndef;

(1925-1952)

jrif;jcHNrdKUe,f? EGm;xdk;BuD;tydkif &Gmom,mü arG;zGm; cJhonf/

udkapmndef;onf umwGef;q&m? yef;csDq&m? owif;pm

q&m? pma&;q&m wOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ (1938-39)ESpf? umwGef;

½kyfpHkacwfrSpí orm"d owif;pm? 'D;'kwf*sme,f? vif;,kef*sme,f?

&efausmf*sme,fwdkY wGif a&;om;cJhonf/

1950-ckESpfu qef;opfp umvay:taysmfwrf;tzJGUrS

]]0oefcgOD;}} oDcsif;a&;om;NyD; *Dwavmuü xif&Sm;vmcJhol jzpf

onf/

pHy,f? opöm? pdef? rdk;oufavESif? yGifhOD;? aEGaESmif; 0oef?

cspfjyHK;ESif;qD? 0PÖybm[lí tygt0if oDcsif; aygif; 37-yk'f a&;

om;cJhonf/

nDjzpfol udkvSa0 &efjzpfvm&mrS udkapmndef; 0ifa&muf

zsefajz,if; xdcdkuf'Pf&m&vsuf uG,fvGef&SmcJhonf/ udkapmndef;

uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ol\toufrSm 27-ESpfom &Sdao;onf/

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3

pma&;q&m-oef;aqG

(1926-1964)

q&moef;aqGonf ppfNyD;acwfwGif xif&Sm;vmaom...

pma&;q&m wOD;jzpfonf/

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5

yGifhOD;

wa,mq&mav; udkapmEdkifESifh uRefawmfhtm; pma&;q&m

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6

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ckudk em;axmifae&onfESifh wlvSayonf/ ol\oDcsif;qdkoHrSm

vnf; olYwa,moHuJhodkYyif aysmhvSonf/ EkvSonf/ cRJvSonf/

at;vSonf/ olYwa,moHESifh oDcsif;oHudk Mum;&pu uRef

awmhfrSm 0rf;enf;ovdk? idkcsifovdkvdk jzpfcJhrd\/

aemufwpfBudrf udkbkef;


7

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'Dawmh 'DavmuxJudk awmf½Hkwef½Hk[m r0ifEkdifbl;aygY}}

]]udkapmEdkifvnf; pdwfysufaeNyD xifyg&JU}}

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csifwmudk rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyfwwfw,f/ aemufqkwfwwfwJh

vlrsdK;awmh r[kwfbl;}}

udkbkef;


8

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rIudk tEdkifEdkif zdESdyfxm;&[efwlaom ol\ trlt&maMumifh

ar;vdkonfhpum;udkyif rar;&ufcJhay/

vlwpfa,muf\ cspfZmwfvrf;udk olYtvdkvdkajymr

vmbJESifh ar;jref;pHkprf;&onfqdkjcif;rSm uRefawmfhtzdkY rvG,f

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awG;rdonfhZmwfrsdK;qdkygu omíyif tar;&cufavonf/

odkYaomf wpfaeYwGif udkapmEdkifonf ol\ cspfZmwf

vrf;udk azmfjyvsuf&Sdaom oDcsif;wpfyk'fudk pyfcJh&m ol\Zmwf

vrf;udk uRefawmfhtm; ajymjyavonf/

oDcsif;\trnfudk ]]yGifhOD;}} [lí rSnhfac:xm;av

onf/

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wG,f? tcspfn§m cufumoG,f? rmvmyifwG,f? tcspfn§m cufumoG,f? rmvmyifwG,f? tcspfn§m cufumoG,f? rmvmyifwG,f? tcspfn§m cufumoG,f? rmvmyifwG,f? tcspfn§m cufumoG,f? rmvmyif

eef; cspfyef;iH kzl;pt&G,f...}}eef; cspfyef;iH kzl;pt&G,f...}}eef; cspfyef;iH kzl;pt&G,f...}}eef; cspfyef;iH kzl;pt&G,f...}}eef; cspfyef;iH kzl;pt&G,f...}}

udkapmEdkifESifh rcifodef;wdkYonf ausmif;om;b0uyif

wpfausmif;wnf;wGif qHkrdcJhMuayonf/ t&G,fwl twef;wl

jzpfcJhMuaomfvnf; udkapmEdkifrSm vlvwfwef;pm; rdbrsm;rS

arG;zGm;oljzpfí rcifodef;rSm ypönf;&Sif olaX;orD;wpfOD;

jzpfcJhavonf/ odkYaomf ynmoifcsdefwGifum; t,kwftvwf

tjrwf[lí cGJjcm;rIr&Sd&um; udkapmEdkifESifh rcifodef;wdkYrSm

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9

cifrif&if;ESD;pGm aexdkifcJhMuayonf/

ypönf;&Sif? "e&Sif om;orD; r[kwfaomfvnf; xuf

jrufaom todÓPfynmwdkYjzifh jynfhvsuf&Sdaom OD;aESmufudk

ydkifqdkifxm;onfh udkapmEdkifrSm ausmif;wGif a&yef;pm;cJhav

onf/ vlawmfwpfa,muftjzpf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;pGm

uyif cspfcifta&;ay;jcif;udk cH&ayonf/ þodkYaom cifrif

ta&;ay;Muonfh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;xJrS xl;xl;uJuJ

udkapmEdkiftay:wGif cifrifolum; rcifodef;yif jzpfavonf/

]]udkapmEkdif...udkapmEkdif}} [laom trnfrSm rcif

odef;\EIwfzsm;wGif oD;aeouJhodkY ]]todef;...todef;}} [l

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ESifhtrQ ay:xGufvsuf&SdcJhayonf/

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wnf; aecJhMuwJh ausmif;aebufqdkayrJh uRefawmfhrSm tcsdef

t&G,fa&mufvdkY aoG;om;awGajymif;vJ? pdwf"mwfawGvIyf&Sm;

NyD; tcspfqdkwJh apwodufuav; NidwG,fvmw,fqdk&ifyJ uRef

awmfhtzdkY uRefawmfcspf&r,fhvl[m todef;yJvdkY xifrSwfrdcJh

w,f/ cspfajrjyifeJYwlwJh uRefawmfh&JU tonf;vTmxJrSm cspfaph

cspfan§mufav; 0ifaygufNyD; cspfyifpdrf;vJhvJhrSm ,drf;EGJUEGJU

cspfyef;pHk[mjzifh zl;yGifhcJhw,f}}

udkapmEdkifum; xdkcspfyef;iHkav;tm; ol\ tonf;vTm

Mum;wGifom woif;oif;BudKifaecJhaomfvnf; xdkyef;yGifh\

ydkif&Siftjzpf ol&nfrSef;xm;onfh rcifodef;\ tonf;vTmodkY

wdkifatmif &eHYrMuLEdkifcJhay/ rcifodef;\ Muifemjcif;a&pifudk

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10

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rSm &eHYawG wBudKifBudKifxHkcJh\/ rcifodef;udk pGJrSDí jzpfay:vm

cJhonfh cspfyef;iHkrSm rcifodef;omvQif yefxdkuf qifxdkufonf

[k xifrSwfpGJ,lcJh\/ xdkcspfyef;yGifhudk yefqifrnfholrSm rcif

odef;omvQif jzpfvdrfhrnf[laom ,HkMunfcsufonf cspfyef;

cuftm; qxufwdk;í &ifhoefapcJhavonf/

]]udkapmEdkif 'DuaeY ausmif;wufaemufusyguvm;/

bmawGrsm; tvkyfrsm;aevdkYygvdrfh/ odef;pdwfxJrSm vmrSvmyg

awmhrvm;vdkYawmif awG;aerdwm}}

]]udkapmEdkif raeYnae tjyefrSm acgif;udkufw,fqdk

wmu 'DaeYreufusawmh aysmufaeNyDudk;? todef;av...udk

apmEdkifwpfa,muf acgif;awGudkufNyD; aemufwpfaeYrSm

ausmif;rS wufEkdifygrvm;vdkY nuawmif pOf;pm;rdao;w,f}}

]]udkapmEdkif 'DuaeY w,frdIifygvm;...bmjzpfvdkYvJ/

aeraumif;vdkYvm;? tdrfuvlBuD;awGu qlvTwfvdkufvdkYvm;?

b,foleJY bmjzpfvdkYwkef;? &efrsm;jzpfvmvdkYvm;}}

u½kPm awmifpOf txyfxyfudk jzwfausmfpD;qif;í

vmMuonfharwåma&vsOf\ pD;qif;oHrsm; jzpfMuaom þ

pum;oHwdkYrSm Mum;&ol udkapmEdkif\ tonf;wGif xm0pOf

at;jrom,mcJhayonf/

]]a[m'Dykpäm[mav odef;jzifh wGufvdkYr&bl; udkapm

Edkif&,f? udkapmEdkif jyay;ygvm;[if? odef;udk jyay;prf;yg}}

ponfh tultnD awmif;cHoHrsm;udk Mum;&jyefvQifvnf;

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11

apmEdkifcrsmrSm vkyfay;&onfudkyif auseyfjcif;BuD;pGmjzifh

ysmysmovJ vkyfay;cJhonf/

xdktcsdeftcgrSm udkapmEkdiftzdkY aysmfarGUzG,f&m t

aumif;qHk;tcsdefyif jzpfcJhavonf/ tcspfpdwf vHIUaqmfrI

aMumifh qavmifíaecJhonfhtonf;ESvHk;rSm rcifodef;tay:

wGif wG,fwmcspfcifaom pdwfwdkYaMumifh tmomajyum pdwf

auseyf a&mifh&JcJh&avonf/ wpfcgwpf&H pdwfxJwGif cHpm;ae

&orQudk zGifh[rnf[k MuHrdaomfvnf; ESpfa,mufpvHk; ynm&Sm

aeqJ jzpfonfhtajctaeudk pOf;pm;rdum ajym&efr0HhcJh&Smay/

touft&G,fuvnf; i,fao;onf/ ynmpcef;rSmvnf; qHk;

csdefokdY ra&mufMuao;/ wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf cJGcGm&csdef

rSm rsm;pGmvdkayao;onf[k awG;um cspforQudk zGifh[qdkrnfh

&ufudk a&TUqdkif;ívmaecJh,if;jzifh wpfaeY wpfaeY[laom

tcsdefwdkYrSm wa&GUa&GU ukefvGefcJh&avawmhonf/

þwGif 'kwd, urÇmppfonf olwdkYESpfa,muftm;

twl,SOfwGJí aeae&onfhb0rS wuGJpDjzpfatmif zefwD;vdkuf

avawmhonf/ cufvufa0qmaom opfyifxufwGif at;

csrf;pGm aw;oHpHk &ifhusL;um cdkrSDaeMucdkufwGif opfyifudk

ckwfvSJvdkufojzifh odkufjrHKudkpGefYum ab;vGwf&modkY ajy;Mu&&Sm

aom iSufrsm;uJhodkY rdrdwdkYESifh taMumif;oifh&m taMumif;oifh

&m ajymif;a&TUxGufcGmcJh&onfh udkapmEdkifESifh rcifodef;wdkYrSm

wpfNrdKUpDuGmí w&GmpDa0;cJhMu&&Smawmhonf/

rarQmfvifhbJ MuHKvdkuf&aom udpöjzpfaomaMumifh udk

apmEdkifrSm yxrü &ifxJwGif [mwmwmESifh bm[lí trnf

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12

rwyfEdkifonfh a0'emwpf&yfudk cHpm;&avonf/

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r,fhae&m[m awmfawmfa0;wmyJaemf/ wpfae&mwnf;udk

twlwlajymif;&r,fqdk&if odyfaumif;rSmyJaemf}} [laom

pum;udk rcifodef;xHrS Mum;&onfhtcg udkapmEdkifrSm rsuf&nf

rsm;yif vnfvmrd&mu bmpum;wpfcGef;rQ rajymEdkifawmhbJ

&ifxJwGif eifheifhqdkYqdkYBuD; jzpfvmrdaonf/

]]cspfcifaygif;oif; qufqHjcif;um; auGuGif;aemuf

qHk; &SdacsNyDqdkwJh pum;[m odyfrSefwmyJaemf/ wpfcgwkef;u

udkapmEdkif pmpDpmuHk;pmtkyfxJrSm a&;xm;wJh pmydk'fuav;[m

vnf; rSefwmyJ/ bmwJh - avmuZmwfcHk þvlYbHk0,f awGUMuHK

qHkuGJjzpf&jrJwnfh qdkvm;...}}

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[m/ bmawGajymaerSef; rodygbl;}}

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ckvdk usef;usef;rmrm touftEÅ&m,f uif;uif;eJY aecsifae&

rSmvdkY udkapmEdkif ajymEkdifovm;/ aemufNyD; b,fawmhrS ppfu

NyD;r,frSef;vJ rod/ b,fawmhrS at;at;csrf;csrf;eJY ae&r,f

qdkwmvJ rod&/ todef;wdkYwawG jyefqHkcsifrS qHk&rSm...}}

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yg;pyfuom ylwwfvGef;w,f[k tjypfwifoHESifh ajym

aeaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fwdkifrSmrl &ifwGif;&Sd tylvHk;udk [efvkyfí

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13

ae&onfhtjzpfudk awG;rdum pdwfxJwGif roufrom jzpfrd

av\/

aemufqHk;wGifum; wuGJpD MuHK&ayawmhonf/

vlcsif;omvQif wuGJpDjzpfaeaomfvnf; wpfaeYus&if

awGUMu&OD;rSmyJ [laomtodonf udkapmEdkif\tcspfyef;tm;

rnd§KrEGrf;apbJ vef;onfxuf vef;apcJhavonf/

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rSm &SdwmawGudk ajymjyr,f/ udk,fcspfaeovdk jyefcspfzdkY ajym

r,f/ ukd,f[m todef;ay:rSm i,fi,fuav;wnf;u cspfrdcJh

wmawG? todef;&JUMuifemrIawG? todef;&JU pdwfoabmxm;awG

[m cspfp&m jrwfEkd;p&maumif;vGef;vdkY todef;[m armifh&JU

&moufyef b0tazmftjzpf vufcHygvdkY ajymjyr,f/ tJ'D

tcgus&if todef;u MunfMunfjzLjzLeJYrS vufcHygYrvm;/

udk,fhudk pdrf;pdrf;um;um;BuD;rsm; vkyfoGm;rSmvm;/ todef;ay:

rSm 'DvdkpdwfrsdK;xm;&if odyfrkef;w,f? rac:awmhbl;vdkYrsm;

qdkrSmvm;/ tdk todef;[m udk,fhtay:rSm 'DavmufawmifvJ

½kdif;rSm r[kwfygbl;? MunfMunfjzLjzLeJY vufcHrSmyg? tJ'Dvdk

qdk&if b,favmufrsm; aysmfp&maumif;vdkufrSmvJ? uJ todef;

eJY ukd,feJY cspfMuNyDqdkygawmh? cspfaeMu½HkeJY rNyD;ao;bl;? tdrf

axmifjyKOD;r,f? r*Fvmaqmif&OD;r,f? todef;av;[m *kPf

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xnfxnf0g0gaeEkdifzdkYtwGuf BudK;pm;&OD;r,f? &SmazG&OD;r,f?

pDpOf&OD;r,f? vifaumif;wpfa,muf&JU jyKoifhjyKxdkufwJh udpö

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14

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euf þodkYvQif todef;\taMumif;udkom pOf;pm;aecJhrdav

onf/ todef;ESifh qHkawGU&rnfh ta&;udkom arQmfawG;MunfEl;

aerdcJhavonf/ wpfaeYxufwpfaeY 'kwd,urÇmppfrSm jrefrm

jynfESifh eD;íeD;í vmcJh&mrS t*FvdyfwdkY qkwfcGmum jrefrmh

vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh *syefppfwyfrsm; yl;aygif;um jref

rmjynfwGif;odkY csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJhavonf/

*syefppfwyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfom;rsm; jref

rmjynfwGif;odkYa&mufNyD; vrf;yef;tquftoG,frsm; aumif;

vmonfESifhwNydKifeuf udkapmEdkifrSm todef;\owif;udk vlMuHK

ar;um todef;&Sdrnfxifonfh t&yfudkom pHkprf;axmufvSrf;

í aerdawmhonf/

&efukefwGif usef&pfcJhonfh udkapmEdkifwkdYtdrfrSm rD;xJ

wGif ygoGm;ojzifh tdrfodkY rjyefawmhbJ a&muf&Sdaeawmhonfh

tdrfav;rSmyifae&if; todef;wdkYudk vGrf;avorQ *Dwjzifh wpf

jzm? pmayjzifhwpfvSnfh ajzodrfhcJh&&Smavonf/

&efukefodkY oGm;&eftwGuf rdbESpfyg;xHwGif cGifhyef

aomfvnf; pdwfrcs[kqdkum rvTwfbJ xm;Muojzifh pdwfysuf

p&m MuHK&jyefavonf/ xdkrS wpfpwpfpESifh e,ftajctae

at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfvmum pdwfcsEdkifavmufonfh tajct

aeodkY qkdufvmonfwGif rdbESpfyg;tm; r&ru tylwjyif;

awmif;yefum &efukefNrdKUay:odkY jyefvm&avonf/ &efukefodkY

a&mufonfhtcgwGifum; todef;wdkY\ wkduftdrfBuD;yg ysufpD;

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15

avonf/

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awmhrvm;}} [laom tawG;onf ol\ESvHk;om;rsm;udk qkyf

e,fvsuf&Sdav\/ rcifodef;wkdY ajymif;a&TUMuonfht&yfrSm

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pD;íaeaMumif;udk od&ygu jyefvm&efcJ,Of;awmhrnfudk awG;

rdjyefavonf/

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jzifh jyefvmcJh&avonf/ awmNrdKUav;wGifyif rcifodef;udk

vGrf;avorQ *Dwjzifhwpfjzm pmayjzpfwpfvD ajzodrfhcJh&&Sm

onf/ ]]wpfaeYus&if awGUMu&OD;rSmaygY}} [laom pdwfum;

ravQmhcJh/ rcifodef;\&ifwGif qifjref;aprnhf tcspfyef;um;

vef;vef;&Tif&TifESihfyif &Sdavao;onf/ odkYaomf vlcsif;tae

a0;vSonfhtjzpfudk awG;rdaomtcg ]]wu,fqdkawmh todef;

eJYig[m vlcsif;om wpfwef;wnf; wpfausmif;wnf; aeMu

ayr,fh tajctaecsif; ,SOfMunfhr,fqdk&if uGmvSygvm;/

awmpHy,f½dkif;eJY eef;xdkufwJh oZifvdk uGmjcm;aeyguvm;}}

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