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[Course Name]
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ [Name of Course Guide]
[Resource Reference (e.g., Student Resource 1.1)]
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Research & Development
WH
O?
WHY?
HO
W?
WHAT ?
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WHAT IS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT?
Inventions and innovations are the results of specific, goal-oriented research.
Because the development of technologies these days is driven by the profit motive and the market, many companies have a Research and Development (R&D) department, whose responsibility is to work with innovations. Companies located in the United States that have research and development activities—both U.S.-owned businesses and U.S. affiliates of foreign parents—reported worldwide sales of $11 trillion in calendar year 2008 and worldwide R&D expenses of $330 billion
Companies located in the United States that have research and development activities—both U.S.-owned businesses and U.S. affiliates of foreign parents—reported worldwide sales of $11 trillion in calendar year 2008 and worldwide R&D expenses of $330 billion.
11,000,000,000,000
330,000,000,000
2008 Sales vs. R&D Costs
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
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WHO DOES RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT?
Each entity has its own process
Private Companies
Public Companies
Government
Universities
R& D Teams
Engineers
Product Designers
Researchers
Scientists
Creative and technical knowledge
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
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WHY DO COMPANIES DO RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT?
Companies use R&D to increase profit margins.
Completely new product
Improve on a current or previous product
IMPROVED!
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
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HOW DO COMPANIES DO RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT?
Each entity has its own process
Technology/Product need is identified
market research
research on manufacturing
brainstorm
Prototype testing and development
Optimization
Product documentation developed
Manufacturing and Marketing considerations
Full-scale production
Release product
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
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TECHNOLOGY TRADE OFFS
Automobiles- Get us many places that we never could get before, but the emissions are polluting the air we breathe.
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TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Modifying a product as knowledge and skills increase to adapt it to the next generation.
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Patent is a limited duration property right relating to an invention, granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in exchange for public disclosure of the invention.
Trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs.
Copyright protects works of authorship, such as writings, music, and works of art.