© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research ... · 2017-12-12 · basins of Bhoj wetland (A Ramsar site) so that specific trophic status could

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 7, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on April 2011 Published on August 2011 2004

Variation in Benthic population in two basins of Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal Wanganeo, Ashwani 1 ; Kumar, Pramod 1 ; Wanganeo, Rajni 2 , Sonaullah, Fozia 1

1 Department of Environmental Science and Limnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India.

2 Department of Zoology, Jayawanti Haksar Government P. G. College, Betul, M.P., India.

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In order to assess the trophic status of a multipurpose aquatic resource (Bhoj wetland), the main attention was focused on its benthic population as it gives a fare idea about the functioning of the system besides assessing its trophic status, necessary from the point of view of adopting a management strategy. Upper basin of Bhoj wetland still forms the lifeline of Bhopal by way of providing potable water to the local habitants however, looking to its multiple uses it has been notified as per the guidelines of Ramsar convention as one of the important bird sanctuary.

Considerable variations in benthic fauna have been recorded in both the water bodies. During the present study benthic fauna were represented by seven different classes belonging to Mollusca, Diptera, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta, Crustacea, Hirudinea and Ephemeroptera. Upper basin is richer in terms of species richness in comparison to the Lower basin. The dominance of Molluscan population in both the basins in terms of diversity and density has been recorded.

Physicochemical study revealed higher trophic status of Lower basin of Bhoj wetland in comparison to its Upper basin. Acidic pH values (6.436.9 units) of sediments of both the basins were also recorded. Also the values of Nitrate and Orthophosphate depicted their higher accumulation in the bottom waters of both the basins.

Key words: Benthic population, Water quality, Trophic status, Bhoj Wetland.

1. Introduction

Freshwater ecosystems are inhabited by great variety of organisms. Aquatic macro invertebrates have been identified as excellent tool for biomonitoring studies as they respond rapidly to the environmental changes. Their abundance, diversity and short life cycle makes them ideal subjects for the assessment of wetland’s ecological conditions (Rader et al., 2001). Benthic population is an essential part of lake ecosystems, exerting a considerable impact upon their functioning.

Limnological parameters, however, greatly affect the pathways of energy flow in the lake ecosystem. The study on benthic fauna in an aquatic ecosystem gives better idea of trophic conditions. Macrobenthic communities occupy the bottom of water body and play an important role in the trophic dynamics of all aquatic ecosystems. They are an important part of aquatic ecosystem and respond to changes in the physical and chemical environment. Being efficient energy converters, they constitute an important link in the aquatic food chain

Variation in Benthic population in two basins of Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal

Wanganeo Ashwani; Kumar, Pramod; Wanganeo, Rajni, Sonaullah, Fozia 2005 International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.7, 2011

as well as food web. Benthic fauna support the economically important fish population especially bottom feeders and also facilitates the recycling of nutrients. Their quantitative distribution indicates the potential of water body and also serves as good indicator of trophic status.

Since, macrozoobenthos comprise of an important group of aquafauna by way of their contribution to ecosystem stability, besides acting as potential bioindicators of trophic status, as such great emphasis was laid on for the better understanding of benthic environment, its communities and productivity all over the world.

Study on benthic fauna in Indian tropical waters especially in Madhya Pradesh water bodies reveals scanty information. Keeping the paucity of information in consideration present study was undertaken to investigate the composition of benthic fauna community of two adjacent basins of Bhoj wetland (A Ramsar site) so that specific trophic status could be assigned to them, in order to suggest a workable management strategy.

Study Area

Bhopal is famous for its historical lakes and also known as the city of lakes. Bhoj Wetland (a Ramsar site) comprises of two manmade basins, the “Upper basin” and the “Lower basin”. The Upper basin was created by Raja Bhoj in the 11th century by the construction of an earthen dam across the Kolans River and the Lower Lake was constructed nearly 200 years ago, largely from the overflow of water from the Upper basin.

Upper basin is the major source of potable water for Bhopal city as 1.4 million population of the city depends upon the water body for their drinking water requirements. In last few decades increase in anthropogenic activities in the catchment area has resulted in degradation of environment of Bhoj wetland.

Table 1: Some important morphometric features of Bhoj wetland

Features Upper Basin Lower Basin Location Bhopal Bhopal Constructed 11 th century 18 th century Type of Dam Earthen dam Earthen dam Longitude 77º1824 min E 72º25'E Latitude 23º1316 min N 23º16'N Catchment area km 2 361 9.6 Water spread area (FTL) m 2 30.72 0.90 Maximum length (km) 12.5 1.6 Maximum width (m) 5,000 954 Maximum depth (m) 8.8 10.7 Mean depth (m) 6 6.16 Volume (m 3 ) 101,540,400 79,97000 Volume development( m 3 ) 1.0817 1.6 Shore line (km) 22.4 6.160 Area (sq. km) 32 1.43

Sources of water Rain water, Domestic sewage

Rain water, Seepage from Upper Lake, Domestic sewage



Main use of water

Potable water, Aquaculture, Trapa cultivation, Recreation,

Washing & Bathing , Recreation, Aquaculture,

Source: Bhatnagar, 1982; Wanganeo, 1998 and Verma, 2001.

Figure 1: Location of sampling sites in both the basins of Bhoj Wetland

Sampling Station

In order to study the benthic fauna of Upper and Lower basins of Bhoj wetland, four sampling stations were selected, two in each basin (one in the shallow region and another one in relatively deeper region). In both the basins shallow sites were infested by macrophytic vegetation. Various important morphometric features of the water bodies under study have been given in Table 1.

Materials and methods

Physiochemical analysis of mudwater interface and sediment samples were carried out following the standard methods as given in APHA (2000). Sediment samples were collected from a circle of 50 meters at each selected sites in both the basins. For qualitative and quantitative study of benthic fauna mud samples were collected by means of Peterson grab mud sampler (270 cm 2 ) in polyethylene bags. The dredged material was sieved through metallic sieves of 1mm and 0.5mm pore size. The organisms, thus collected on the sieves were transferred to white enamel tray and sorted out manually for macro benthic organisms and preserving the samples with 4% formaldehyde solution. The results have been expressed in organisms/m 2 .

The identification of macroinvertebrates collected from Bhoj wetland was carried up to the species level for their taxonomic and various morphometric characters with the help of standard taxonomic references (Needham and Needham, 1962; Pennak, 1978; Edmondson,



1992; Tonapi, 1980; Terrence and Edward 1999; Subba Rao, 1989; Plaziat and Younis, 2005 and Birmingham et al., 2005).

The population density of benthic fauna was estimated by the following equation as:

Calculation: Individuals /m 2 = N x 10,000 A

Where, N = Number of species per sample. A = Area of the sampler (270cm 2 )

Results and Discussion

Present investigation was aimed to assess the qualitative and quantitative distribution of benthic population in Upper and Lower basin of Bhoj wetland. On comparing the two adjacent water bodies placed under tropical region the Lower basin in comparison to Upper basin receives maximum wastewater from the old Bhopal city through the incoming nallahs besides the seepage water from the Upper basin. This allochthonous input has been found to be responsible for its higher trophic status. Average pH values 8.06 units, 7.36 units and 7.56 units (for site 1, 3 and 4 respectively) were recorded from the mud water interface of the both the basins (Table 2 and Fig. 2). At site 2 of Lower basin of Bhoj wetland acidic pH value (6.86 units) was noticed, which is corroborated with anoxic bottom and absence of benthic fauna.

The physicochemical characteristics of both the basins of Bhoj wetland under study also support the higher trophic status of Lower basin on account of low transparency and higher TDS, Conductivity and free CO2 values (Table 2). Relatively higher TDS and conductivity recorded from the Lower basin of Bhoj wetland, indicate regular anthropogenic pressure.

Table 2: Some important physicochemical characteristics of Upper and Lower basin of Bhoj wetland on average basis

Parameter Lower basin Upper basin

Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4

pH (Water) 8.06 6.86 7.36 7.56

pH (Sediment) 7.4 6.43 6.8 6.9

Depth (m) 1.4 8 .43 1.63 7 .38

Transparency (cm) 39 45.66 73 76.66

TDS (ppm) 144.33 174.33 95 96.33

Conductivity (µS/cm 2 ) 405.66 499.33 241.66 247.66

Free CO2 (mg/l) 8.36 10.43 4.93 13.6

Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 131 156.66 125 98.33

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 7.06 BD 7.46 8

Chloride (mg/l) 70.63 45.61 29.30 24.30

Total Hardness(mg/l) 150.66 160.66 99.66 113.66



Cal. Hardness (mg/l) 101.33 88.66 54.66 52

Mg. Hardness (mg/l) 11.98 17.49 10.93 14.98

Orthophosphate (mg/l) 0.068 0.073 0.056 0.057

Nitrate (mg/l) 0.574 0.926 0.460 0.523

A very low value of Secchi transparency (39 cm) was recorded at site 1 as compared to other sites due to its close proximity to incoming drain and good growth of Cyanobacterial population in ambient waters. Dissolved oxygen values varied from below detection level at site2 to more than 7.06 mg/l at site 1, 3 and 4 respectively (Table 2 and Fig. 2). The biologically important nutrients viz., Orthophosphate and Nitrate also recorded higher accumulation in both the basins of Bhoj wetland (Table 2 and Fig. 2). The fluctuations in the values of these nutrients had very little influence on the abundance of benthic population in both the basins. Some other factors such as organic matter, food availability, vegetation and silt also play significant role in the increase or decrease of density and diversity of benthic population in lentic water bodies.

In any aquatic ecosystem, physicochemical parameters affect whole benthic population either positively or negatively depending on their source. Physicochemical parameters can cause longor shortterm shifts in benthic community richness, abundance and species composition. The presence of a mixed population of benthic fauna indicates that the suitable water quality for their survival in the entire environment (Bhattacherjee, 2008).

On comparing both the basins of Bhoj wetland, Upper basin was rich in terms of diversity. Class Mollusca was found to be dominant with 28 species (56%) in Upper basin and 22 species (55%) in Lower basin respectively (Table 3 and Fig. 3). Site 3 was most populated (49 Species) among all the sampling sites followed by site 1 (40 Species), site 4 (20 Species) and site 2 (4 species) respectively (Table 3). Maximum benthic population was recorded at site 3. Dominance of Mollusca in both the basins can be attributed to organically impregnated rich bottom, alkaline nature of water and calcium content. Malhotra et al., (1990) also observed the presence of maximum molluscan population due to alkaline, calcium content and organically rich sediments. The fluctuations in dissolved oxygen content did not have any affect on the molluscan populations as they can survive in very low oxygen conditions (Cheatum, 1934 and Sharma, 1986).

During the present study a total 40 species were recorded from lower basin of Bhoj wetland. All these 40 species were present at site 1. At site 2 only four molluscan species were encountered which were common to the species recorded from site 1. Out of 40 species, Mollusca contributed 22 species and 55% of the total benthic population of site 1, followed by Diptera 7 species and 16%, Oligochaeta 6 species and 15%, Hirudinea 2 species and 5%; and 1 species and 3% each by Crustacea, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera (Table 4). The sequence of dominance of macroinvertebrate classes at site 1 was as:

Mollusca > Oligochaeta > Hirudinea > Diptera > Trichoptera > Ephemeroptera > Crustacea

The benthic population in Upper basin is contributed by various macroinvertebrate classes. Qualitative enumeration of Upper basin showed 50 species of macroinvertebrate population belonging to different classes. Out of 50 species, 49 species were present at site 3 while 20 species were recorded from site 4. All the species present at site 4 were common to the



species encountered from site 3, except Lymnaea articulates which was recorded only at site 4 (Table 4). Out of 49 species recorded from site 3, 27 species (56%) were from Mollusca, 7 species (14%) each from Diptera and Oligochaeta, and 2 species (4%) each of Crustacea, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta and Ephemeroptera. While at site 4, 14 species (70%) of Mollusca, 4 species (20%) of Diptera and 2 species (10%) of Oligochaeta were found (Table 4). The sequence of dominance of macroinvertebrate classes at site 3 and 4 was as:

Mollusca >Trichoptera >Diptera >Oligochaeta >Ephemeroptera >Crustacea >Hirudinea (For site 3) and, Diptera > Mollusca > Oligochaeta (For site 4)

Table 3: Qualitative and quantitative enumeration of benthic population of Upper and Lower basin of Bhoj wetland

Individuals/m 2 Taxa Lower basin Upper basin Mollusca Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4 Bellamya bengalensis 37 37 148 74 Bellamya crassa 37 111 37 Corbicula sp. 111 173 Corbicula fluminalis 92 111 74 Corbicula striata 111 148 74 Digoniostoma sp. 25 Digoniostoma pulchella 37 Gyraulus sp. 173 74 Gyraulus convexiculus 37 Gyraulus rotula 37 37 Hippeutis coenosa 148 222 Indoplnorbis exustus 74 111 74 Lamellidens sp. 37 74 Lamellidens consbrium 74 Lymnaea sp. 98 160 74 Lymnaea acuminata 148 37 148 37 Lymnaea articulates 37 99 Melanoides lineatus 111 111 74 Melanoides scabra 37 37 Melanoides tuberculatus 37 74 Pila (apple snail) sp. 37 222 111 Pila globosa 37 49 Pisidium clarkeanum 111 74 Segmentina sp. 74 Thira sp. 74 222 74 Thira pyramis 148 74 185 111 Thira tuberculata 37 Unio tigridis 74



Vivipara bengalensis 74 37 222 148 Diptera Chironomus sp. 296 370 2135 Chironomus plumosus 92 148 111 Chaoborus sp. 37 86 74 Ephydridae sp. 37 37 Limnophora sp. 37 Tendipes kiefferulus 111 37 Tendipes tendipes 111 74 Tripula sp. 111 74 Oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi 74 Dero coopri 25 62 Dero dagitata 37 49 Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri 74 111 Pheretima sp. 123 25 Tubifex tubifex 481 222 111 Tubifex sp. 123 74 74 Crustacea Gammarus pulex 111 Palemone sp. 55 74 Trichoptera Glossosoma sp. 55 Hydropsyche sp. 111 901 Hirudinea Hirudineria sp. 129 92 Hirudineria glossophonia 158 37 Ephemeroptera Baetis nymph 74 Caenis runlorum 74 148

Table 4: Class wise qualitative distribution of Macroinvertebrates at different sites of Bhoj wetland

Class Lower Basin Upper Basin Site 1 % Site 2 % Site 3 % Site 4 %

Mollusca 22 55 4 100 27 56 14 70 Crustacea 1 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 Diptera 7 16 0 0 7 14 4 20 Trichoptera 1 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 Oligochaeta 6 15 0 0 7 14 2 10 Hirudinea 2 5 0 0 2 4 0 0 Ephemeroptera 1 3 0 0 2 4 0 0

Total 40 4 49 20



Figure 2: Class wise percentage composition of benthic population in both the basins of Bhoj wetland

In both the basins maximum population were encountered at the shallower region where marcophytic vegetation was abundant which provides the habitat as well as food for the growth of benthic population. The sequence of dominance of macroinvertebrate classes for both the basins was as:

Mollusca > Diptera > Oligochaeta > Crustacea = Trichoptera = Hirudinea & Ephemeroptera

In Lower basin, the most dominant species among Mollusca were Gyraulus sp. (173 individuals/m 2 ) and Hippeutis coenosa, Lymnaea acuminate and Thira pyramis (148 individuals/m 2 each), contributing maximum population density at site 1, followed by Corbicula striata, Corbicula sp. and Melanoides lineatus (111 individuals/m 2 each) and Lymnaea acuminate (110 individuals/m 2 ). While at site 2, Thira pyramis (74 individuals/m 2 ), Bellamya bengalensis, Lymnaea acuminate, Vivipara bengalensis (37individuals/m 2 each) recorded relatively in very least quantity (Table 3).

In Upper basin maximum contribution was made by Thira pyramis (185 individuals/m 2 ), Corbicula sp. (173 individuals/m 2 ), Lymnaea sp. (160 individuals/m 2 ) and Bellamya bengalensis, Corbicula striata and Lymnaea acuminata (148 individuals/m 2 each) at site 3. Where as at site 4, Vivipara bengalensis (148 individuals/m 2 ) was dominant specie followed by Pila sp. & Thira pyramis (111 individuals/m 2 each) and Lymnaea articulates (99 individuals/m 2 each).

The quantitative analysis showed that class Mollusca contributed maximum at site 3 (3059 individuals/m 2 and 51%) and at site 1(1152 individuals/m 2 and 42%) in Upper basin and Lower basin respectively. The minimum contribution of 55 individuals/m 2 and 2% of the total benthic population (at site 1) was made by class Crustacea in Lower basin at site 1 (Table 5 and Fig. 3). The species belonging to class Crustacea, Trichoptera, Hirudinea and Ephemeroptera were not recorded at site 4 (Upper basin) of Bhoj wetland due to the relatively higher depth and absence of habitats as the generally prefer.



Figure 3: Class wise quantitative percentage composition of benthic population at different sites of both the basins of Bhoj wetland

Table 5: Class wise quantitative distribution of Macroinvertebrates (indv. /m 2 ) at different sites of Bhoj wetland

Class Lower Basin Upper Basin Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

Mollusca 1152 185 3059 1122 Crustacea 55 0 185 0 Diptera 166 0 863 2394 Trichoptera 111 0 956 0 Oligochaeta 863 0 586 185 Hirudinea 287 0 129 0 Ephemeroptera 74 0 222 0

From molluscan, Unio tigridis, Digoniostoma pulchella, Lamellidens consbrium, Pisidium clarkeanum, Segmentina sp., Thira tuberculata and Digoniostoma sp. were absent in Lower basin while Gyraulus convexiculus was not recorded from the Upper basin. Melanoides tuberculata encountered from both the basins has been reported to be medically important for by Thompson (1984), Harasewych (1998) and Dundee and Paine (1999).

Among Dipterans, Chironomus sp. was found to be dominant with 2135 individuals/m 2 at site 4 and 296 individuals/m 2 at site 1in Upper and Lower basins of Bhoj wetland respectively as they are the tolerant species indicating eutrophic condition of the lake bottom and are the



most useful indicators of oxygen level (Brudins,1949). Tripula sp. was not recorded form the Lower basin where as in Upper basin Limnophora sp. was absent. The density of Dipterans ranged between 37 to 296 individuals/m 2 in Lower basin and 37 to 2135 individuals/m 2 in Upper basin respectively (Table 3). The values recorded for the Orthophosphate (0.0560.073 mg/l) and Nitrate (0.4600.926 mg/l) also supports the eutrophic to mesotrophic nature of the bottom (Table 2, Wetzel, 1975).

Oligochaeta, comprised of Branchiura sowerbyi, Dero coopri, Dero dagitata, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Pheretima sp., Tubifex tubifex and Tubifex sp., also signified higher trophic status of both the basins of Bhoj wetland (Krishnamurthy and Sarkar, 1979). Among all the Oligochaetes, the maximum density of Tubifex tubifex 481 and 222 individuals/m 2 were recorded at Site 1 and Site 3 for both the basins respectively as these species prefer vegetative type of habitats (Aydin, 2005). Brinkhurst and cook (1974) also reported that the organically enriched bottom supports quantitative increase of Oligochaetes. The presence of Tubifex sp. indicates medium alkaline waters suitable for its growth (Rajaram et al., 1981). Branchiura sowerbyi was present only in Upper basin at site 3 with 74 individuals/m 2 . At site 4 only Tubifex tubifex and Tubifex sp. were encountered as representatives of Oligochaeta and contributed 74 and 111 individuals/m 2 respectively (Table 3). The Oligochaetes are considered as the bio indicators of organic pollution (Indumathi and Ramanibai, 2009).

Among Crustacean population, Gammarus pulex shows its presence only in Upper basin at site 3 with 111 individuals/m 2 while Palemone sp. was recorded with 55 and 74 individuals/m 2 at site 1 and 3 in both the basins respectively (Table 3).

During the present study period, Glossosoma sp. and Hydropsyche sp. were recorded as representatives of class Trichoptera. Glossosoma sp. was encountered from Upper basin at site 3 with 55 individuals/m 2 and Hydropsyche sp. was recorded in both the water bodies with 111 and 901 individuals/m 2 at site 1 and site 3 respectively.

Hirudineria glossophonia and Hirudineria sp. among class Hirudineria were collected from both the basins at their shallow sites. Hirudineria glossophonia 158 and 37 individuals/m 2 for site 1 and 3 respectively while Hirudineria sp. contributed 129 and 92 individuals/m 2 at site 1 and site 3 respectively. These species were not recorded from the relatively deeper sites in both the basins. They prefer to live in shallow, warm, swampy areas and tightly attached to the vegetations as they feed on decaying plants matters. Almost all species of leeches used in hirudotherapy for bloodletting. A hirudin, an anticoagulant substance, present in the saliva of leeches that is pharmacologically important (Sandhyarani, 2010).

From Ephemeroptera, Baetis nymph (74 individuals/m 2 ) was recorded at site 3 only in Upper basin. Caenis runlorum was encountered at site 1 of Lower basin and site 3 of Upper basin with 74 and 148 individuals/m 2 respectively (Table 3). The absence of Ephemeropteran population at site 2 and 4 depicted that the insect fauna are not able to survive in the turbid waters having low transparency in terms of depth. The lesser contribution at site 1and 3 due to the acidic pH of sediment which does not supports healthy habitats for Ephemeropteran population.

A large number of benthic population was recorded at shallower site where as, less number was recorded in both the basins of Bhoj wetland. In the deeper portion of Lower basin at site 2, only few Molluscan species were recorded which may be attributed to its anoxic condition. These species were Vivipara bengalensis, Lymnaea acuminate, Thira pyramis and Bellamya bengalensis. All the specimens of these individuals have been collected in their despoiled

http://www.buzzle.com/authors.asp?author=21405



forms at the site. During the present study it was observed that some molluscan species were attached on flowing macrophytic vegetation during the high wind velocity in summer months. The species recorded from this site were not a true population of the site as seems they were escapes from flowing vegetation. These species are not able to grow in anoxic condition as well as at maximum depths. During the whole investigation dissolved oxygen was absent (below detection level) and acidic pH values were recorded which were the main obstruction for the growth of benthic organisms at site 2 (Table 2).

During present study in both the basins of Bhoj wetland at sites 1and 3, the high percentage composition was of molluscan species followed by other taxonomic classes. This may be due to the shallow depth and macrophytic vegetation which provides suitable habitat and food material.

Diversity composition of benthic population at all the sites revealed that the maximum diversity was observed at site 3 while site 2 was recorded as least populated (Fig. 4). The structure (composition and abundance) of benthic community in both the basins of Bhoj wetland has been highly impacted as a consequence of human activities, especially by eutrophication and organic pollution. Zinchenko (1992), Popp and Hoagland (1995) and Pamplin et al. (2006) also suggested that the increasing load of materials is a major factor correlated with species loss, particularly of insects.

Figure 4: Number of Species at different sites of Bhoj wetland

The two basins of Bhoj wetland, constructed on the same river during different year’s record significant variation in their benthic population owing to the mounted anthropogenic pressure on its Lower basin in comparison to its Upper basin. Though Lower basin of Bhoj wetland was constructed much later yet it attained higher trophic status early due to high accumulation of organic matter entering from it’s opened up catchment area. The changing land use land pattern of Upper Basin’s catchment area warns similar consequence if timely conservation measures are not adopted well in time.

Conclusion

The biological results of both the basins of the present study indicates that depth and aquatic vegetation play an important role for growth, vertical and horizontal distribution of all benthic population. Our understanding about biology of benthic population and its role in the ecosystem is still inadequate especially their production rates and turnover values. More studies are needed to establish the importance of various environmental factors that produce a collective effect on the nature and distribution of freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate.



References

1. Adoni, A.D., (1985): Work book on limnology. Pratibha Publishers, Sagar. pp 1 126.

2. APHA (1998): Standard methods for the examination of the water and waste water. 20 th addition. American Public Health Association, Washington Aquaculture Engineering. 19; pp 119131.

3. Aydin, H. (2005): The Oligochaeta (Annelida) Fauna of Top DamLake, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 30, pp 8389.

4. Bhatnagar, G.P. (1982): Limnology of Lower Lake, Bhopal with reference to sewage pollution and Eutrophication. Technical report (Man and Biosphere Deptt. of Environment, Gov. of India, New Delhi). pp 77.

5. Bhattacherjee, D. (2008): Benthic Invertebrates – A Crucial Tool in Biomonitoring of Lakes.

6. Sengupta, M. and Dalwani, R. (Editors): Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12 World Lake Conferences. pp. 9598.

7. Birmingham, M, (2005): Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key.

8. Cheatum, E.P. (1934): Limnological investigation on respiration, annual migratory cycle and other related phenomena in freshwater pulmonate snails. Tans. Am. Microscope Soc. 53: 348.

9. Dundee D.S. and A. Paine. (1999): Ecology of the snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Muller), intermediate host of the human liver fluke (Opisthorchis sinensis) in New Orleans, Louisiana. Nautilus. 91 (1). pp. 1720.

10. Edmondson, W.T. (1992): Fresh Water Biology, International Books & Periodicals Supply Services, New Delhi.

11. Frest T.J. and Johannes, E.J. (1999): Field guide to survey and manage freshwater mollusk species. pp 128.

12. Galbrand, C., Lemieux, I.G. Ghaly, A.E., Côté, R. and Verma, M. (2007): Assessment of Constructed Wetland Biological Integrity Using Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7 (2), pp 5265.

13. Garg, R. K., Rao, R. J. and Saksena, D. N. (2009): Correlation of molluscan diversity with physicochemical characteristics of water of Ramsagar reservoir, India. Inte. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation, 1(6), October. pp. 202207,

14. Harasewych M.G. (1998): Traumainduced, in utero hyperstrophy in Melanoides tuberculata (Muller, 1774). Journal of Molluscan studies. London. 64 (3). pp. 404 405.

15. Indumathi S. and Ramanibai R. (2009): Diversity of benthic organisms from Krishnagiri Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India. Curretnt Biotica, 3(2), pp 63170.



16. Malhotra, Y.R., Gupta, K. and Khajuria, A. (1990): Seasonal variations in the population of macrozoobenthos in relation to some physico chemical parameters of Lake Mansar, Jammu. Journal of Fresh water Biology. 2(2); pp 123128.

17. Needham and Needham (1962): A guide to the study of fresh water biology. Publishers. HoldenDay. San Fransisco, U.S.A. pp 107.

18. Needham, J.G. and Needham, P.R. (1978): Guide of the study of freshwater biology (8

th edm). HoldinDay, Inc. San Francisco, p.108.

19. Pamplin, P.A.Z., Almeida, T.C.M. and Rocha, O. (2006): Composition and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Americana Reservoir (SP, Brazil). Acta Limnol. Bras. 18(2): pp 121132.

20. Pennak, W. (1978): Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press Company, New York. pp. 803.

21. Plaziat J.C. and Younis, W.R. (2005): The modern environments of Molluscs in southern Mesopotamia, Iraq: A guide to paleogeographical reconstructions of Quaternary fluvial, palustrine and marine deposits. Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology Article 2005/01 (CG2005A01).

22. Popp, A. & Hoagland, K.D. (1995): Changes in benthic community composition in response to reservoir aging. Hydrobiologia, 306: pp 15971.

23. Rader, R.B., Batzer, D.P. and Wissinger, S.A. (2001): Bioassessment and Management of North American Freshwater Wetlands. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

24. Sandhyarani, N. (2010): Leeches Facts. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leeches facts.html

25. Sharma, R.C. (1986): Effect of physicochemical factors on benthic fauna of Bhagirathi River, Garhwal Himalayas. Ind. J. Ecol. 13: pp 133137.

26. Subba Rao, N.V. (1989): Handbook of Freshwater Molluscs of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 289 pp.

27. Thomson F.G. (1984): Field Guide to the Freshwater Snails of Florida Florida Museum of Natural History. pp 67.

28. Tonapi, G.T. (1980): Freshwater animals of India An ecological approach. Oxford and IBH publishing comp. New Delhi, pp 341.

29. Verma, M. (2001): Economic Valuation of Bhoj Wetland for Sustainable Use, Report prepared for India: Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal. pp 227.

30. Wanganeo, A. (1998): Impact of anthropogenic activities on Bhoj wetland with special emphasis on nutrient dynamics. Final report submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forest. New Delhi. pp 82.



31. Wetzel R.G. (1975): Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, pp 743.

32. Zinchenko, T.D. (1992): Longterm (30 years) dynamics of Chironomidae (Diptera) fauna in the Kuibyshev water reservoir associated with eutrophication processes. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol., 26, pp 533542.

Documents

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research ... · 2017-12-12 · basins of Bhoj wetland (A Ramsar site) so that specific trophic status could