建筑遗产保护 Conservation of Architectural Heritage

简 史 CONCISE HISTORY

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Ref. Books 参考书目

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About the Author: Dr Jukka Jokilehto

• Graduated in architecture at the Polytechnic of Helsinki and had his DPhil at the University of York , UK.

• He worked first as architect and city planner in Finland; then, having attended the international course in architectural conservation at ICCROM in 1971, he was employed by this organization until his retirement in 1998, reaching the position of Assistant to the Director General. His responsibilities have included the development of training activities at international and national levels, the management and direction of ICCROM's programmes in architectural and urban conservation and planning, representation of the organization in the World Heritage Committee at UNESCO, as well as being President of the International Training Committee of ICOMOS.

• He has coauthored with Sir Bernard Feilden the Management Guidelines for World Heritage Sites (ICCROM, Rome, 1993, reprinted in 1998), which has been translated into several languages. 建筑遗产保护 Architectural Conservation

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Abstract

• The aim of the study has been to investigate the history and development of major national European philosophies, i.e. those in Italy, England, France and Germanic countries, in respect to historic buildings, monuments and sites, the cross fertilization of these ideas and principles, and their contribution towards an international approach in the treatment of historic structures. 建筑遗产保护 Architectural Conservation

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Abstact

• Five case studies have been examined in depth for examples in the treatment of historic buildings; these are – the Colosseum (Rome), – the temple of Athena Nike (Athens), – Durham Cathedral (England), – Magdeburg Cathedral (Prussia), and – the Madeleine in Vézelay (France).

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The study extends from the Italian Renaissance over to the period following the Second World War, and distinguishes between the traditional approach to the treatment of historic monuments, the ‘romantic restoration’ established in the Italian Renaissance and developed particularly in the nineteenth century (Schinkel, Scott, Mérimée, Viollet-le-Duc), the ‘conservation movement’ emphasizing the material authenticity and documentary value of the monument (Ruskin, Morris, Boito), and the modern conservation theory which is based on a critical historical evaluation of the work of art in its aesthetic, historical and use values (Riegl, Argan, Brandi), and is reflected in the Venice Charter (1964) and in the policy of ICCROM and ICOMOS.

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TYPES OF TREATMENT

TRADITIONAL

ROMANTIC

CONSERVATIVE

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Restoration v Conservation

• Romantic restoration– Renaissance– C19 Stylistic Restoration, France +

England + German– Schinkel, Scott, Mérimée, Viollet-le-Duc

• Conservation Movement– Ruskin, Morris, Boito

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Modern

• Modern conservation theory – based on a critical historical evaluation

of the work of art in its aesthetic, historical and use values

– Riegl, Argan, Brandi

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Traditional treatment

• Historic structures are preserved so long as they continue to have use values, or because there is no specific reason for their destruction; changes and new constructions in large buildings are slow and can take generations, showing in many cases a desire to continue the efforts of previous generations in a harmonious way, as was the case in mediaeval cathedrals.建筑遗产保护 Conservation of Architectural Heritage

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传统方式

• 古代社会顺其自然的发展

• 保留原功能，变化缓慢，和谐发展 . 后代延续原来意图。如中世纪主教堂。

• 体现实用行、纪念行、象征行，如– 金字塔– 神庙、神像– 教堂

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Romantic restoration

• Early cases• Restoration

– ‘restoration’ aimed at the completion and recreation of an architectural whole according to its original intentions or its most significant period, using historical research and analogy with other buildings of the same style as a reference - as is shown in the work of Sir George Gilbert Scott in England and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in France.

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浪漫修复 · 文艺复兴

• 人文主义：古帝国的首都；向古代形式学习

• 教会 ：基督教的中心；强大神圣的象征

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Stratification 层位

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浪漫修复 ·19 世纪

• 根据原有意图，完善、重建• 回到最初的意向，或者最辉煌阶段• 利用历史研究、同时期同类型的模仿• 重视形式、重视美感而忽略历史信息

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浪漫修复 ·19 世纪

• 英国： Scott “ 忠实修复”（ faithful restoration ）

• 法国：风格复原 (stylistic restoration) Violet-Le-Duc

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Viollet-Le-Duc

1814-1879

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Conservation movement

• This was one that aimed at the conservation and re-evaluation of the authentic object, preserving its historic stratification and original material, and avoiding falsification.

• Although the aims of these two approaches in part coincide, both being directed toward the protection of historic buildings and works of art, their methods and objectives are often opposed, resulting at times in bitter conflicts.

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保存运动（ Conservation Movement ）

• 注重对象的“真实性”• 保存各阶段的历史信息，原始材料• 杜绝臆造• 尊重历史价值

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英国• Ruskin 《建筑七

灯》• Morris 创建古建筑保

护学会（ SPAB ）• 学会章程被认为是

《威尼斯宪章》前身

建筑遗产保护 Architectural Conservation