* COMMENTS ON ENROLLMENT - botany.ubc.ca · Familiarize yourself with the drawings & images in the remaining chapters ... MITOSIS MEIOSIS ... FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE 4. BASIC LARVAL

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BIOL 205: COURSE INTRODUCTION & REVIEW

* COMMENTS ON ENROLLMENT:

* SYLLABUS:

A contract between you and meThe course webpageExams & gradingLecture sketches – cartoons & color highlight salient characteristics, e.g.:

* COURSE OBJECTIVES & OUTLINE:

A comprehensive look at the diversity of animals:Functional morphologyOntogenyPhylogeny

Learn the language of comparative organismal biology: The GlossaryBuild foundation for introspection, discovery, innovation & public policyLectures: Focus on introducing the building blocks of animal diversity;

frequent slide shows focused on putting the blocks together

* PARTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES:

The taxa you will need to know – download this list from the course webpage.

* HOW TO USE THE TEXTBOOK:

B & B: Readings are listed on the syllabusChapters 2—4 & 24 are very important – consult them throughout the termFamiliarize yourself with the drawings & images in the remaining chaptersDO NOT overwhelm yourself with too many details – the text is a resourcePlease focus on the specific topics & terms highlighted in your lecture notes

pinna

pairedappendages

binocular eyehair on top of head

external naris

opposablethumb

labium

tool

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* THE LAB:

The ‘block learning’ component of the courseGet hands-on experience with a diverse array of invertebratesTake advantage of the virtual labs on the course webpageTreat all animals encountered with the utmost respect

* THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

“A” = Argument or Explanation

Scientific explanations:- must be logically consistent- must be naturalistic/empirical- must be demonstrative/repeatable- must be testable/falsifiable- are constrained by limitations of human perception (abilities & tools - microscopes)- accommodate/tolerate uncertainty- give rise to extremely accurate predictions- are outcomes of a self-correcting process

‘skyhook’ ‘crane’(non-science) (science)

OBSERVATION QUESTION HYPOTHESIS

EMPIRICALTEST

RESULTS

INDUCTION

THEORY DEDUCTION PREDICTIONS

Atomic TheoryUniversal Theory of GravitationTheory of Biological EvolutionTheory of Plate Tectonics

Support Hypothesis?Falsify Hypothesis?

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* OVERVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION (VIA NATURAL SELECTION):

* CLASSICAL CRITERIA FOR HOMOLOGY:

HOMOLOGOUS CHARACTER: any trait present in two or more different lineages thatwas also present in their most recent common ancestor.

1. Unique similarity in form2. Corresponding position within a common body plan (‘bauplan’)3. The existence of intermediate states (developmental or paleontological)

* DISCOVERING PHYLOGENY:

Comparative analyses of biological information:morphological/behavioral traitsnucleotide sequences (RNA/DNA)amino acid sequences (proteins)fossils

Methods of phylogenetic analysis:parsimonymaximum likelihoodBayesian analysis

GENETIC MUTATIONSIN GERM LINE &RECOMBINATION

HERITABLEGENOTYPIC VARIATION

HERITABLE PHENOTYPICVARIATION

OVER-REPRODUCTIONLIMITED

RESOURCES

COMPETITIONDIFFERENTIAL

REPRODUCTION(NATURAL SELECTION)

PROPORTION OF ADVANTAGEOUSCHARACTERS INCREASES

POPULATIONS CHANGE OVERVAST GEOLOGICAL TIME

ORGANISMAL ADAPTATION

STASIS

GEOGRAPHIC/REPRODUCTIVEBARRIERS

CLADOGENETICSPECIATION

ANAGENETICSPECIATION

PATTERNS OFMACROEVOLUTION

& PHYLOGENY

GENETIC DRIFT

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* THE DIVERSITY OF EUKARYOTES – THE BIG PICTURE:

TELEOLOGY: An archaic, non-scientific (anthropocentric) idea asserting that thediversity of organisms is purposeful and is directed toward optimum design orperfection. Teleological thinking gave rise to the SCALA NATURAE (advocated byAristotle, 384-322 B.C.) – a viewpoint that is pervasive even today:

Please avoid using teleological language (e.g., “higher”, “lower”, “purpose”)when expressing yourself on exams or in class.

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INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL ORGANIZATION

* WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?

1. EUKARYOTES2. MULTICELLULAR3. INTERNALLY DIGESTIVE HETEROTROPHS4. LOCOMOTOR ABILITY5. SENSE ORGANS & RAPID RESPONSES6. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (DIPLOID LIFE CYLES)7. FUNDAMENTAL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION:

MOLECULES

ORGANELLES CELLS

TISSUES ORGANS

ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISMS

POPULATIONS COMMUNITIES ECOSYSTEMS

BIOMES BIOSPHERE

* OVERVIEW OF LECTURE THEMES – SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY:

1. MAJOR ANIMAL PHYLA / GENERAL BODY FORMS2. BODY WALL, SKELETAL SYSTEMS & LOCOMOTION3. FEEDING & DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS4. CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS & GAS EXCHANGE5. EXCRETORY & OSMOREGULATORY SYSTEMS6. NERVOUS SYSTEMS7. REPRODUCTION8. LIFE HISTORIES & ONTOGENY9. PHYLOGENETIC CONTEXT & CHARACTER EVOLUTION

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* BODY SYMMETRY:1. Radial

2. Bilateral

* EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS:1. None2. Diploblastic

A. EctodermB. Endoderm (Entoderm)

3. TriploblasticA. EctodermB. MesodermC. Endoderm (Entoderm)

* BODY CAVITIES:

Gut epithelium(Endoderm)

Gut epithelium(Endoderm)

Epidermis(Ectoderm)

Acoelomate Blastocoelomate(Pseudocoelomate)

Coelomate

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PHYLOGENETICS

* BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TERMS & CONCEPTS OF CLADISTICS:

1. PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY ARE HIERARCHICAL:A. Phylogenies

I. Matrices of comparative dataB. Classifications

I. Storage & retrieval systemII. CommunicationIII. Reflect evolutionary relationshipsVI. Taxa vs. ranks

2. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS:A. ParsimonyB. Cladogram

I. MonophyleticII. PolyphyleticIII. Paraphyletic

C. SynapomorphiesD. SymplesiomorphiesE. Polarity & outgroupsF. Morphostasis

MAMMALS LIZARDS SNAKES BIRDS CROCODILES TURTLES

A

B

D E

1

2

3

5

6

7

8 9

10

4C

Homologies

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* FEEDING & DIGESTION (NUTRITION):INGESTION

DIGESTIONABSORPTION DEFECATION

ASSIMILATION

1. FEEDING STRATEGIES:A. SuspensionB. Deposit

I. DirectII. Selective

C. PredatoryI. CarnivoryII. ScavengingIII. Parasitism

D. Herbivory

2. NUTRIENTS:A. MineralsB. VitaminsC. CarbohydratesD. ProteinsE. LipidsF. Nucleic Acids

3. ORGANS:A. Buccal Cavity / PharynxB. StomachC. Digestive GlandsD. IntestinesE. Rectum

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* CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE (INTERNAL TRANSPORT):

1. OPEN:

2. CLOSED:HEART

VEINS ARTERIES

VENULES ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES

HEMOCOEL

INCREASE

HEART ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VENULES VEINS HEART HEMOCOEL

TOTAL X-SECTIONALAREA

BLOOD ORHEMOLYMPHVELOCITY

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* EXCRETION & OSMOREGULATION:

1. DEAMINATION WASTE PRODUCTS:A. Ammonia – NH3 (Ammonotelic)B. Detoxification

I. Urea (e.g. vertebrates)II. Uric acid (Uricotelic)

2. OSMOTIC CONDITIONS:A. Isotonic (e.g. marine)B. Hypotonic (e.g. freshwater)C. Hypertonic (e.g. brines)D. TerrestrialE. Osmoregulators vs. Osmoconformers

3. NEPHRIDIA:A. ProtonephridiaB. Metanephridia

* NERVOUS SYSTEM & COORDINATION:

1. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS:A. NeuronsB. Nerves

2. REFLEX ARCS:

STIMULUS RECEPTOR SITE SENSORY NERVES

NERVE CORDS & GANGLIA

RESPONSE EFFECTOR SITE MOTOR NERVES

3. RECEPTORS: GEO-, PHOTO-, PHONO-, CHEMO-, PROPRIO-,THERMO-, TACTILE, PRESSURE, PAIN

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* REPRODUCTION:

1. GENERAL ANIMAL LIFE CYCLE:

ADULTS

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

MATURATION HAPLOID GAMETES

SPERM OVA

JUVENILE ZYGOTE

EMBRYOLOGY

2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • No need to find mates • No variation• Clones (if well adapted)• Faster reproduction• Physiologically cheaper

3. CONDITIONS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:A. Gonochoristic = DioeciousB. Hermaphroditic = Monoecious

4. FERTILIZATION:A. External (Free spawning)B. Internal

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

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* LIFE HISTORIES:

1. Indirect

2. Direct

3. Mixed

ADULTS

JUVENILE GAMETES

METAMORPHOSIS FREE SPAWN

INTERNALFERTILIZATION

LARVAE EXTERNALFERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

4. BASIC LARVAL TYPES:

A. Planktotrophic

B. Lecithotrophic

Indirect Low cost/zygoteLow survivalWide distribution (dispersal)Low parental care

Direct High cost/zygoteHigh survivalNarrow distribution

High parental care

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* COMMENTS ON ENROLLMENT - botany.ubc.ca · Familiarize yourself with the drawings & images in the remaining chapters ... MITOSIS MEIOSIS ... FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE 4. BASIC LARVAL