+

Chapter 3

Infancy and Childhood

Babies and small

human beings!

+Section 1 - Objective

Understand that as infants grow physically, they also develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and language.

Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development

+Define the following vocab words:

Developmental Psychology

Grasping Reflex

Rooting Reflex

Maturation

Telegraphic speech

+What are the 3 issues developmental psychologists look at?1) Continuity vs. stages of development

2) Stability vs. Change3) Nature vs. Nurture

Explain each of these

+What ways are capacities measured in newborns?Sucking

Turning Head

Looking at/for things

Cry

Smile

Show fright or surprise

+Diagram the Maturation timetable.

This timeline indicates the amount of time it should take an infant to learn simple skills, such as: motor functions, body support, pulling up, crawling, creeping, and walking.

These are the first signs of intelligence, along with the ability to speak and understand words.

This can be found on page 64 Figure 3.2

+What could cause this timetable to be thrown off?

Underfed

Restriction of Movement

Deprivation of Human Contact

Under of Over stimulation

+What does the visual cliff experiment teach us?

Explain this experiment.

Infants learn through experience.

What are some other examples of this concept?

+What is one of the 1st signs of great intellectual development?

The acquisition of language.

This is seen by scientists as the only real way to tell if a young child has a high intellectual capacity. Any other tests could be skewed by muscular development or some other intervening variable.

Are there any intervening variables that might alter these results.

+How do animals talk to humans, and what makes it different?

They uses symbols to communicate simple ideas with human beings. Most often this is done with sign language. Examples of this can be seen with primates learning and using sign language.

While animals can learn simple sign language, they can not use grammar properly. This is due to the animals brain not having the capacity for this. They will make very simple sentences.

+What are the steps for learning a language?

1 Learn to make the signs (symbols)

2 Learn meaning of signs (symbols)

3 Learn grammar學生

Studentétudiantallievoстудент

+

Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old to 5 years old.

1st year- Babbling sounds

2nd year- vocab of 5 to 15 hundred words

3rd year- use 2 word phrases/ Simple grammar

4th year- use of future tense/ ask questions in adult form

5th year- accumulate 5 -10 vocab words daily / complex clause

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Section 1 RecapPhysical, Perceptual, and Language Development

■ Some psychologists believe that most behaviors are the result of genetics—nature. Others believe that most behaviors are the result of experience and learning—nurture.

■ The newborn is capable of certain inherited, automatic, coordinated movement patterns, called reflexes, which are triggered by the right stimulus.

■ Infants experience rapid development through maturation and learning.

■ Depth perception increases in older infants.

■ There are several steps involved in learning language.

Main Idea: Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions and language.

+Section 2 - Objective

Discuss how as the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

Cognitive and Emotional Development

+Define the following vocab words:

Schema

Assimilation

Accommodation

Object permanence

Representational thought

Conservation

Egocentric

Imprinting

Critical Period

+What 2 things are intellectual development based on?

Quantitative ChangesThis is the amount of information

Qualitative ChangesThis is the manner of thinking

+How are assimilation and accommodation different?

Assimilation

Uses a pre-existing schemas

Accommodation

Alters schema to new information

+Outline the stages of object permanence.

1-7 months Thinks object ceases to exist

7-12 months will look in close proximity to its last appearance

12-18 months Looks in last place seen

18-24 months looks to find in complex places, knows it is still there

+Give an example of conservation development.

This is when a child can not think about height and width at the same time. See the example by Piaget in the chapter on page 73.

+Chart Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development.

+Explain Harlow’s experiment. What does it tell us?

Monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth and placed with other infant monkeys in captivity. They were subjected to loud noises and flashing lights, to create fear, to see which artificial mother they would move to. One mother was made of steel wires and had food, the other was covered with terry cloth and had no food. The majority of the monkeys went to the monkey covered with terry cloth.

Like the monkeys children will seek out comfort. This is also the case for adults. This helps to explain the importance of touching and human contact.

Coach Simpson will now explain why this is important to you and your future children

May the supreme being help us all if you procreate!

Explanation How this is related to humans

+Outline attachment in human infants.

+Explain each of the following:

Secure Attachment Needs to be close, but will

explore (will come back to)

Resistance Attachment Does not care when left

alone, but are angry upon return

Avoidant Attachment Disapprove of mother

leaving (ignore when she comes back)

Disorganized Attachment Confused and act

inconsistently

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Section 2 RecapCognitive and Emotional Development

■ Children’s knowledge of the world changes through the processes of assimilation and accommodation.

■ Piaget described the changes that occur in children’s understanding in four stages of cognitive development.

■ Infants begin to develop emotionally by attaching to specific people, usually their mothers.

Main Idea: As the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

+Section 3 - Objective

Describe the social decisions children face as they grow and progress through the stages of life.

Parenting Styles and Social Development

+Define the following vocab words:

Authoritarian family

Democratic Family

Permissive Laissez-faire family

Socialization

Identification

Sublimation

Role Taking

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What type of family are you from?Answer using a TV family

+Why are children from democratic/authoritarian families more confident?Establishment of limits of children

Response to children with warmth

+What causes children of democratic families to make decisions better than others?

1) Assumptions of responsibility are gradual

2) Identify with parents they do not treat as incompetent

3) Parents present a model of responsible, cooperative, and independence to be imitated

+Summarize the section on child abuse.

Effects: Child has loss trust Guilt Anti-social behavior Depression/ Emotional

Problems Identity crisis/ Low self

esteem

Causes: Formerly abused

parents Low patientce level Unrealistic

expectations Stress Children less

responsive & more difficult to care for

Reduction: Parent Education Child Abuse laws

+What are the dimensions of socialization?

1st Learning the rules

2nd Acquiring identities

3rd Living with others & yourself

+Diagram Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

See also Figure 3.13 on page 82 in textbook

+Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

+Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

+Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

+Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

See also Figue 3.14 on page 84 in your textbook

+Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.

Pre-Conventional

+Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.

Conventional

+Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.

Post-Conventional

+

Section 3 RecapParenting Styles and Social Development

■ There are four basic parenting styles—authoritarian, democratic or authoritative, permissive or laissez-faire, and uninvolved.

■ Socialization is the process of learning the rules of behavior of one’s culture.

■ Freud’s theory of psychosexual development suggests that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges, and in learning to control these impulses, children acquire a sense of right and wrong.

■ Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development suggests that the need for social approval is important.

■ The cognitive-developmental theories of development suggest that social development is the result of the child trying to make sense out of his experiences.

■ Kohlberg suggested that humans progress through six stages of moral reasoning.

Main Idea: Children face various social decisions as they grow and progress through the stages of life.