Poh-imkvXw

58

\nß-fpsS Dulw kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

tImi-\n¿an-Xn°pw hf¿®-bv°pw Du¿Phpw

tImi-\n¿amW LS-I-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-

sW∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. tImi-

ß-fn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-߃ Fß-s\-

bmWv hf¿®-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xv?

hf-cm\pw s]cp-Im\pw

Pohs‚ sN∏p-Iƒ

tImi-ßsf Pohs‚ sN∏p-I-fmbn hnti-

jn∏n®tXm¿°p-∂n-t√? ico-c-h-f¿®-bn¬

tImi-ß-fpsS ]s¶-¥mWv?

Ip´n-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ i≤n-®nt√? AΩ hf-

cm-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw F¥mhmw? AΩbv°p

t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃ th≠ Af-hn¬ e`n--°p-

∂nt√? Poh\p≈h-sb√mw hf-cp-∂p. hf¿®

]e-X-c-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-hp-∂p-ap≠v. Aß-s\-

-sb-¶n¬ hf-¿®-bpsS ASn -ÿm\w

F¥mWv?

Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-chpw Poh-[¿a-]-

chpamb ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw tImi-am-

Wt√m. tImiw hf-cp-∂XpsIm≠mtWm

icocw hf-cp-∂Xv? AtXm tImi-ß-fpsS

FÆw IqSp-∂Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v icocw hf-

cpIbmtWm?

Rm≥ hf¿∂p

hf¿∂p AΩ-tb-°mfpw

hep-Xmbn. Rm≥ ImWp∂

ImewapX¬ AΩ CXtb D≈q.

F¥m AtΩ AΩ

hf-cm-ØXv?

hf-cp-∂-Xns‚ s]mcpƒ6

Poh-imkvXw

59

sN∏n-\p-≈nse am‰-߃

tImi-߃ hn`-Pn°p-tºmƒ Ah-bv°p-

≈n¬ Fs¥ms° am‰-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw kw`-

hn-°p-∂Xv? tImi-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-

bmsI \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xp \yq¢n-b-km-sW-

∂-dn-bm-at√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ \yq¢n-bkv

Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw tImi-hn-`-P-\-Øn\p

Xbm-sd-Sp-°p-∂Xv? NnX-hpw (6.2) hnh-c-

Whpw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

hni-I-e\w sNbvXp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.

NnXw (6.1) \nco-£n®v icocw hf-cp∂

sXßs\-sb∂ \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn°q.

tImiw Hcp -\n-›nX hep-∏-Øn-se-Øp-

tºmƒ tImi-hn-`-P\w \S-°p-∂p. hn`-P-\-

Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ tImi߃ ho≠pw

hf-cp-Ibpw hn -Pn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. icoc-

h-f¿®-bn¬ tImi-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v t_m[y-

am-bn-t√? hf¿®-sb-∏‰n \n߃ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ønb Dul-sØbpw cq]o-I-cn® \nK-a-\-

sØbpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Dul-Øns‚

km[pX hne-bn-cp-Øq.

NnXw ˛ 6.1

tImi-h-f¿®bpw hn`-P-\hpw

πmkvam-kvXcw

tImi-Zhyw

\yq¢n-bkv

tImi-h-f¿®

]q¿Whf¿®-sb-

Ønb tImiw

tImi-hn- -P\w

]pXnIm

tImi-߃

tImi-h-f¿®

]q¿Whf¿®-sb-Ønb

tImi߃

ho≠pw

-hn- -P\w

]pXn-Im-tImiw

tImi-Z-hy-Øns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂p. tImimwK-

ß-fpsS FÆw IqSp-∂p. \yq¢n-b-knse LS-

I-ß-fpsS Af-hv -h¿[n-°p-∂p. tImi-Øns‚

hep-∏w IqSp-∂p.

sk≥tSmtkmw

tImatkmwamXr-tImiw

\yq-¢n-bm¿ kvXcw

\yq-¢n-tbmekv

\yq¢n-tbm-πmkw

sImam-‰n≥ PmenI

πmkvam-kvXcw

tImi-Zhyw

\yq¢n-bkv

sk≥tSmtkmw

sImam-‰n≥ PmenI

tImatkmamIp∂p

tImatkmw

Cc- n-°p∂p

sImam-‰nUv

sk≥tSm-an-b¿

\yq¢n-b-kv

NnXw ˛ 6.2

tImi-hn-`-P-\-Øn-te°v

Cc- n® tImatkmw

Poh-imkvXw

60

NnXw ˛ 6.3

\yq¢n-b-kns‚ hn-`-P-\w ˛ hnhn[L´-߃

Cc-´n® tIma-

tkmap≈ amXr-tImiw

\yq¢n-bm¿ kvXchpw \yq¢n-

tbm-ekpw A]-Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p. sk≥tSmtkmw hn -Pn®v

sk≥Sn-tbm-fp-Iƒ Ccp[ph-

ß-fn-te°v AhnsS \n∂pwIoe-X-¥p-°ƒ cq]wsIm≈p

∂p. Ioe-X¥p-°ƒ sk≥tSm-

an -b-dp-ambn _‘n-°p∂p.(Db¿∂-bn\w kky-ß-fn¬

sk≥tSm-tkm-ap-Iƒ C√m-sX-

bmWv Ioe-X-¥p-°ƒ cq]s∏Sp-∂-Xv).

tIma -tkm -ap -

Iƒ sImam-‰n-≥Pme n -Ibmbn

amdp∂p. ]pXn

Im \yq¢n-b-kp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp

∂p.

sImam-‰n -Up-Iƒ

t h ¿ ] n - c n ™ v]pXnIm tIma -

tkm-ap-I-fmbn Ccp-

[p-h-ß-fn-te°pw\oßp-∂p.

\yq¢n-tbm-ekpw

\yq¢n-bm¿ kvX-chpw ]Xy-£-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

Ioe-X¥p-°ƒ

kqN-I-߃

amXr-tIm-i-Øn¬ FX tIma-tkm-ap-

Iƒ D≠v? Ahbv°v F-¥p am‰w kw`-

hn-°p-∂p?

hn`-P-\-L-´-Øn¬ \yq¢n-b-kn¬ \n∂v

A]-Xy-£-am-Ip∂ `mK-߃ GsX-

√mw?

Ioe-X-¥p-°fpsS [¿aw F¥v?

]pXnImtImi-Øn¬ FX- tIm-a-tkm-

ap-Iƒ D≠mbncn°pw?

\yq¢n-b-kns‚ hn`-P\w ]q¿Øn-bm-sb-

¶nepw c≠v tImi-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-´n-s√∂p

NnX-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂nt√? ]pXn-

Im-tIm-i-߃ kzX-¥-ambn th¿Xn-cn-b-W-

kqN-I-߃

tImi-hn- -P-\-Øn\p sXm´p-apºv sImam-

‰n≥ Pmen-I-bvs°-¥p- am‰w kw`-hn-

°p∂p?

tIma-tkm-ans‚ LS\ sImam-‰n≥

Pmen-I-bn¬ \ns∂-ßs\ hyXym-k-

s∏´n-cn-°p∂p?

tIma-tkmapw Po\pw XΩnseßs\

_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

tImi-hn-`-P\w \S-°p-tºmƒ \yq¢n-b-kn-\v-

Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ D≠m-Ip∂psh∂v ]cn-

tim-[n°mw. NnXw (6.3) \nco-£n-®v kqN-

I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w

sNbvXp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

\yq¢n-b-kv- (Nucleus) -sN-∏n-\p-≈nse sN∏v

tImi-Øns‚ \nb-¥W tIµ-amWv \yq¢n-b-kv. \yq¢n-b-kns\ Bh-cWw sNbvXv Hcp

Cc´kvXc-ap-≠v. Bh-c-W-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \yq¢n-tbmπmkw (nucleoplasm) F∂ Zhw AS-ßn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-¬ tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ \yq¢n-tbmekpw he°ÆnIƒ t]mse sI´p-

]n-W™p InS°p-∂ sImam-‰n≥ Pmen-Ibpw (chromatin reticulum) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. sImam-

‰n≥ PmenI tIma-tkm-ap-I-fmbn amdp-∂-tXmsS tImiw hn -P-\-Øn\p Xbmdmbn F∂p]d-

bmw. Hmtcm tIma-tkm-an-\p-≈nepw Hcp Un.-F≥.-F. (DNA - Deoxyribo nucleic acid) X∑m-X-

bp-≠v. ]mc-ºcykz`m-h-߃ hln-°p∂ Po\p-Iƒ Un.F≥.-F-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. tImi-hn-

-P-\-Øn\p sXm´p-apºv tIma-tkm-ap-Iƒ X\n-∏I¿∏v krjvSn®v Cc- n°pw. Cu L´Øn¬

tIma-tkm-an\v c≠v sImam-‰n-Up-Iƒ (chromatids) D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm Pohn-h¿K-

Øns‚bpw tImatkmw kwJy ÿnc-am-bn-cn°pw. a\p-jys‚ tImatkmw kwJy 46

BWv. ]mbtam tZi-t`-Ztam H∂pw Xs∂ Hcp Pohn-h¿K-Øns‚ tImatkmw kwJy-

bn¬ am‰w- h-cp-Øp∂n-√.

Poh-imkvXw

61

NnXw ˛ 6.5

tImiZhy-hn-`-P-\w ˛ kky-tIm-i-ß-fn¬

]pXnIm \yq¢n-b-kp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬

tImi- eIw cq]-s∏-Sp∂p

]pXnIm-tImi߃

]pXnIm-tImi߃

a[y`mKØmbntImi-Øn\p Np‰pw

t\cnb hnShvcq]-s∏-Sp∂p

NnXw ˛ 6.4

tImiZhy-hn-`-P-\w ˛ P¥p-tIm-i-ß-fn¬

CØcw tImi-hn -` -P -\Øn¬ Hcp

amXrtImi-Øn¬ \n∂v kam-\-amb c≠p

]pXn-Im-tImißfmWv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. Ah

hf¿∂p ho≠pw -hn-`-Pn°p-∂p. ico-c-h-

f¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ CØcw tImi-

hn-`-P-\sØ Ia-`wKw (mitosis) F∂p ]d-

bp-∂p. D≈nbpsS thcns‚ AK-`mKØv

\S°p∂ Ia`wKw So®dpsS klm-b-

tØmsS \nco£n°q.

ico-c-Øn¬ FX XhW tImi-hn-`-P\w

\S-∂mepw tImi-Ønse tImatkmw

kwJy-bv°p am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂n-√ F∂-XmWv

Ia-`w-K-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. tImatkmw

kwJybv°p am‰w hcmsX Ia- w-K-Øn-eqsS

\n›n-X-L´w hsc icocw hf-cp-∂p.

a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hf¿®bv

°p kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb

]m[m\yw IqSn D≠v. ssii-hw, _meyw,

Iuamcw F∂o L´-߃ a\pjy hf¿®-

bn¬ ]k-‡-am-Ip-∂Xpw AXp-sIm≠mWv.

Cu L -ß-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp-tºm-gmWv

Hcp hy‡n°p kz¥w kaq-l-tØmSv CS-

]-g-In-s°m≠v Xs‚ hy‡nXzhnIm-k-Øn\v

Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

Iuamcw ˛ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS Imew

hf¿®-bpsS kp]-[m\ L´amb Iuam-c-

ØneqsS-bmWp \n߃ IS∂pt]mIp-∂-Xv.

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nm¿ v ]cn-tim-[n®v

GsXms° khn -ti-j-X-Iƒ \n߃

°p-s≠∂p kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bq.

P¥p-tIm-i-ß-fn -te-Xp -t]mse Xs∂-

bmtWm kky-tIm-i-ß-fnepw tImi-Z-hy-

hn- -P\w \S-°p-∂Xv? NnXw (6.5) \nco-£n®v

\nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°q.

sa-¶n¬ tImi-Zhyhn`-P\w IqSn \S-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. \yq¢n-b-kns‚ hn`-P\w t]mse-

bmtWm tImi-Z-hy-hn-`-P\w? \¬In-bn-cn-

°p∂ NnX-w (6.4) hni-I-e\w sNbvXp \nK-

a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q.

Cu e£-W-ß-fn¬]eXpw F\n°p≠-t√m.

F\n°pwIuam-camtbm?

I-uamc e£-W-߃$ i_vZw amdp-∂p (B¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬).

$ tcma-߃ hf-cp-∂p.

$ kvX\-h-f¿® (s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬).

$ FXn¿enw-K-°m-tcmSp IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]cyw tXm∂p-∂p.

$ \nkmcImcy-ß-fn¬t]mepw Bi--¶bpw DXvI-Wv-Tbpw A\p- -h-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

$ kn\n-am-Xm-c-߃, Imbn-I-Xm-c-߃ X-pSßn-b-hsc Bcm-[n-°p-

Ibpw A\p-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ F¥n-t\mSpw ]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ ]h-WX IqSp-∂p.

$ D]-tZiw tIƒ°p-∂Xp aSp-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p.

$ kulr-Z-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Gsd XmXv]cyw.

$ Aan-Xm-thiw.

Poh-imkvXw

62

acW-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

akvXnjvI acWw (Brain death)akvXn-jvI-Ønse tImi-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w ÿnc-ambn \ne-bv°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv

akvXnjvI ac-Ww. akvXn-jvI-Ønse sshZyp-X-X-cw-K-߃ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-XmWv CXns‚

e£-Ww. EEG (Electroencephalograph) bneqsS CXp- a-\- n-em-°mw. akvXn-jvI-a-c-W-Øn-

\p-ti-jhpw lrZ-b-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\hpw izk-\hpw aµ-K-Xn-bn¬ XpS¿t∂-°mw.

¢n\n-°¬ acWw (Clinical death)Hcp hy‡n-bpsS lrZ-b-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\hpw izk-\hpw \ne-bv°p-tºm-gmWv acWw

kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v tUmIvS¿am¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. acWw kw`-hn®v A[nIw sshImsX arX-

i-co-cØn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ Nne Ah-b-h-߃ A-h-bhZm\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-

≠v. lrZ-bw, hr°, IÆp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh am‰n-h-bv°m-≥ Ign-bp∂ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-Wv.

Iuam-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°p apJy ImcWw imco-cn-I-ambn kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-ß-fm-

Wv. Cu am‰-ßsf ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbmsS kao-]n-°p-hm≥ \n߃t°mtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ign-b-

Ww. Iuam-c-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn t\cn-Sp-hm≥ \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-

°fpw A[ym-]-Icpw \nßsf klm-bn-°pw. Ah-scms° Cu Ime-L´w ]n∂n-´-h-cm-Wv.

\nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønse \n m-c-Im-cy-߃t]mepw ho´p-Im-tcmSp Xpd∂p]d-bm≥ aSn-°-

cp-Xv. ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v Ah¿ \nß-tfm-sSm∏w D≠m-Ipw. Hcn-°epw \n߃ H‰-bv°mhn√.

Iuamcw Ign-™m¬ bu∆-\-am-Wv. Iuam-c-]mbw GI-tZiw 10 apX¬ 19 hbkp hsc-bm-

Wv. ico-c-h-f¿®bn¬ bu∆\w F∂ L´-Øn\v henb ]k-‡n-bn-√. 20 I-fpsS XpS-°-

Øn¬ Xs∂ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hf¿® \ne-bv°p-∂p. hf¿® \ne®p Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂

\oßp-∂Xp hm¿[-Iy-Øn-te-°m-Wv. F∂m¬ hm¿[Iyw F∂ Ahÿ Hcp hy‡n-bn¬

]I-S-am-hp-∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw Iptdb[nIw h¿j-߃ th≠nhcpw. F¥mWv hm¿[-Iy-

Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂p Nn¥n-®n´pt≠m? CtXm-sSm∏w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw

hni-I-e\w sNbvXp hm¿[IysØ kw_-‘n®v \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°q.

Øn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xm-Wv. acWw

F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \nß-sf-¥mWv a\- n-em-

°p-∂Xv?

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ hni-

I-e\w sNbvXp [mcW hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

hm¿[Iyw Pohn-X-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-

bmWv. \msf \nßfpw hr≤-cm-Ipw. Aß-

s\-sb-¶n¬ hr≤-tcm -Sp≈ kao-]\w

Fßs\bmbn-cn-°Ww?

AtX-∏‰n ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøq.

hm¿[Iyw t]mseXs∂ ac-Whpw Pohn-X-

hm¿[Iyw Pohn-XØns‚ A\n-hm-cyX

a\p-jy-\n¬ Iuamcw Ign-bp-∂-tXmsS hf¿® ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂p. ItaW tImi-ß-fpsS

]h¿Ø\w Ipd-bp-∂p. tImi-hn-`-P\ \nc°p Ipd-bp-∂p. tImi-Øn-te-°p≈ HmIvkn-

Ps‚ hnX-cWw Ipdbp∂Xpw ssat‰m-tIm¨Sn-b-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w £bn°p∂Xpw

Du¿tPm-¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ CSn-hp-≠m-°p-∂p. tImi-߃ \in-°p-∂-Xns‚ Afhv Iq-Sp-∂p.

t]in-Iƒ ipjvIn-°p-∂p. IÆn-s‚bpw sNhn-bp-sSbpw a‰v Ah-b-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-

£-aX Ipd-bp-∂p.

Poh-imkvXw

63

a\p-jys‚ hf¿®sb∏‰nbpw A\n-hm-cy-

amb ac-WsØ∏‰n-bp-amWv CXp-hsc N¿®

sNbvX-Xv. hf¿® Poh-\p-≈-h-bp-sS-sb√mw

khn-ti-j-Xbm-sW∂p \n߃°-dnbmw.

Np‰p-]mSpw ImWp∂ kky-Pm-e-ßfpw hf-

cp-∂p-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-h-f¿®bpw

kky-h-f¿®bpw Hcp t]mse-bmtWm?

Fs¥ms° hyXym-k-ß-fmWv \n߃°p

Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?

kky߃ hf-cp∂sXßs\?

a\p-jys\t∏mse kky-ßfpw tImi-hn-`-

P\w hgn-bmWv hf-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ a\p-

jy-\n¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn kkyß

fpsS hf¿® Nne ]tXyI mK-ß-fn¬ amX-

amWv \S°p-∂-Xv. hf¿® \S-°p∂ Cu

kky-`m-K-ß-sf sacnÃw (meristem) F∂p

]d-bp-∂p.

sacn-Ã-an-I-tImi߃ hn`-Pn®v ]pXnb

tImi-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ]pXnb tImi-

߃ cq]m-¥cw ]m]n®v hnhn-[ -tPm-en-I-

fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw tImi-߃°v

hn`-P-\-tijn D≠m-In-√. NphsS tN¿Øn-

cn-°p∂ NnX-߃ (6.6. a, b) \nco-£n®v sacn-

Ã-an-I-tIm-ihpw ]q¿W-h-f¿®-sb-Ønb

tImihpw XΩn -ep≈ hyXym -k-߃

Is≠Øn ]´n-I (6.1)-]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

NnXw ˛ 6.6 (a)sacn-Ã-anI tImiw

tImi-Zhyw

I´n-Ip-d™ ]mY-anI

`nØn

Xmc-X-tay\ henb

\yq¢n-bkv

t^\w

NnXw ˛ 6.6 (b)]q¿W-hf¿®-sb-Ønb tImiw

I´n-Iq-SnbZznXob- nØn

]mY-anI`nØn

]´n-I ˛ 6.1

sacnÃanI tImiw ]q¿Whf¿®sbØnb tImiw

Poh-imkvXw

64

NnXw ˛ 6.7

thcnse sacnÃw

AK-sa-cnÃw

sacnÃw Fhn-sS-sbms° ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bm-tam?

NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ NnXßfpw (6.7, 6.8, 6.9) vtfmNm¿´pw \nco-£n®v kqN-I-ßfpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°q.

AK-sa-cnÃw

]m¿iz-sa-cnÃw

]¿hw

NnXw ˛ 6.8

Imfi-Ønse sacnÃw

sacn-Ã-anI Ie

hn -P-\-tijn\jvS-s∏-Sp∂p

$ ]mc≥ssIa

$ tImf≥ssIa

$ kv¢od≥ssIa

$

$

NnXw ˛ 6.9

hnhn[-Xcw ÿncIe-Iƒ

sacn-Ã-anItImi-߃

]pXnbtImi-߃

ÿncIe

hn -P\w

Poh-imkvXw

65

kqN-I-߃

$ hnhn[ sacn-Ã-ap-I-fpsS ÿm\w, [¿aw F∂nh Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

GI-_oP]Xkky-߃ Zzn_o-P-]-X-k-ky-ß-sf-t∏mse hÆw hbv°m-Ø-sX-¥p-

sIm≠v ?

Rm≥

F¥p-sN-øm\m?

Fs‚ Iq -sc√mw

Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

\o F¥m

Cßs\ saen™p

\o≠p \n¬°p-∂-Xv?

Fs∂ t\m°v

sacnÃw

AK-sa-cnÃw ]m¿iz-sa-cnÃw ]¿hm¥csacnÃw

thcns‚

AKw

Imfi-Øns‚

AKw

Imfi-Øn-s‚bpw thcns‚bpw

\ofw IqSp-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Imfiw hÆw hbv°p-∂-Xn\pklm-bn-°p∂p. GI-_o-P]Xkky-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

GI-_o-P]Xkkyß-fpsS ]¿h-Øn\v apI-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.

Imfi-Øns‚ \ofw IqSp-∂-Xn\p

klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Poh-imkvXw

66

hf¿® kq£vaPohn-I-fn¬

P¥p-°-sfbpw kky-ß-sfbpw t]mse kq£v-a-Po-hn-Ifpw hf-cp∂pt≠m? NphsS tN¿Øn-

cn-°p∂ NnX߃ (6.10. a, b) \nco-£n®v kq£-va-Po-hn-I-fpsS hf¿®sb∏‰n Ipdn∏v

Xbmdm°q.

kq£v-a-Po-hn-I-fpsS tImiw hf-cp-∂p-s≠-

¶nepw Ah hn`-Pn-°p-∂Xp hwi-h¿[-\-

hn-\p-th-≠n-bmsW∂p a\- n-em-b-t√m.

kutcm¿Pw kky-ß-fn-eqsS P¥p-°-fn-se-

Øp-∂Xpw Ah AXp ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn

hf-cp-∂Xpw Hcp L´w Ign-bp-tºmƒ \in-

°p-∂Xpw Hcp-]t£ Cu lcnX `qan-bpsS

amXw khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Cu khn-ti-jX

Dƒs°m-≈m\pw AXm-kz -Z n -°m\pw

AXns\ KpW-I-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw

t_m[-]q¿hw CS-]-Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ GI

Pohn a\p-jy≥ amX-am-Wv.

NnXw ˛ 6.10

kq£-va-Po-hn-I-fnse hf¿®bpw hn`-P-\hpw

(b)

Aao-_

\yq¢n-bkv

tImi-Zhyw

(a)

_mIvSo-cnb

tImi-Z-hy-Øn¬ kzX-¥-ambn

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \yq¢n-bm¿ kvXcw

sIm≠p≈ ]tXyI Bh-cWw C√.

πmkvam-kvXcw

tImi- nØn

tImi-Zhyw

P\n-X-I-hkvXp