1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic
unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell
division) 2
Slide 4
In 1665,Hooke is responsible for naming cells In 1673,
Leeuwenhoek was first to view living organisms in pond water In
1838, Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells In
1839, Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells In
1855, Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing and
reasoned that all cells come from other pre- existing cells by cell
division 3
Slide 5
In 1970,Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles
within cells were at one time free living cells themselves this is
called Endosymbiotic Theory Chloroplasts and mitochondria were the
organelles she pointed to as evidence of this theory Chloroplast
and Mitochondria have their own DNA which is different from the DNA
of the cell 4
Slide 6
5 Unicellular composed of one cell Ex: bacteria, yeast
Multicellular - composed of many cells that may organize Ex:
butterfly, flower
Slide 7
6 Have a nucleoid region contains the DNA (no nucleus) Have a
cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes to make proteins in
their cytoplasm
Slide 8
Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus (containing DNA) Cell
Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles Organelles have specific
functions 7
Slide 9
8 Plant Cell Animal Cell
Slide 10
Contain digestive enzymes Use Active Transport to trap and
break down food an worn out cell parts 9
Slide 11
Inside nucleus Produces the ribosomes that make proteins
10
Slide 12
11 Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes & detoxifies poisons and
synthesizes lipids Rough ER - has ribosomes on its surface &
makes proteins to EXPORT
Slide 13
12 Site of Cellular respiration the capturing of energy from
food Breaks down glucose to produce energy ATP
Slide 14
13 Process called photosynthesis occurs here Chloroplast
Slide 15
Made of cellulose Found in plant cells 14 Cell wall
Slide 16
15 Have a large central vacuole Vacuole
Slide 17
16 glycogen granule Glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm of
animal cells for food energy
Slide 18
Near the nucleus in an animal cell Help cell divide 17
Slide 19
18 Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively small in size Irregular
shape No cell wall Relatively large in size Regular shape Cell wall
present
Slide 20
19 Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as
food storage Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch as
food storage Nucleus near cell wall
Slide 21
20
Slide 22
Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins Controls
what enters or leaves the cell Surrounds outside of ALL cells
Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins
Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains 21
Slide 23
The cell membranes of all cells are selectively permeable This
means that some materials can pass easily through the membrane
Examples: H 2 0, CO 2 and O 2 This also means that some materials
cannot pass easily through the membrane Examples: glucose and salts
22
Slide 24
Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition
Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane
23
Slide 25
Provide a binding site for enzymes Interlocking surfaces bind
cells together (junctions) Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
24
Slide 26
Phospholipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane Contains a
polar head (attracts H 2 O) and 2 non-polar fatty acid tails
(repels H 2 O) How is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride?
25
Slide 27
26 Fluid: individual phospholipids and proteins can move
side-to-side within the layer, like a liquid. Mosaic: the pattern
produced by the scattered proteins on the surface of the cell when
the membrane is viewed from above.
Slide 28
Materials that are soluble in lipids can pass through the cell
membrane easily Ex: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water 27
Slide 29
Passive Transport Does not require cellular energy Types: 1.
Simple Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion Active
Transport Does require cellular energy Types: 1. Membrane Pumps 2.
Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis 28
Slide 30
29
Slide 31
Movement of materials from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration Materials are moving down/with their
concentration gradient Example: Oxygen diffusing into a cell and
carbon dioxide diffusing out using kinetic energy 30
Slide 32
31
Slide 33
Osmosis is the passive transport (diffusion) of water across a
membrane Moves from a region of HIGH water potential (low solute)
to a region of LOW water potential (high solute) 32
Slide 34
The purpose of osmosis is to balance out the concentration of
materials between the environment inside of the cell and the
environment outside the cell Water moves because the other
materials cannot This allows the cell to be in equilibrium -
balance 33
Slide 35
Solution - a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the
solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the
solvent). Examples salt water or glucose solutions; solutes are
salt or glucose, solvent is water Types of solutions: 1. Isotonic
2. Hypotonic 3. Hypertonic 34
Slide 36
10% NaCL 90% H 2 O ENVIRONMENT CELL 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O Q: What
is the direction of water movement in an isotonic solution? 35 A:
No net movement (water molecules moving equally back and
forth)
Slide 37
ENVIRONMENT 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O 20% NaCL 80% H 2 O CELL Q: What
is the direction of water movement in a hypotonic solution? 36 A:
Water moves into the cell
Slide 38
ENVIRONMENT CELL 15% NaCL 85% H 2 O 5% NaCL 95% H 2 O Q: What
is the direction of water movement in a hypertonic solution? 37 A:
Water moves out of the cell.
Slide 39
Hypotonic solution will result in cytolysis cell bursts from
build up of water inside cell Hypertonic solution will result in
plasmolysis cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall in plant,
fungal or bacterial cells Plant cells prefer a hypotonic
environment Animal cells prefer an isotonic environment 38
Slide 40
39
Slide 41
Uses transport proteins to move materials from high to low
concentration Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood
stream into a cell. 40
Slide 42
41
Slide 43
Types of Membrane Proteins: 1. Structural 2. Cell recognition
3. Communication 4. Transport: a. Channel proteins are embedded in
the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross b.
Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of
the membrane to the other 42
Slide 44
43 Channel proteins act as bridges to allow materials to pass
across the membrane
Slide 45
Some Carrier proteins do not extend through the membrane. They
bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer 44
Slide 46
Cells need a steady supply of sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ),
calcium (Ca 2+ ) and hydrogen (H + ) in order to function correctly
Protein pumps that span the cell membrane are powered by ATP and
supply these materials to the cell on demand This requires a steady
supply of ATP Materials are moving from and area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration They are moving
up/against their concentration gradient 45
Slide 47
3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+ pumped in 46
Slide 48
Q: What is a vesicle? A: A small bubble within a cell
surrounded in its own lipid bilayer. Q: What is the function of a
vesicle? A: Vesicles are involved in: Metabolism Transport of
materials Enzyme storage Types of active transport using vesicles:
Exocytosis Endocytosis 47
Slide 49
48 Exocytosis -using a vesicle to move big stuff out of the
cell
Slide 50
How it works: 1. Vesicle is formed around some sort of material
made by the cell (like proteins or hormones) 2. Vesicle is released
and travels toward cell membrane 3. Vesicle fuses with cell
membrane 4. Vesicle expels materials to the outside of the cell
membrane 49
Slide 51
Large amount of materials move into the cell by one of two
forms of endocytosis: Pinocytosis - Materials dissolve in water to
be brought into cell Called Cell Drinking Phagocytosis - Used to
engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles.
Called Cell Eating White blood cells eat foreign substances in your
body this way 50