Upload
carmella-beasley
View
226
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
الرحیم الرحمن الله بسم
سالم با
COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
Dr asadian
PNEUMONIA – DEFINITION
An acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma that is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, accompanied by an acute infiltrate on CXR or auscultatory findings consistent with pneumonia
PNEUMONIA
The major cause of death in the world The 6th most common cause of death in the
U.S. Annually in U.S.: 2-3 million cases, ~10
million physician visits, 500,000 hospitalizations, 45,000 deaths, with average mortality ~14% inpatient and <1% outpatient
PNEUMONIA - SYMPTOMS
Cough (productive or non-productive)
Dyspnea Pleuritic chest pain Fever or
hypothermia Myalgias
Chills/Sweats Fatigue Headache Diarrhea
(Legionella) URI, sinusitis
(Mycoplasma)
FINDINGS ON EXAM
Physical: Vitals: Fever or hypothermia Lung Exam: Crackles, rhonchi, dullness to percussion
or egophany.
Labs: Elevated WBC Hyponatremia – Legionella pneumonia Positive Cold-Agglutinin – Mycoplasma pneumonia
CHEST X-RAY – PNEUMONIA
CHEST X-RAY -- PNEUMONIA
CHEST X-RAY - PNEUMONIA
TYPES OF PNEUMONIA Community-Acquired (CAP) Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)
Hospitalization for > 2 days in the last 90 days Residence in nursing home or long-term care facility Home Infusion Therapy Long-term dialysis within 30 days Home Wound Care Exposure to family members infected with MDR bacteria
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Pneumonia that develops after 5 days of hospitalization Includes:
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Aspiration Pneumonia
COMMON BUGS FOR PNEUMONIA
Community-Acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci or
pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Staphylococcus aureus Nocardia Mycobacterium tuberculosis Influenza RSV CMV Histoplasma, Coccidioides,
Blastomycosis
HCAP or HAP Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus (Including MRSA) Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens Acinetobacter baumanii
ETIOLOGY OF C.A.P
No etiology in ~ 50 % > 2 etiologies in 2-5% S. Pneumonia in : 2/3 of bacterial
cases or 20 % of all cases H. Influenzae ( non typeable) Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlamydia p ~12% Influenza Legionella ~ 5%
ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
Age (years)- less than 40 Onset- Gradual, coryzal prodrome Cough- Paroxysmal, hacking non productive Sputum- Minimal, mucoid Rigors- Absent Fever- Usually less than 39.5 °C
ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA CTD
Consolidation- Usually absent Leucocytosis - usually absent Chest x-ray- Initially interstitial, may progress
to air space involvement
ACUTE BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA Age ( in yrs) : less than 5, over 40 Onset : Abrupt Cough : Productive Sputum : Rusty & Purulent Rigors : Frequently present Fevers : > 39.5° c Consolidation: present Leucocytosis : 15- 25,000 with
neutrophilia Chest X-ray : alveolar with air
bronchograms.
CAUSES & SIGN & SYMPTOMS
S pneumonia – episodes of rigor, pleurisy, elderly , alcoholic H. Influenzae -- COPD M. catarhalis – COPD Anaerobic -- Putrid Sputum Influenza -- Winter epidemic Chlamydia P -- S.T, HA, hoarseness
CAUSES , SIGN & SYMPTOMS
PCP -- Immunocompromised patients
Legionella – Severe illness, compromised host, Neg G.S.,organ transplant, outbreaks related with water source.
Mycoplasma P – 2-4 wks of prodrome, dry cough
ADMIT OR NOT
2 step decision rules
STEP 1
Assign to risk class I
OR
Risk classes II- IV
RISK CLASS I < 50 years of age have none of five co- morbid conditions
that increase mortality1. Neoplasm2. CHF3. Renal disease4. Cerebrovascular disease5. Liver disease
STEP APPROACH
If not in class I
Go on to Step 2
( assign to one of classes II- V )
STEP 2
Assess patient’s severity index and assign a score
Demographics Co- morbidities P. E. findings Lab findings
DEMOGRAPHICS
Characteristics PointsAgeMale age( in years)Female age ( in years)-
10Nursing home age ( in years) +
10Residents
CO- MORBIDITIESDiseases PointsNeoplasm + 30Liver disease + 20CHF + 10CVD + 10Renal disease + 10
PHYSICAL EXAM
Finding Points
AMS + 20RR> 30 + 20SBP<90mm + 20T<35 or > 40 + 15P> 125 + 10
LABORATORY Findings Points
Ph<7.35 + 30Na< 130 + 20Hct < 30% + 10PO2< 60 + 10Pleural effusion + 10
THE" WHOLE ‘ SHOOTIN’ MATCH "
Patient Assigned pointsDemographics Co- morbiditiesP. E. findingLab finding
Total pointsTotal points
STRATIFICATION OF RISK SCORE
Risk Initial Treatment Risk class Based on
Low Outpatient I Algorithm Outpatient II < 70 pointsMedium Observation III 71-90 points Inpatient IV 91- 130 point
High Inpatient (ICU) V > 130
P. S. I.
Pneumonia severity index can serve as general guideline for management , clinical judgment should always supersede the prognostic scores.
RISK CLASS MORTALITY
Risk class Mortality I 0. 1 % - outpatient II 0. 6 % - outpatient III 2.8 % - inpatient IV 8.2 % - inpatient V 29.2 % - inpatient
Assignment to risk class based on the pneumonia severity index.
Aujesky D , Fine M J Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:S133-S139
© 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
COMMUNITY AQUAIRED PNEUMONIA
Severe Pneumonia)ICU(1. Respiratory rate > 30 bpm.2. PaO2 / FiO2 ratio < 250.3. Mechanical ventilation.4. Bilateral or multi-lobar infiltrates on CXR.5. Shock (systolic B.P. < 90 mmHg and / ordiastolic B. P. < 60 mmHg).6. Requirement for vasopressors > 4 hours.7. Urine output < 20 cc/hr or acute renal failure.
SEVERITY ASSESSMENT
CURB-65Confusion
Urea >7mmol/L
Respiratory rate >30
Blood pressure diastolic <60mmHg or systolic <90 ≥65 years old
0-1-may be suitable for outpatient Rx 2 Hospital Rx, consider other features too (e.g.
PaO2) ≥3 Severe disease
BLOOD CULTURE
Positive blood cultures had no correlations with severity of disease and outcome
Current ATS guidelines recommend that patient hospitalized for suspected CAP receive two sets of blood cultures.
However are not necessary for outpatient diagnosis
WHAT TO USE
Outpatient
1. Macrolides2. Fluroquinolones3. Doxycycline
WHAT TO USE
Inpatient-1. Fluroquinolones alone2. Extended spectrum cephalosporins +
macrolidesLevel II evidence
WHAT TO USE
ICU patients1. One of Cefotaxime, Ceftraixone, amp-
sulbactum or pipercillin – tazobactum Plus1. One of macrolides or fluroquinolones
RECOVERY
Symtoms Time periodSubjective Response 1-3 days
Fever without bacteremia - 2.5 days with bacteremia – 6-7 days
RECOVERY
sign Time period
CXR non elderly 30 days older patients 6-8 wks Legionella 12 wksFatigue non elderly 30- 45 days elderly 90 days
A 65-year-old man with hypertension and degenerative joint disease presents to the emergency department with a three-day history of a productive cough and fever. He has a temperature of 38.3°C (101°F), a blood pressure of 144/92 mm Hg, a respiratory rate of 22 breaths per minute, a heart rate of 90 beats per minute, and oxygen saturation of 92 percent while breathing room air. Physical examination reveals only crackles and egophony in the right lower lung field. The white-cell count is 14,000 per cubic millimeter, and the results of routine chemical tests are normal. A chest radiograph shows an infiltrate in the right lower lobe. How should this patient be treated