File:Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svgFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Size of this preview:693 599 pixels.Other resolutions:278 240 pixels|555 480 pixels|694 600 pixels|888 768 pixels|1,184 1,024 pixels|8,818 7,627 pixels.Original file(SVG file, nominally 8,818 7,627 pixels, file size: 266 KB)current18:29, 24 May 20148,818 7,627(266 KB)RaviC+ numerals

10:26, 23 June 20138,764 7,465(246 KB)Syed Wamiq Ahmed HashmiFix

07:41, 23 June 20138,764 7,465(247 KB)Syed Wamiq Ahmed HashmiVarious fixes: Inaccurate transliteration, non-alphabetical letter included, etc.

13:40, 11 November 20128,764 7,465(169 KB)Siddhant2010- Enlarged Urdu letters. - Fixed missing Nuqtas in Devanagari transliteration.

23:40, 10 November 20128,769 6,200(162 KB)Siddhant2010- Used font Jameel Noori Nastaleeq, which even more justifies the Nastaliq style. - Added letter Noon Ghunna. - Named the numerals as pronounced in Urdu. - Followed ISO:15919 convention for Romanization. - Arranged letters and numerals in a tabular grid.

07:12, 20 January 20101,000 1,000(430 KB)Faizhaideradded numerals.

14:09, 13 January 20101,000 1,250(406 KB)Faizhaider* Minor spelling corrections of name. * Addition of devnagri script for Hamza. * Rearrangement of letters

07:58, 16 September 20091,000 800(363 KB)Goldsztajn{{Information |Description={{en|1=Urdu Alphabet with English and Hindi transliterations. }} |Source=Own work by uploader |Author=Goldsztajn(based onFile:Urdu_alphabets.png) |Date=2009-09-16 |Permission= |other_versions= }} [[Ca

Lesson 1The Arabic letters

Name of the letterTransliterationLastMiddleFirstIndependent

alifa, u, i, :

bab

tat

thath

jimj, g

hah

khakh

dald

dhaldh

rar

zaz

sins

shinsh

sads

dad

tat

dhadh

'ain'a, 'u, 'i, '

ghaingh

faf

qafq

kafk

laml

mimm

nunn

hah

wauw, u

yay, i

Pronunciation of the letters

LetterTransliterationDescription

a, u, i, :It may be pronounced like a as in British can't, orlike u as in tune, orlike i as in dim, ora glottal stop at the end of a vowel, orthe long a sound as in father

bb as inbat

tt as inten

hIt is the foldedand comes only at the end of a word. It is not pronounced, but makes the last syllable take -a

thth as inthin

j, gj as injam, or sometimes g as ingallery

hA sound not found in English, but like the Hebrewas in, vaguely like h as inhave

khA sound not found in English, but like the German ch as in Ich, or the Russian as in , vaguely like k as inking

dd as indo

dhth as inthis

rPronounced like r as inray but with phonological quality similar to

zz as inzebra

ss as insun

shsh as inshine

sA sound not found in English, but vaguely like s as in psalm

dA sound not found in English. Pronounced like d as inden but with phonological quality similar to

tA sound not found in English. Pronounced like t as inten but with phonological quality similar to

dhA sound not found in English. Pronounced like th as inthis but with phonological quality similar to

'a, 'u, 'i, 'A sound not found in English, but like the Hebrewas in, vaguely like a as in British can't, u as in tune, i as in dim, or a glottal stop at the end of a vowel

ghA sound not found in English, but like the French r as inrouge

ff as infan

qA sound not found in English. Pronounced like k as inking but with phonological quality similar to, or like the Hebrewas in

kk as inking

ll as inline

mm as inmother

nn as inno

hh as inhave

w, uw as inwere, or the long u sound as in tooth

y, iy as inyes, or the long i sound as in tease

The Arabic orthography

The Arabic orthography is generally made up of the letters listed above. Of course it has peculiarity of its own. We will tackle them one by one here.

The different letter formsNotice that some letters will have three different forms, depending on the their positions in a word. The letters do not join to the following letter, but all the letters join to the letter before them.

Hamza, can be the hamza carriers. When they carryhamza, they will be written like

LastMiddleFirstIndependent

and are pronounced separately. The hamza functions like the diaeresis in "nave," but it also separates the vowel it is over, or under, from the consonant before it. When such letters are transliterated, the diaeresis may be over the vowel as appropriate (, , ). A colon (:) indicates a glottal stop at the end of a vowel.

PronunciationTransliterationMeaningExample

lil a saflilsafsorry

al is laamalslaamIslam

as ta: ji raasta:jira(request to) borrow

uu laa i kauulaakathose

Whenalif withhamza over it comes at the end of a word,hamza will be written after the word.Example:samaa: "sky"The vowel markers, consonant doubling marker, etc.indicates the short a sound.indicates the short u sound.indicates the short i sound.indicates the -an sound and comes at the end of a word.indicates the -un sound and comes at the end of a word.indicates the -in sound and comes at the end of a word.indicates doubling of a consonant. In Arabic the doubled consonants are pronounced with their full strenght.indicates there is no vowel.

Examples:is pronounced ha hu hiis pronounced janis pronounced dunis pronounced tinis pronounced mak kahis pronounced suk ran

Except for the consonant doubling marker, other markers are generally not shown in books and newspapers, except in primary school text books.The long vowels and diphthongsThe long a vowel is indicated byExample:rabbunaa"our lord."The long u vowel is indicated byExample:kiiluu"kilograms."The long i vowel is indicated byExample:kiiluu "kilograms."The diphthong au is indicated byExample:saum "fasting."The diphthong ai is indicated byExample:saiyarah "car."The letter alif,Sometimesalif is not pronounced and is used to distinguish words with otherwise the same spellings.Example:ana "I."If the word is pronounced the way it is written, it should be pronounced anaa.

Sometimesalif is not written, but a word is pronounced as ifalif is there.Example:haadha "this."This is an interesting example showing that the invisible alif is pronounced but the visible alif is not pronounced.If the word is pronounced the way it is written, it should be pronounced hadhaa.

Since the Arabs do not like consonant clusters at the beginning of a word, when two consonants thus come together without an intervening vowel,alif is written before the word and is generally pronounced i, but it is elided when there is a word it can link to before it.Examples:ism "name," but bismi-llaahi-rrahmaani-rrahiim "By the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful."

Whenalif is written afterlam they will join together.Example:(i.e.++++++) alslaam "Islam."The letter ya,Sometimesya is pronounced as a long a sound, and in this case it is written without the two dots below () in the lessons.Example:ilaa "to."If the word is pronounced the way it is written, it should be pronounced ilii.The definite article,It is used much the same way as the English definite article "the."alif of the definite article is elided when it is linked to the word before it.Examples:alfasl "the classroom." ila-lfasl (pronounced i lal fasl) "to the classroom."

The sun and moon lettersThe Arabic letters are divided into two categories. One category is the "sun letters," , and the other is the "moon letters," .The sun letters are You can see that they are sibilant and dental sounds. All others are moon letters.

If the first letter after the definite article is a sun letter,lam in the definite article is elided and the sun letter doubled.Examples:ashshams (pronounced ashshams) "the sun."attaalib (pronounced at taa lib) "the student."

If the first letter after the definite article is a moon letter, the lam in the definite article is not elided and the moon letter is not doubled.Examples:alqamar (pronounced al qa mar) "the moon."alfasl (pronounced al fasl) "the classroom."

The way to read and speak ArabicThe last vowel is pronounced if there is a word following it. At the end of a sentence, or before a pause, or in single word pronounciation, the last vowel, as well as -un or -in, is not pronounced. Exception to this rule is -an. Long vowels of the prepositions will be pronounced short and linked to the next word. A hyphen (-) is used to separate two words that are pronounced as if they are a single word.Examples:ExampleTransliterationMeaningDescription

fiiinIt is shortened to fi when linked to the next word.

assuuqthe marketSince sin,, is a sun letter, it is doubled after the definite article.lam of the definite article is elided. The last vowel -u is the subject marker but not pronounced, and after preposition it will change to -i.

fi-ssuuqin the marketNotice that the whole definite article is elided, but the sun letterafter the definite article still has to be doubled.

assuuqu kabiirthe marketisbigThe last vowel -u inassuuq is now pronounced, since there is a word following it. The adjectivekabiir has the unpronounced -un at the end of this sentence.

almadrasahthe schoolSince mim,, is a moon letter, it is not doubled after the definite article, and the definite article is not elided. The folded ta,, is not pronounced when no word follows it.

almadrasatu jadiidahthe schoolisnewHere the folded ta,, is pronounced t and takes the subject marker -u, thus pronounced tu. The adjectivejadiid takes the feminine markerto agree with the feminine noun.

In the lessons all ending vowels (-a, -u, -i) and the endings -an, -un, -in are transliterated in full. So care must be taken when reading the passages aloud.

However detailed the description may look, I cannot guaratee that there is nothing missing, and that everything is explained clearly. The lessons certainly help.Arabic for BeginnersAPRIL 16, 2014BYJENNIFERCSalaam! Even for a short visit to the Middle East, it is well worth learning Arabic for beginners. Across the Arabic world, there are almost two hundred million speakers, making it one of the worlds most spoken languages and the most widespread of the Semitic languages. At the very least, you will be able to recognize buses, destination signs and place names. A lot of different English words come from Arabic like: magazine (mhazin), cotton (qutn) and coffee (qahwah). The secret is not to learn the entire alphabet at one time. For example, it is better to study three letters a day and practice every evening for an hour. As with every new language you are trying to learn, you can start with the alphabet. Here is a course on learningArabic Language for beginnersthat will teach you how to write and read basic letters. Numbers and spelling are also covered. In the course, you will learn basic phrases for when you are in a restaurant and the airport, as well as how to greet other people, which could come in really convenient.The Arabic AlphabetYou will need to know some letters of the alphabet to properly say the words even if you dont know how to write them just yet. The better a words letter is pronounced, the more you would be understood as you speak this language. It is not a good idea to say the entire alphabet all in one go. Practicing a few letters each day is recommended. You can set aside an hour at night daily and this will take less than a month. As for the letters, you can practice writing each one in all of its forms (final, medial and initial) and as you write, you can practice its pronunciation. After you have got a few letters down pat, you can write them in groups of 3 in the way they appear in the alphabet. For every group of letters you write, you can add another one at the end and drop the first one. This way, you work through the entire alphabet: Alif-ba-ta Bat-ta-tha Ta-tha-jim Tha-jim-haYou get the picture. Do this once pronouncing them as if they were words, and once with just the letters being sounded out:Abata-batatha-tathaja-thajaha, etc.,Once you memorize the entire series, you can then begin to learn the Arabic language. This is a great way of learning the letters in their various forms as well as the letters which cant be joined to the next ones. In your brain, it implants the letters alphabet order. This is quite useful when you want to use a dictionary in Arabic. You might like this article on how to learn a language in 10 days that couldspeed things up for you. Here is a basic Arabic course intended for people withno previous Arabic language knowledge. This is for people who really want to be more fluent when they speak the language. (a like in the word call) (b like in the word ball) (t like in the word tall) (th like in the word thorough) (j like in the word jar) (strong h) (ch like in the word germs) (d like in the word darling) (th like in the word thus) (r like in the word roar) (z like in the word zebra) (s like in the word star) (sh like in the word shore) (s like in the word sole) (d like in the word daze) (t like in the word tamarind) v (th like in the word these) (a like in the word ahh) (r like in the word pair) (f like in the word fire) (q like in the word Qum) (k like in the word kite) (l like in the word life) (m like in the word more) (n like in the word nest) (h like in the word horse) (w like in the word ware) (y like in the word yell) (o like in the word oh)A Note on VowelsThe alphabet in Arabic is considered abjad, which is another way of saying that it only has consonants. Where does this leave you? This leaves you having to use what you know about the language (which you will eventually learn) to supply the vowels omitted.On the other hand, since Islam is important for the precise Quran recitation, there is something called (harakat or diacritical vowel markers) added to the lingo. Many represent short sounds like vowels. As you get to be a more advanced student, however, you will not be expected to rely on these diacritical vowel markers as these are used rarely in simple, everyday writings.Arabic NounsNouns in Arabic are used for naming people, places, things, abstract ideas and animals. Usually, nouns are the most important part of vocabulary. Here are examples of Arabic nouns that you can learn to pronounce slowly but surely: meraab alsaeeaaraat (Car garage) thalaath saeeaaraat (Three cars) saeeaarah khathraa (Green car) saeeaarateee (My car)ArticlesIt is very important to learn articles in Arabic since its structure is pretty much used in daily conversation. The more you understand this part of speech, the closer you are to mastering Arabic. Basically, articles are words combining nouns to indicate the reference types being made by nouns. Articles generally specify a nouns grammatical definiteness. For example, articles include an and the. Here is a list of articles and their English translation: qaleeel (Few) bath (Some) waahed (One) al (The) alqaleel men alkotob (Few books) bathalkotob (Some books) ketaab waahedv (One book) ketaab (A book) alkotob (The books) alketaab (The book)Days of the Week and Time Words alaaahad (Sunday) alsabt (Saturday) aljomoah (Friday) alkhameees (Thursday) alaarbeaa (Wednesday) altholaathaa (Tuesday) aleathnaeen (Monday) thaan (Second) daqeeeqah (Minute) saaah (Hour) marah (Time)Parts of the Body kow (Elbow) alaothon (Ear) thaqn (Chin) sadar (Chest) alkhadaeen (Cheeks) thahar (Back) theraa (Arm) shafah (Lip) saaq (Leg) rokbah (Knee) qalb (Heart) raas (Head) eead (Hand) sher (Hair) qadem (Foot) aasaabe (Fingers) eesba (Finger) wajh (Face) aeen (eye)Basic Phrases tuSbiH alaa khayr: Good night masaaalkhayr: Good evening sabaaH alkhayr: Good morning arjuu almaadhira: I am sorry alafw: Excuse me afwan: Youre welcome shukran: Thank you min faDlik: PleaseQuestion WordsQuestions in Arabic are linguistic expressions used for making information requests such as using words with when, where, how and why. There are 2 question words in Arabic:(a) and(hal)Used in questions like: (He is a Morrocan isnt he?) Pronounced: Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik? (Are you from Egypt?) Pronounced: Hal anta min masri aaeen? Where? lemaathaa? Why? men? Who? maathaa? What? kaeef? How?The Arabic ScriptWritten Arabic comes in 2 main types: Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabica. The latter is the language of classical literature and the Quran. It is different from Modern Standard Arabic in its vocabulary and style, since some words are really archaic. Modern Standard Arabic, on the other hand is the Arab speaking worlds universal language which every Arabic speaker understands. This is the language of the vast majority of formal lectures, television shows and written material. Here is a course for those who want to learn aboutreading and writing in Arabicas well as how to connect the letters you drew. This makes a great foundation for future studies of the Arabic language.Called a running script, the Arabic script has you write letters in a way that they are attached, while some are not. Rather than breaking each word into syllables they make words longer by extending the letter like:I write you a letter full of love: Abjad is the type of writing system used for the Arabic script. There are twenty-eight letters and many letters change whether they are in the start, middle or the end of a word. When joining letters, this can happen in both printed and hand-written Arabic. With this rule, the only exceptions are signs and crossword puzzles where the script is vertically written. The long vowels are represented by the letters waw (a:), ya(i:) and alif(u:). Short vowels are marked by special symbols called vowel diacritics. In classical poetry, childrens books and religious texts such as the Quran, these are also used. At times, these are used just for decoration such as for nameplates, letterheads and book titlesArabic NumbersArabic cardinal numbers are also known as counting numbers, since they show quantity: ashrah 10 tesah 9 thamaaneeeah 8 sabah 7 setah 6 khamsah 5 aarbaah 4 thalaathah 3 athnaan 2 waahed 1 eshrown 20 tesah ashar 19 thamaaneeeah ashar 18 sabah ashar 17 sat ashrah 16 khamsah ashar 15 aarbaah ashrah 14 thalaathah ashar 13 athnaa ashar 12 aahad ashar 11 mleeown Million aalf One thousand meaah HundredReligious WordsReligion is a huge part of Arabic culture and as you take a few tours, you may come across religious words and knowing a few will come in really convenient (not to mention very impressive) as you make the rounds. kanees: synagogue masjid: mosque rasool: prophet maseeHyah: Christianity Allah: God deen; religion moslim: Muslim aalhindooseyah: Hinduism aalyahoodeyah: Judaism yahoodee: JewishDid this help? Once you finally have sufficient background in the Arabic language, you might want to check out this course that can help upgrade your proficiency. For instance, if you want to study more grammatically complex structures,this is the course for you.