An-Najah National UniversityFaculty of engineeringIndustrial Engineering Department

Graduation Project

FOLDING BICYCLEDesign, Manufacture and Feasibility Study

Supervisor’s Name:Dr. Husam Arman

Prepared by:

Bayan Khlaif Rasha Tahlawi Remah Mashaqi Hanaa’ Sa’abna Wi’am At'out

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إهـداءيبوح أن ألا القلب أبى يسير.. ولكن أن القلم التعبير.. ورق عن الكلمات امتنعت

تفيض مشاعر من يخالجه لما أنفسـهم نذروا من على ثناءوثناء.. وامتنانا شكرا المشروع هذا إتمام على بذلوه لما امتنانا لخدمتنا ...

(وسلم عليه الله ) صلى محمد نبينا العلم ومنبع البشرية ممعل إلى

الحب من بيتها عمرت التي الطفلة.... الأيام عرش على المتربعة إلى القدس تيبلد ....وزمانها دنياها بقتـس طالما التي الأصيلة المهرةرة....والحجا

الشـريف

منا أفضل هم من إلى فلسطين ثرى بدمائهم رووا الذين إلى الذين إلى جميعا فلسطين شهداء ..السمو إلى ارتقوا

جميع إلىع.. الإبدا صفحات وللآخرين لي خطوا الذين والمعرفة العلم أعمدة إلى الأفاضل الأسـاتذة....للزهرة لأصل الشوك تحطيم في ساعدوني الذين

المستقبل ورسمت.. الطريق أشواك أمامنا من أزالت التي الطاهرة اليد إلى والعرفان والشكر الكلمات تفيه لا الذي إلى.. ةـوالثق الأمل من بخطوط الكأس جرع من إلى.. بالجميل أنامله كلت من إلى.. حب قطرة قينيـليس فارغا

طريق لي دـليمه دربي عن الأشواك حصد من إلى.. سعادة لحظة لنا ليقدم العزيز والدي ....الكبير القلب إلى.. العلم

حبا اـوعمره اـوروحه اـدمه من وأعطتنا.. قدميها أمام العطاء ركع من إلى إلى.. عينيها من إلا الأمل نرى لا التي الغالية إلى.. أجمل لغد ودفعا وتصميما

طريق إلىم.. تقيـالمس يطريق إلىي.. وحلم ..يأدب إلىمي.. وعل ..يحكمت الله بعد الوجود في من كل إلى.. والأمل والتفاؤل الصبر ينبوع إلىالهـداية..

الغالية أمي ....ورسوله

تفيض التي النرجس ارـأزه إلى ونقاء حبا الرقيقة رةـالطاه القلوب إلى ..وعطرا إلى.. الله بعد وملاذي وقوتي نديـس إلى نا..حيات رياحين إلى البريئة والنفوس

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ما يل أظهروا من إلى.. الحياة علم علموني من إلى.. همـنفس على آثروني من إخوتي.... الحياة من أجمل وـه

مظلم عـواس بحر عرض في السفينة لتنطلق المرساة وترفع الأشرعة تفتح الآن الأخوة ذكريات, الذكريات قنديل إلا يضيء لا الظلمة ذهـه وفي الحياة بحر وـه

من إلى.. وملجئي ملاذي كانوا من إلى ..وأحبوني أحببتهم الذين إلى..البعيدة إلى.. يفتقدوني أن وأتمنى أفتقدهمـس من إلى.. اللحظات أجمل مـمعه تذوقت

الهندسـة قسـم طلاب....بالله مـأحببته من بالله.. و أخوتي الله مـجعله من الصناعية

من إلى.. يعرفوني ولن ـمأعرفه لم من إلى..وحزني عادتيـس بين يجمع من إلى ذكروني إذا مـأذكره أن أتمنى ..

من قمة في أعتبرهـم من .. إلىعيوني في مـصوره تبقى أن أتمنى من إلى أحبتي إلىالفائق.... الكـمال

يملك ما أغلى له لقدم منا كل استطاع لو دربه.. و رفيق يعشق منا كل ..

في يجري حبهم من إلى روحي.. سكنت التي الروح خليف" إلى "بيان أنا فمني الخالدي سامر خطيبي .. إلىفؤادي موجودهب خفقوي عروقي

وأبدا.. دائما محبتهم ستبقى و يوما أحببتهم من طحلاوي" إلى "رشا أنا مني و عبيرها فاح التي وردةال إلى..الحياة لي لتضئ نفسها أحرقت التي شمعةال إلى

أعزائي و أهلي إلى.. شذاها وطاب

فيك أرى من إلى عيني في الجمال كل أنت من مشاقي" إلى "رماح أنا مني و ومحبة قوة أكتسب بوجوده من .. إلى أعتمد وعليه أكبر به من إلىكله.. الكمال

لا الذي يـإله إلى.. أضيعه لا أن وعلمني أجده كيف عرفت من إلىا.. له حدود لا أعتبره من إلى أحبائي.. و بطاعتك إلى النهار يطيب ولا بشكرك إلا الليل يطيب ظاهر محمود الحبيب خالي النجاح.. إلى في الأعلى مثلي

إلى.. ضحكته في .. والسعادة بعينه التفاؤل أرى من إلىصعابنة" "هناء أنا مني و وتفتحت أيامي أزهرت ولمحبتك بالبراءة المفعم الوجه إلىر.. والنو الذكاء شعلة صعابنة محمود أخي .. إلىللغد براعم

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أكون معك..لاشيء بدونك الحياة وهذه دربي رفيق عطعوط" إلى "وئام أنا مني و الجيوسي وائل خطيبي .. إلىشيء أي مثل أكون وبدونك..أنا

ACKNOULEGEMENT كلمة شـكر

إلى نعود وقفة من الجامعية الحياة في الأخيرة اخطواتن نخطو ونحن لنا لابد الكثير لنا قدموا الذين الكرام أسـاتذتنا مع الجامعة رحاب في قضيناهـا أعوام

جديد من الأمة لتبعث الغد جيل بناء في كبيرة جهـودا بذلك باذلين ....

الذين إلى والمحبة والتقدير والامتنان كرـالش آيات مىـأس تقدم نمضي أن قبل الحياة في الةـرس أقدس حملوا ..

والمعرفة العلم طريق لنا دواـمه الذين إلىكبرياء في ذابت التي الشموع إلى

دربنا في خطوة كل لتنيرأمامنا عائق كل لتذللوالأخلاق للعلم لاـرس فكانوا

جميعا لكم كراـش

الدنيا أضاءت اـلأنه مسـالش كرـيش أن أحد تطيعـيس هلأردتموني كما أكون بأن جميلكم من جزء رد أحاولـس لكني

نيةـمه أكون أن قبل انيةـإنس ) )

: رامي الدكتور الجامعة رئيس رأسـهم على , و الأفاضل اتذتناـأس جميع إلى التدريسية الهـيئة كوادر جميع , و هالحمدلل

والشكر بالتقدير خصنو :

عرمان : حسـام الدكتور بذل , و لمسـيرتنا مسـاندا و داعما وقف , و العمل هـذا إنجاح في سـاهم الذي

الأفضل كوننا في جهـده قصارى .

يد لنا ومد العون لنا وقدم البحث ذاـه إتمام على اعدـس من كل كرـنش وكذلك بالذكر ونخص البحث ذاـه لإتمام لازمةلا بالمعلومات وزودنا اعدةـالمس :

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الرمحي : أحمد الدكتور

الضعيفي : سـليمان المهـندس الأسـتاذدويكات : نضال المهـندس الأسـتاذ

عسـاف : إياد الدكتورفي أحيانا تقف كانت التي الظلمة يضيء ونورا هذا بحثنا في لنا عونا كانوا الذين

اطريقن

والأفكار هيلاتـوالتس اعداتـالمس لنا وقدموا دربنا في التفاؤل زرعوا من إلى خصنو كر،ـالش كل منا مـفله بذلك مـبدوره عرواـيش أن دون ربما والمعلومات،

مـمنه :

الأحبة و الأهـل النجاح سـبل لنمضي الحياة شـموع لنا أضاءوا , و أجلنا من الليالي سـهروا الذين

دربنا في .

" فأحب تطعـتس لم فإن متعلما، فكن تطعـتس لم .. فإن عالما كن مـتبغضه فلا تطعـتس لم فإن العلماء، "

معنا ودكمـجه على اجميع كركمـنش

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ABSTRACT الملخص

العام

إنتاج , و تصميم هي و الفلسطيني الواقع لدى جديدة فكرة إنشاء إلى بداياته في المشروع هدف

للطي القابلة .الدراجةالعامة , الأماكن في حفظها أثناء و الاستخدام أثناء تستهلكه الذي الحيز تقليل بهدف ذلك كان

شاء حيثما بها والتنقل حملها أريحية بكل المستخدم يتمكن . ولكي

الخفيف , كالوزن الدراجة في توافرها يجب التي المزايا من الكثير التصميم متطلبات تضمنتذلك , , .......... غير و طيها سهولة التوازن المتانة و . القوة

لكننا , و الإمكان قدر الحيز لتقليل الدراجة أجزاء من جزء كل طي سهولة بكل و بالإمكان كان

طيها الممكن الأجزاء من بسيط جزء طي سوا الوقت ضيق بسبب لنا يتسنى لن المساق هذا في

.

حيث , منه مطلوب هو ما انجاز من تعالى الله بمشيئة العمل فريق تمكن المساق نهاية في و

الفريق , قام فقد ذلك إلى إضافة له مصمم هو ما وفق وجه أكمل على المنتج إنتاج من تمكنو مجدية الدراسة نتائج كانت و المحلي السوق في المنتج لتسويق اقتصادية جدوى دراسة بإعداد

. مربحة

The project seeking to develop the scientific theory and linking the study with real life we

are working on the folding bike project through the application of concept related to

mechanical design and manufacturing where this represent the first part of the project while

the second part is about feasibility study to study the Palestinian market and show its ready to

accept this kind of bike.

The outcome of the project is availability of this product (folding bikes )in the local

marketing.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One : Introduction . 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................9

1.2 Objective...........................................................................................................................10

1.3 Background ......................................................................................................................11

1.3.1 History ..........................................................................................................................12

1.3.2 Usage ............................................................................................................................13

1.3.3 Performance ................................................................................................................14

1.3.4 Portability .....................................................................................................................15

1.3.5 Size .................................................................................................................................16

1.3.6 Dynamics.........................................................................................................................17

1.3.7 Legal requirements ......................................................................................................18

Chapter Two : Methodology & Proceedure 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................20

2.2 Background / literature review........................................................................................21

2.3 Folding methods................................................................................................................22

2.4 Selection criteria..............................................................................................................24

2.5 Quadruple Advantages of Bicycle Commuting..............................................................26

2.6 Implementation Methodology.........................................................................................28

2.7 The outputs......................................................................................................................29

Chapter Three : DESİGN AND MANUFACTURİNG .3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................31

3.2 Design motivated..............................................................................................................34

3.3 Design Philosophies...........................................................................................................36

3.3.1 Re-inventing the Wheel................................................................................................36

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3.3.2 The 15% Rule................................................................................................................37

3.3.3 Built to Last...................................................................................................................38

3.3.4 Bikes for Everybody......................................................................................................39

3.3.5 Light is Right.................................................................................................................40

3.3.6 Safety First.....................................................................................................................41

3.4. Drivers let you use the bike............................................................................................43

3.4.1 Reintegrating labor and life.........................................................................................44

3.4.2 Reintegration of Life and Labor..................................................................................45

3.4.3 for Developing Countries..............................................................................................46

3.4.4 Limited Global Supplies of Raw Materials and Energy.............................................47

3.5 Combining Bicycle and Public Transportation..............................................................48

3.6 Calculation related design...............................................................................................49

3.7 steps by drawn .................................................................................................................54

Chapter Four : Feasibility Study .

4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................58

4.2 Definition..........................................................................................................................59

4.2.1 What is a Feasibility Study? .........................................................................................60

4.2.2 When to do a study? ......................................................................................................61

4.2.3 Who will conduct the analysis? ....................................................................................62

4.2.4 How will you monitor the progress of the study? ......................................................63

4.2.5 How to use the study results? ......................................................................................65

4.2.6 What Is The Outcome Of Feasibility Studies? ...........................................................66

4.3 Importance Of Feasibility Study....................................................................................67

4.5 Steps of feasibility study..................................................................................................68

4.5.1 Market study ..............................................................................................................69

4.5.2 Technical study ............................................................................................................71

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4.5.3 Financial study ............................................................................................................72

4.5.4 Forecast demand ..........................................................................................................77

4.5.5 Market survey...............................................................................................................78

4.6 Comment on qualitative forecasting methods...............................................................79

Chapter Five : Recommendations and Conclusions

.

5.1 Recommendations and Conclussions.............................................................................88

5.2 Expectations of the project in the future.........................................................................89

Appendix ................................................. .............................................................................90

1. SPSS Analysis................................................. ............................................................92

2. Gantt Chart............................................... .................................................................117

Referances..................................................................................................118 .

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List Of Figures

No. Title Page

1 Bicycle using in the past 12

2 Some of the bicycle usage 13

3 High performance of bikes 14

4 Some of shape for folding bike 15

5 Example of folding bike 16

6 Compartment of bikes 18

7 Folding methodology 22

8 Parts of bike 31

9 Design Philosophies 36 10 Identify the force affecting 49

11 The Shape of the welding 52

10 The bike 54

11 Folding bike 56

12 Sequence of operation 71

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List Of Tables

No. Title Page

1. Time required for each process 72

2. Variable cost 73

3. Initial cost 76

4. Fixed cost 76

5. Cash flow table(a/b) 80-81

6. Modified Acrs Description Allowance 82

7. Calculation of NPV 84

8. Initial cost of a business for each year 85

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NOMENCLATURE:

F: shear forcen:the factor of safetyD:The diameter of the welded circle

σ: the shear stress

τ:shear loading

L1: the distance between the center of the back wheel

L2: the distance between the center of the front wheel

W: the average weight on the seat

h2: The distance between the front wheel and the cutting point.

D: the diameter of the used bolt

q: the length of the used bolt

Ѕsy : is form tables due to type of material .

D: Depreciation

NOI : Net operating income NPV : Net present valueIRR : Internal Rate of Return

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CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

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1.1 Introduction

المقدمة

A bicycle, also known as a bike, push bike or cycle, is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle

with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A person who rides a bicycle is

called a cyclist or a bicyclist.

Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide,

twice as many as automobiles.

They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular

form of recreation, and have been adapted for such uses as children's toys, adult fitness,

military and A bicycle, also known as a bike, push bike or cycle, is a pedal-driven, human-

powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A person who

rides a bicycle is called a cyclist or a bicyclist.

Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide,

twice as many police applications, courier services, and competitive sports.

The basic shape and configuration of a typical bicycle has changed little since the first chain-

driven model was developed around 1885.

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1.2 Objective

الهدف

The purpose of this design is to produce a folding bicycle which is sufficiently light, yet

robust, to allow someone to cycle up to approximately 5 miles to a public transport access

point (e.g. bus), take the folded cycle on board, and cycle up to 5 miles at the other end of the

journey. A working prototype of the final design manufactured and finally a feasibility study

prepared to assess the market needs and the possibility of commercialization.

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1.3 Background . A folding bicycle incorporates special design features enabling the bike to fold into a compact

form, there by facilitating transport or storage. When folded, the bikes can be more easily

carried into buildings, into workplace or onto public transportation (facilitating mixed-mode

commuting) or more easily stored in compact living quarters or aboard cars, boats or

airplanes. The folding mechanisms themselves are highly variable, with each design offering

a unique combination of folding speed, folding ease, compactness, engineering, ride, weight,

durability and price.

Distinguished by the complexities of their folding mechanism, more demanding structural

requirements, greater number of parts, and more specialized market appeal, folding bikes may

be more expensive than comparable non-folding models.

Sometimes categorized as folding bicycles, another group of bikes (also called break-away

models) may separate into pieces rather than fold.

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1.3.1 History لمحة تاريخية

Figure )1.1) : Bicycle using in the past

Military interest in bicycles arose in the 1890s, and the French Army and others deployed

folding bikes for bicycle infantry developed a folding version of his Pedersen bicycle for the

British Army that weighed 15 pounds and had 24 inch wheels, it included a rifle rack and was

used in the Second Boer War.

The British WWII Airborne Birmingham Small Arms Company BSA Folding Bicycle was

used from 1939-1945 in the Second World War by British paratroopers. A folding bicycle

was developed as a small size was needed to enable it to be taken on parachute jumps from

aircraft. The bicycle was used by British paratroopers at the D-Day landings and at the Battle

of Arnhem. The bicycle was full-sized, and folding features included wing nuts and hinges for

folding the frame, a wing nut for turning the handlebars, and reversible pedals.

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1.3.2 Usage الاستخدام

Figure (1.2): Some of the bicycle usage

Folding bicycles are particularly suitable for urban Bicycle commuting commuters. mixed-

mode commuting [Mixed-mode commuters] who deploy the fold mechanism several times

daily for portage aboard public transport may prioritize a bike with an easy, quick fold.

Marine users, seeking a bike for incidental shore mobility, may prioritize the compactness of

the folded bike. Riders using their bikes less frequently may prioritize speed and comfort of

ride over ease and quickness of folding. People who live in a small apartment often prefer a

folder as it can be more conveniently stored indoors than a full-sized bicycle.

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1.3.3 Performance

الكفاءة

Figure (1.3): High performance of bikes

Intended for commuter and utility purposes, folding bikes emphasize ruggedness, comfort and

convenience & mash; though there are high-end models that emphasize speed.

Design constraints that enable the bikes to fold, such as small wheels and a shorter wheelbase

may give a rougher, 'twitchy' ride. To compensate, folders feature wider tires and may offer

front or rear suspension.

Folding bicycles present challenging structural compromises. They often fold near the frame

mid-point (which may weaken or flex) or have elongated seat posts and Stem (bicycle part)

which may experience greater Bending moment bending stresses. To compensate, folders may

feature increased weight as well as more substantial or additional frame members.

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1.3.4 Portability ..

Figure (1.4): Some of shape for folding bike

As folded bikes require less space, they are allowed by some public transpiration systems,

e.g., Transport, which allows folding bikes to be carried at any time on buses and

Underground lines. Other public transportation systems may ban or restrict other bicycles, or

may require that folding bicycles to be enclosed in bags or covers to protect other passengers.

Some may restrict folding bikes to off rush-hour periods. Covers range from custom made

bags, to bin-liners and shopping bags for smaller folders. Airline baggage regulations may

permit folding bikes as ordinary luggage, without extra cost.

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1.3.5 Size

الحجم

Figure (1.5): Example of folding bike

Folding bikes generally come with a wider range of adjustments than conventional bikes for

accommodating different riders, because the frames are usually only made in one size. Seat

posts and handlebar stems on folders extend as much as four times higher than conventional

bikes. For even greater range of adjustment, longer after-market posts and stems are available.

While folding bicycles are usually smaller in overall size than conventional bicycles, the

distances between center of bottom bracket, the top of the saddle and the handlebars, the

primary factors in determining whether a bicycle fits its rider, are usually similar to that of

conventional bikes. The Bicycle and motorcycle geometry wheelbase of many folding designs

is also very similar to that of conventional, non-folding, bicycles. Some manufacturers are

producing folding bikes designed around folding systems that allow them to utilize 26 wheels,

e.g. the Montague Corporation.

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1.3.6 Dynamics ..

A bicycle stays upright while moving forward by being steered so as to keep its center of

gravity over the wheels. This steering is usually provided by the rider, but under certain

conditions may be provided by the bicycle itself.

The combined center of mass of a bicycle and its rider must lean into a turn in order to

successfully navigate it. This lean is induced by a method known as counter steering, which

can be performed by the rider turning the handlebars directly with the hand or indirectly by

leaning the bicycle.

Short-wheelbase or tall bicycles, when braking, can generate enough stopping force at the

front wheel in order to flip longitudinally. The act of purposefully using this force to lift the

rear wheel and balance on the front without tipping over is a trick known as a stop pie, endow

or front wheelie.

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1.3.7 Legal requirements ..

Figure (1.6): compartment of bikes

Reflectors for riding after dark

Early in its development, as with automobiles, there were restrictions on the operation of

bicycles. Along with advertising, and to gain free publicity, Albert A. Pope litigated on behalf

of cyclists.

The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of the United Nations considers a bicycle to be

a vehicle, and a person controlling a bicycle (whether actually riding or not) is considered an

operator. The traffic codes of many countries reflect these definitions and demand that a

bicycle satisfy certain legal requirements, sometimes even including licensing, before it can

be used on public roads. In many jurisdictions, it is an offense to use a bicycle that is not in a

roadworthy condition.

In most jurisdictions, bicycles must have functioning front and rear lights when ridden after

dark. As some generator or dynamo-driven lamps only operate while moving, rear reflectors

are frequently also mandatory. Since a moving bicycle makes little noise, some countries

insist that bicycles have a warning bell for use when approaching pedestrians, equestrians, and

other cyclists.

Some countries require child and/or adult cyclists to wear Helmets, as this may protect riders

from head trauma.

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CHAPTER TwO METHODOLOGY & PROCEDURE

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2.1 Introduction

المقدمة

This stage is the most important milestones in the project because of the direct contribution in

determining the time required to complete key tasks and to identify the raw material

required.All these things helped to build an economic feasibility study for the entire

project.While doing these things, we faced some difficulties such as the availability of single

frame

After much trouble has been sighted people for what they are required, but not new but was

used (Refurbished) .

Thanks God has been overcome this problem.

Action steps have been as follows:

1 - Achtiarvkrp the project and assisting Dr. Husam Arman.

2 - Choose the most appropriate design based on the specifications.

3 - Purchase of raw material after the search process according to the required specifications.

4 - Start the process of engineering calculations to determine where the pieces.

5 -To the process of storytelling as it is designed.

6 - Selection of the detailed manner in line with the place of the pieces.

7 - the implementation of the process of welding.

8 - Work on the abrasive area of welding.

9 - a process of painting.

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2.2 Background / literature review .

The day before was actually the first time I had ever been able to bring a bike into my

building. Usually, the building manager hassles me about it being a fire hazard or too dirty,

but with the compact folded IF Mode bike he just watched me roll it right into the elevator

without a word. So the next day I rolled the folded IF Mode out of the elevator, through the

front door and into the morning sunshine. Unfolding the bike takes a little practice, but after a

few tries it boils down to one fluid motion that takes about 20 seconds. First you raise the seat

and open the handle bars, then a quick pendulum swing of the front wheel opens the frame.

Finally, lock one lever in place and open the pedals and you're ready to go! Resisting the

temptation to fold and unfolding it again just for fun, I hopped on and headed up 6th avenue.

Many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and

computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for

particular types of cycling.

The invention of the bicycle has had an enormous impact on society, both in terms of culture

and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a

key role in the development of the automobile were originally invented for the bicycle – e.g.,

ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets, spoke-tensioned wheels, etc.

There are many types of bicycle. Here in the project we concentred in folding bike.

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2.3 Folding methods طرق

الطي

Figure (2.1): folding methodology

Folding mechanisms are highly variable.

'''Half or mid fold’’’

Many folding frames follow classic frame pattern of the safety bicycle's diamond frame, but

feature a hinge point (with single or double hinges) allowing the bicycle to fold approximately

in half. Quick-connect clamps enable raising or lowering steering and seat columns. A

similar swing hinge may be combined with a folding steering column. Fold designs may use

larger wheels, even the same size as in non-folders, for users prioritizing ride over fold

compactness.

'''Triangle hinge'''

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A hinge in the frame may allow the rear triangle and wheel to be folded down and flipped

forward, under the main frame tube, as in the Swift Folder and Bike Friday. Such a flip hinge

may be combined with a folding front fork as in the Birdy bicycle. Swing and flip hinges may

be combined on the same frame, as in Brompton and Dahon, which use a folding steering

column. Folding mechanisms typically involve latches and quick releases, which affect the

speed of the fold/unfold. Bike Friday offers a model, the Tikit, featuring a cable-activated

folding mechanism requiring no quick releases or latches, for increased folding speed.

'''Break away and other styles'''

Bikes may partly fold and partly disassemble for packing into a standard or custom sized

suitcase for air travel (e.g., Airnimal and Bike Friday). Other variations include the Bicycle

Torque Coupling. Bicycle torque coupling is a proprietary connector system that can be

retrofitted to a standard frame. The Giatex folds and retracts, adjusting to the size of the rider.

The Gekko folds from the seat tube like an upside down umbrella. The iXi literally breaks

into 2 halves. The Strida has a triangular frame and folds to resemble a unicycle.

Folding mechanisms may incur more cost and weight, allow folding smaller, and tend to use

smaller wheels. 24 inch wheels are the largest for which flip hinges are generally used, but

smaller wheels, typically 16 or 20 inches, are more common. Smaller size does not mean

lighter weight, as most of these designs forgo the bracing benefits of the diamond frame, and

must compensate as a step-through frame does, with thicker metal. The step-through design is

a boon to a wider range of rider size, age and physical ability. Another system found on

folders such as Montague Bikes utilizes the seat tube as a pivot point for the frame to fold. This system uses a tube within a tube design to give the bike more tensional stiffness. It

allows the user to fold the bike without "breaking" any vital tubes down, preserving the

structural integrity of the diamond frame. This system is operated by a single quick release

found along the top tube of the bike.

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2.4 Selection criteria ..

1.How small do you need the folded package to be?

Full size folders have a better ride and better handling, but can be a pain to take on public

transit. Small folders have the advantage of folding small, but sacrifice ride quality due to the

smaller wheels and to the steering. However some smaller folders have added suspension to

compensate for the harsher ride provided by the smaller wheels.

2.How fast do you need to be able to fold it?

Some folders can be folded and bagged in less than a minute. Others can take up to five

minutes. Disassemble able bikes can take 30 minutes. Brompton, Birdy, and DaHon fold very

fast.

If your main need is to be able to pack the bike for transport by plane or train, and you don't

need to frequently fold it, then retrofitting an existing bike with S&S torque couplers may be a

better option than buying a folder.

3.How light of a bike do you need?

Price goes up as weight goes down.

The price of bikes change as your requirment wanted .

4.What gear ratio do you need?

If you will be riding up steep hills, you'll want a bike with very low gears.

5.How will you be using it?

If you're only planning on riding 1-2 level miles to a train station, then even used asuitable

bike . If you plan to do recreational rides with a lot of hills as well as using it to commute then

you'll want to buy a better quality and lighter bike. Many people have different bikes for

different purposes. It may be more cost effective to buy a cheap folder for short commutes

and a regular bike for recreational riding, than to buy a high end folder.

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6-How much are you willing to spend?

New folders range from $75 to over $1800. At the bottom end you get a steel wheeled, hi-

tensile steel frame, one speed, U frame model, reminiscent of the old Peugeot folders. At the

high end, you get a Cromoly steel frame with top of the line components, and suspension.

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2.5 Quadruple Advantages of Bicycle Commuting .

The expression "killing two birds with one stone" is popular because we like the idea of

getting double value out of whatever we do. Quadruple value is twice as good as that, but

there are few situations where we can find four equally strong advantages, all benefiting

concurrently. I claim that bicycle commuting is such a case.

“Saving Money”

Riding a bike to work can save lots of money. How much money varies according to motor

vehicle use? The greatest savings occur with those who can avoid purchasing a car. Since the

average car cost $6,150 a year to operate in 1997 (not counting tolls, fees, fines, or indirect

costs), not owning a car can add $500 a month to the bank account. Whenever the bicycle is

not adequate, public transportation or a rented car can be used instead. In some Asian

countries, many don't own a car and use the bike for all their transportation, & have been able

to retire early on half of the income they would otherwise need. Other cyclists may own a

family car which the spouse needs to get to work. If the cyclist can ride a bike to work on

most occasions, the extra expense of a second car can be avoided. If riding the bike to work

can't reduce your car ownership, the savings will be less. Still, bicycling on every occasion

when possible can reduce vehicle mileage, thus allowing the motor vehicle to last beyond its

years.

“Better Health”

The greatest health hazard in this country is a sedentary lifestyle. Less than 50% of Arabians

get any real exercise, and less than 10% get enough. Exercise, although very beneficial to the

body, can be very harmful under some conditions. It's dangerous to go long periods of time

without exercising and then to overindulge. The weekend warrior syndrome, although not as

dangerous, can also cause problems. The weekend warrior avoids exercise during the week

and then makes it up during two hard, stressful weekend days. Bicycling ten miles every day

at a reasonable pace will give avoid the weekend warrior syndrome and provide the 2,000 k

Cal recommended for a long and healthy life. Riding a bike ten miles has a health benefit

which is about equal to the health deficit caused by smoking a pack of cigarettes. Even if ten

miles a day is impossible, some mileage during the week will prepare the body for the

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weekend rides. Some bike commuters, recognizing the need for more miles on their daily

commutes, take the long way home whenever possible. Another way to increase weekly

mileage is to use the bike to run errands, such as purchasing groceries and going shopping.

“Better Environment”

While the other three benefits of cycling help mainly you, this third benefit of protecting the

environment helps others as much as it does you. It is your gift to share with others. Motor

vehicle use degrades the environment in a number of ways, but bicycle use does not. Noise

pollution, for instance, is a real problem for those living near highways, but bicycles produce

no noise. Congestion creates stress for motor vehicle users, pedestrians, and cyclists, but

bicycling does not significantly add to congestion. Adding extra lanes to existing roadways

and building limited-access highways can degrade or even destroy neighborhoods, but

creating bikeways or adding shoulders to roads, which can be used for cycling, have

beneficial affects. Motor vehicles are the primary cause of air pollution everywhere, but

bicycles produce none. And carbon dioxide from motor vehicles adds to global warming, but

bicycles are again innocent.

“Advantage in Traffic congested roads”

For some people, there will be even yet another advantage to bicycling to work: it will be

faster. This advantage is not at all certain. It depends on the traffic flow along your commute

and whether you are stuck in the traffic as well. It also depends on how far you would have to

walk from the parking lot or garage if using a car. As the average downtown speed for motor

vehicles is about 13 miles per hour, at least the possibility exists of getting all your other

benefits and saving time as well. However, this benefit, even where it exists, is very small and

wouldn't be even mentioned except for the fact that people have an exaggerated sense of how

long it takes to get to work by bike. Most cyclists can cover a five mile distance in 15 to 30

minutes (ten to twenty miles per hour). After getting to work, they can often park their bikes

closer to the job (sometimes in their offices), thus saving the long walk from the parking lot,

not to mention the expense. However, in the event that you are able to make it into work

faster than anyone else, don't go around pointing out that fact to everyone -- They are paying

$20 a day to get to work, plus parking fees, and the fact that you are getting there even faster

for less than a buck won't warm the cockles of their hearts.

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2.6 Implementation Methodology آلية التنفيذ 2.5.1 An extensive study and investigation of bicycle designs

2.5.2 An Initial investigation of current folding bicycle designs

2.5.3 Decide about an appropriate design approach

2.5.4 Detailed design and manufacture steps

2.5.4.1 Overall geometry.

2.5.4.2 Design of the main structural members. This will involve comparison

Between different materials .

2.5.6.3 Design of joints and connections.

2.5.6.4 Design specification of attachments (e.g. wheels, saddle, pedals, chain, crank,

Brakes, etc) .

2.5.6.5 Manufacture of a working prototype.

2.5.5 Conduct a feasibility study of the potential folding bicycle.

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2.7 The outputs

النتائج

The expected outcomes are:

1- An extensive study to understand how a commercial bike is designed manufactured

And assembled .

2- An innovative folding bike design and prototype .

3- A feasibility study to asses’ commercialization opportunities .

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CHAPTER THREEDESİGN AND MANUFACTURİNG

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3.1 Introduction

المقدمة

Figure (3.1): parts of bike

1-Frame

the mechanical core of a bicycle, the frame provides points of attachment for the various

components that make up the machine. The term is variously construed, and can refer to the

base section, always including the bottom bracket, or to base frame, fork, and suspension

components such as a shock absorber.

Top tube - frame member leading from steered tube to seat tube.

Down tube - tube on a bicycle frame that runs from the head tube to the bottom bracket.

Seat tube - the roughly vertical tube in a bicycle frame running from the seat to the bottom

bracket.

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Seat stay - frame components, small diameter tubes running from top of seat tube to rear

dropouts.

Chain stay - pair of tubes on a bicycle frame that runs from the bottom bracket to the rear

dropouts .

2-Saddel area

Saddle - also seat. What you sit on.

Seat post - a post that the seat is mounted to. It slides into the frame's seat tube and is used to

adjust ride height depending how far into the seat tube it is inserted.

Handlebar - a lever attached, usually using an intermediary stem, to the steered tube of the

fork. Allows steering and provides a point of attachment for controls and accessories.

3- front set

Head tube - the tube of a bicycle frame that contains the headset.

Shock absorber - for bicycles with suspensions, a device that limits the rate at which

suspension rebounds after absorbing an impact.

Fork - a mechanical assembly that integrates a bicycle's frame to its front wheel and

handlebars, allowing steering by virtue of its steered tube.

3-Wheel

As in common usage. Traditionally and most commonly spoked.

Valve stem or simply valve - port for adding or releasing air from the inner tube. Two types

are commonly used: Presto and Schrader. A third type, the Woods or Dunlop valve, can still

be found in Europe and Asia.

Tire - as in common usage. Usually pneumatic. A tubular tire is glued to the wheel rim; most

tires use tubes, but tubeless tires and rims are increasingly common.

Hub - the core of a wheel - contains bearings and, in a traditional wheel, has drilled flanges

for attachment of spokes.

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Spoke - connects wheel rim to hub. Usually wire with one end swaged to form a head and one

threaded end. A typical wheel has 36 spokes.

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4-Chain

A system of interlinking pins, plates and rollers that transmits power from the front cranks to

the rear wheel.

5-Chainring

(One of the) front gear(s) , attached to a crank.

6-Cogset

The set of rear sprockets that attaches to the hub on the rear wheel .

7-Crankset

Composed of cranks and chain rings .

8-Pedal

Mechanical interface between foot and crank arm. There are two general types - one secures

the foot with a mechanical clamp or cage and the other has no connection to lock the foot to

the pedal.

9-crank arm

Composed of cranks and chain rings

10-Derailleur

An assembly of levers, usually cable actuated, that moves the chain between sprockets on a

cassette or chain ring assembly.

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3.2 Design motivated دوافعالتصميم

Folding bikes have been a part of the bike scene for since bicycles began but always were

considered to be the poor relation of the full-size bicycle. This happened because they were as

unwieldy as ordinary bicycles used to be, as well as the added task of the folding process.

Fortunately, nowadays it's a different situation. Bicycle technology has developed so the

folding bicycle today is light, strong and agile. Patent hinges and custom fittings have made

them fun and safe to ride, and the fold-up procedure is quick and convenient.

Here are eight convincing reasons why a folding bicycle makes such good sense today:

1- They're simple to operate

Everyone can ride a bike. No license is required and there's usually a minimum of regulations.

But even if you're not obliged to, ALWAYS wear a protective. Most cyclist deaths are the

result of head injuries.

2- They're convenient

You can put a foldable bicycle in the trunk of your automobile or take it on public transport

with you. If you use your folding bike to commute to work, you can store it under your desk

or tuck it in the corner. No more having to lock it up on the street and hoping it's hasn't been

stolen by the time you get back.

3- They're economical

No extra fuel to purchase and no special parking or garaging necessary. You don't have to

pay license fees or vehicle registration - they're great in traffic and you don't have to pay for

parking space or garaging.

4- They're good for the environment

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No fossil fuels are burned to pollute the atmosphere. They're good for reducing traffic and

parking congestion - one cyclist on a bike requires a lot less space on the road, and parking,

than a person in a car.

5- They're good for commuting

Public transport is good but there's usually some waiting involved and you've often got a

walk at either end of your commute. With a foldable bicycle you can be on your way, and if

the weather turns unpleasant you can take your folding bicycle on public transport.

6- They're good for short trips, too

No need to fire up the SUV just to go to the library or the supermarket. Plus it's remarkable

what you can carry on a bicycle!

7- They're good for your health

Riding a bike is a low-stress workout, unlike jogging, but still good cardio-vascular exercise.

And you get to breathe some fresh air.

8- They're low maintenance

Keep the tires pumped up and check that the batteries in your lights are charged and that's all

there is to it. A regular service by a bicycle mechanic will cost much less than the same

service for an auto.

And if you want yet another reason - they're fun!

There's a variety of foldable bicycles to choose from, from the entry-level steel folder with a

modest range of gears to some very sophisticated foldable bikes made of ultra-light alloys and

with remarkable gearing specs.

Which folding bike's right for you? It depends on the level of your interest in cycling, and the

depth of your pocket. The enthusiast who can afford it will go for the top of the range. If

you're new to the concept of riding a bicycle on a regular basis, buy an entry-level foldable

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bicycle and see how you like it. If the bicycle bug bites, you can upgrade to something more

exotic; if it doesn't, you're not a lot out of pocket.

So, with those eight excellent reasons to buy, what are you waiting for? On your bike!

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3.3 Design Philosophies فلسفةالتصميم

Figure (3.2): Design Philosophies

3.3.1 Re-inventing the Wheel .

People usually say, “Don’t re-invent the wheel” when they want a quick and easy solution to a

problem. The trouble with that approach is that when you try and solve problems by looking

at what others have done before, you stifle creativity and limit your ability to come up with

truly original and unique solutions.

We take a contrarian view. For us, “Re-inventing the wheel” is a philosophy that we embrace.

Re-inventing takes a lot of time and it often takes us down the wrong road. But it also leads to

bright flashes of brilliance and insight that ultimately result in quantum leaps forward. This

approach to our work is why, Dr. David Hon, our founder, left Hughes Aircraft and started his

own company after all of the large bicycle manufacturers rejected his original folding bicycle

design.

This approach is also why, time and again, we have introduced innovations that have swept

through the bicycle industry. And it is why we have one of the most prolific and well-

respected R&D teams in the bicycle industry. Today, after more than 25 years of building the

world’s most popular folding bicycles, we stand at the beginning of the 21st century and look

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forward to the continued challenge of building environmentally responsible mobility solutions

for the global community.

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3.3.2 The 15% Rule .

The 15% rule is our commitment to improve our bikes by at least 15% each and every year.

This 15% improvement can come in the form of improved riding performance, increased

comfort, lighter weight, improved folding function, or enhanced durability. This 15% target

puts a lot of pressure on us but it means that you can be assured that we’ll never be resting on

our laurels – we’ll always be searching for ways to improve our product. So if you haven’t

ridden a Dehorn in a year or two, take one for a test ride. We promise you’ll be impressed.

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3.3.3 Built to Last .

So many of the products that are manufactured today are disposable . We’re appalled by the

poor quality of so many of the products that we see. We remember when children’s toys were

sturdy enough to be handed down from child to child. Now, many of the toys out there are

lucky to last a few months of use before falling apart. That’s why our landfills are filling up so

rapidly and why we are seeing so many shortages in raw materials. A lot of the bicycles built

today fall into the disposable category – low quality bearings, poorly coated materials that rust

quickly, and corner cutting everywhere add up to a product that won’t last more than a year or

two. We want our bikes to be part of the solution, not part of the problem and that’s why

we’ve made a commitment to using higher quality materials and components that last longer.

Details like stainless steel spokes, sealed hubs and bearings, stainless steel frame latches,

chrome plastic fenders that will never rust, and anodized finishes on aluminum components

are found on every one of our bikes, even the most economic models. We get emails almost

every day from customers that are still riding bikes that are 10 or 15 years old and that’s the

way we like it.

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3.3.4 Bikes for Everybody .

Some people like super exclusive brands with high prices that lend their owners a veneer of

superiority. Dehorn has been criticized in the past for making “cheap” bikes. But our

corporate mission is to change the world for the better by getting more butts onto bikes. And

you don’t change the world a whole lot by selling small numbers of thousand dollar folding

bikes. We want to make folding bicycles accessible to anyone, anywhere in the world, who

wants one and that means making our bikes affordable. So even though we enjoy designing

high-end bikes and will continue to expand the high end of our line, we’ll always make

“cheap” bikes that are packed with value so that we can make a real impact on society.

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3.3.5 Light is Right .

Sure, there are lots of folding bicycles on the market, but how many of them are truly

portable? A bicycle isn’t portable if it’s too heavy to lift into your car or carry across a

subway station. Portable bicycles need to be light. And we make the lightest folding bikes in

the world. Each year, every part of every bike is scrutinized by our team of engineers to see

how we can make it stronger or lighter. The result: what you thought was a pretty darn good

bike last year gets just a bit stronger and lighter this year. Our obsession with weight is why

even our steel frame bicycles are lighter than the aluminum frame bicycles of most other

manufacturers. Following are some of the technologies we use to build some of the world’s

lightest folding bicycles.

∙Premium Frame Materials

Everything starts with the frame and that’s why we choose the best materials for our frames.

All of our aluminum frames are made from custom drawn and double-butted Sonus 7005

aluminum tubing. Even steel frames are made from seamless 4130-chromoly steel that has

been work-hardened in a special machining process.

∙Frame Design

Frame design can be even more important than frame material in building a light frame. A

good frame is strong and light. Some frames on the market are strong but heavy. A few are

light but not strong enough. And many of the cheaper folding bikes on the market are neither

light nor strong. Many of our latest patented technologies focus on how to make a strong but

lightweight frame. These technologies include our Re-Bar™ technology, Sons tubing, Power

Bulge technology, Embed bottom brackets, and Wraparound chain stays.

∙Frame Details

Butted tubing, CNC machined head tubes, forged hinges and drop-outs.

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3.3.6 Safety First .

We are committed to building the safest bikes possible. Our bikes incorporate many different

design features and technologies to improve safety. Following are some of the many ways we

ensure the highest levels of safety:

∙ISO 9001 Manufacturing

Our main factory, where every one of our frames is welded and processed, is ISO certified to

meet extremely high standards in production control.

∙Vertical Manufacturing

We’ll bet you didn’t know this but most bicycle companies don’t make their own bikes. They

sub-contract assembly of their bikes to huge OEM factories that are producing all kinds of

bikes for all kinds of customers. And with few exceptions those companies that do have their

own factories don’t produce their own frames. This is what’s known in the industry as a screw

driver factory. Frames are out sourced, components are out-sourced: the factory just has an

assembly line to slap all the parts together. All this out-sourcing can be highly efficient and

tends to reduce prices but the problem with this approach is that it is much harder to

rigorously control quality when the production doesn’t take place in your own factory. That’s

why we have our own factory and we weld and process our own frames. Not only that but we

are heavily vertically integrated, meaning that we even do most of our own tube cutting,

forming, and stamping. The end result is a higher degree of control over quality and much

faster solutions when we do find a problem.

∙In-house Testing Machinery

It’s all well and good to manufacture your own bikes but it is also critically important to put

all new frame and components to the test before they hit the market. Multiple samples of

every new frame and component we make are sent to our testing department for a battery of

tests. Testing lets us build in adequate safety margins.

∙Strong Frames

The large majority of folding bicycles on the market are built with low cost, high tensile (low

carbon) steel. Our frames are TIG welded out of the best materials, like 4130-chromoly and

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double-butted 7005 aluminum alloy. And much of our patented technology is centered around

getting the most strength out of the material that we use.

∙Biologic™ Frame Geometry

Have you ever hopped aboard a small-wheeled folding bike and been shocked by the poor

handling characteristics. Our new Biologic™ II geometry delivers the surest and most stable

ride available. We’ve designed folding bicycles for over 25 years and our Biologic™ II

geometry is the result of that experience.

∙Lifetime Frame Warranty

Of course, all of these technologies wouldn’t mean a thing if our frames weren’t rock solid.

That’s why we can offer a lifetime* warranty on all of our frames and folding components.

*Contingent on the customer having their bike adjusted by a bike technician before riding and

sending in the warranty card.

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3.4. Drivers let you use the bike .

What do you get when you combine the wish for an easy means of transport with the

miraculous human ability to keep balance on two revolving wheels? What you get is a

bicycle. We need bicycles more than ever, but what kind of bicycles and how must they be

produced?

As an extension of a human's abilities, the modern bicycle is nearly perfect. It has changed

little since the basic shape and configuration of the first chain-driven Safety Bicycle model of

the 1880s--a tubular steel diamond frame with steel-spoke wheels less than one meter (three

feet) in diameter, and pneumatic tires, pedals, saddle, and handlebars. Changes since the

1890s have mostly been incremental improvements in materials and manufacturing

techniques. Some 120 years of such evolution is difficult to improve upon without radically

altering the basic design. Though bicycle design has changed little in the past century, we in

the industrialized nations have changed the social and economic fabric of the world beyond

all recognition. That's why we need a new bicycle design.

Any new bicycle design must take into consideration the problems caused by these changes

and must have four sources of motivation.

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3.4.1 Reintegrating labor and life .

Providing local control of industry for the third world.

Using less of the limited global supplies of raw materials and energy; and Combining bicycle

and public transportation to ameliorate the ills of private car transport. Surprisingly, these

criteria all point to the same kind of solution. The design presented here is one of a kind. A

bicycle of this design does not differ functionally from contemporary bicycles--it rides like an

ordinary bike--but the method of production has been changed completely. The advantages

are so considerable that it is possible to overcome the normal resistance encountered with a

new design.

This design incorporates solutions to problems concerning the use of the bicycle in both rich

and poor countries. It also offers good opportunities for poor countries to use local labor, local

materials, and modest amounts of local capital. The need for such a change in the method of

bicycle production may not seem compelling in industrialized nations, but it is a concern for

people living in developing nations.

A project that aims at starting this kind of bicycle production all over the world is motivated

by the urgency of the problems involved. The best way to enable this production may be to

publish a manual that deals with all the economic, technical, and social aspects involved, and

that provides practical design assistance for adapting to local conditions. Further development

and testing of the design is essential, and any assistance or contribution is welcome.

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3.4.2 Reintegration of Life and Labor .

In wealthy countries, industry has a tendency to overindulge the population's need for food

and goods, while it ignores or even destroys other material and immaterial demands.

Therefore, it is our task to adjust wealthy countries' industry toward a more balanced goal.

Industry must be organized in such a way that the stream of goods--production for

production's sake--is not the prime motivator. We need to examine the total human interaction

with industry and its products, both good and bad. When the quality of this human interaction

is brought up to the standard of our current technology, then the total effect of system labor-

life will increase considerably. The total effect can be measured by assessing well-being over

the whole range of human potential.

To a large degree, product design influences whether a different approach can be made. Thus,

where possible, the products we really need must be designed in such a way that their

industrial production can be carried out:

on a small scale.

with a minimum of capital.

with reduced labor specialization.

and on a decentralized basis.

For bicycle production, this means the need to change the production model from large,

centralized bicycle plants concerned mainly with assembling imported parts, to a model of

small bicycle factories that produce all the parts themselves. To make this possible, the whole

production must be simplified technically and commercially. For this strategy to be feasible,

the bicycles produced must also be of better quality, lower cost, and more useful. This is a tall

order, but it can be done.

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3.4.3 for Developing Countries .

Bicycles are of the utmost importance in developing countries. Here the general use of private

cars is completely out of reach for personal transport and always will be (Club of Rome

report).

As the poverty in these countries will not soon disappear, it is necessary to design bicycles

and bicycle-production facilities more adapted to this situation. Current production of bicycles

in the century-old industrial tradition is unsuitable and must be reviewed.

The following design specifications are essential for a useful product and its decentralized

production in the third world:

Must ride well on rough roads and have soft riding, non-pneumatic tires.

Must be durable, easy to repair, and considerably less expensive than currently available

models.

Must include a folding system for use in urban areas and a larger load-carrying capacity for

use in rural areas.

Must enable production with very low capital investment and from readily available materials.

Must incorporate design options adaptable to local conditions; and must employ technology

that is easily taught and adaptable to locally available skills.

Folding BikePage 55

3.4.4 Limited Global Supplies of Raw Materials and Energy .

The expected decrease in the availability of materials and energy does not have a direct

impact on bicycle production in wealthy countries except where scarcity begins to influence

the cost of capital. This proposed design strategy may, therefore, have only a marginal effect

in industrialized countries. However, it should be quite attractive in the third world, especially

in consideration of the low capital investment.

Because of the cost and the dependence it creates, capital investment must be reduced. A low

capital investment also means low energy processing. The design should make this possible,

even to the extent that every step in the production can be made by means of manpower. As

an example, the cutting and folding of thin sheet metal and wire can be used (see: harvesting

sheet metal). Forging and welding should be avoided.

Designs that lead to pollution of the environment (for example, chemical treatment for

chrome plating) are unacceptable.

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3.5 Combining Bicycle and Public Transportation .

Urban areas could function far better if private car transport could be replaced by public

transport. Though it is generally accepted that this change is necessary, it turns out to be very

difficult to achieve. A purely public system of mass transportation that provides the same

service as private cars would not only be expensive, it would likely be impossible to build

without creating worse problems than the problems the system is intended to address. Much

of this drawback can be overcome if the bicycle is used as an extension of public

transportation to bridge the distance between the places people want to go and the nearest bus

stop or train station.

In order to achieve this goal, the bicycle must comply with the following requirements:

-It must be functionally perfect.

-As luggage, a folded bicycle must not exceed the dimensions and weight of a medium-sized

Suitcase .

-The folded version must be as easy to fold and unfold as an umbrella.

-It must be available to everyone, so the cost must be low.

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3.6 Calculation related design .

Design calculation :

L2 L1

h2 w

L2 L1

h2

A B

M

Figure (3.3): Identify the forces affecting

Folding BikePage 58

The bolt is from medium carbon steel/cold drawn →

The bolt will hold a tensile force equal to ,then we design the bolt

accordingly.

Folding BikePage 59

The simplest way is to assume that the bolt holds all the force, so 𝝈 =

→→ M=P

P=

So τ = as a shear force, Each screw holds

=

Now the case is a combined loading so, we can use energy method.

The distortion_ energy method was created by Von Mises who show that the most

complicated stress situation in two dimensions can be represented by a single stress 𝝈ˊ called

the effective stress or the VonMises stress.

Represents the entire stress state.ˊ𝝈

These calculations are for the special case of combined bending and torsion (that is

≠0,

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Sy

𝝈ˊ=

=30.57MPa 𝝈ˊ=

n:the factor of safety and it is > 1 so we are in the safe side.

Welding calculations:

The shape of the welding is circle, the circle on the weld symbol indicates that the welding is

to go all around.

Figure (3.4) : The shape of the welding

The diameter of welded circle = 40mm

The depth of the welded circle = 5mm

The average normal stress in the weld is :

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Sy

σ =

F= w =750N

σ = =5.97MPa

the shear stress due to shear loading :

τ =

= =144.1

The factor of safety n=

The material has the number AISI 1040 and has

From table A-20 in machine design book.

.577

=.577(520)

=300.04 MPa

n= =

the factor of safety is greater than 1 ,so we are in the safe side.

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3.7 steps by drawn .

Figure (3.5): The bike

1-

L1=33 cm L2=63 cm

Radious = 25 cm L= 96 cm

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2-

L1=33 cm L2=63 cm

L=42

This is the cutting point .

After cutting process . we must put a joint by welding process .

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3- folding the bike.

Figure (3.6): Folding bike

The hand and the chair can be folded.

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CHAPTER FOURFEASİBİLİTY STUDY

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4.1 Introduction المقدمة

A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential

problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you

proceed with it?

Before you begin writing your business plan you need to identify how, where, and to whom

you intend to sell a service or product. You also need to assess your competition and figure

out how much money you need to start your business and keep it running until it is

established.

This Feasibility Study template will help you to conduct feasibility studies in your

organization.

It takes you through the process of completing a Feasibility Study by defining the business

problem / opportunity, the alternative solutions available and the recommended solution for

implementation.

You can use this Feasibility Study sample to assess the feasibility of any type of solution,

within any type of business environment.

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4.2 Definition مفهوم

A feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposal designed to determine the difficulty in

carrying out a designated task. Generally, a feasibility study precedes technical development

and project implementation. In other words, a feasibility study is an evaluation or analysis of

the potential impact of a proposed project.

To conduct a survey in the following aspects;

7.1 Prices of Conventional Bicycle

7.2 Public demand on Conventional Bicycle usage

7.3 Interest of the public to use the Folding Bicycle

7.4 Government policies on mass production of Folding Bicycle

7.5 Public concerns on a affordable paying scheme

7.6 Safety and traffic concerns

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4.2.1 What is a Feasibility Study? .

A Project Feasibility Study is an exercise that involves documenting each of the potential

solutions to a particular business problem or opportunity. Feasibility Studies can be

undertaken by any type of business, project or team and they are a critical part of the Project

Life Cycle.

Feasibility studies are preliminary investigations into the potential benefits associated with

undertaking a specific activity or project. The main purpose of the feasibility study is to

consider all factors associated with the project, and determine if the investment of time and

other resources will yield a desirable result. While considered a preliminary study, it is not

unusual for a feasibility study to be highly detailed.

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4.2.2 When to do a study? .

The decision to conduct a feasibility study should not be taken lightly. It is an expensive and

time consuming process. However, not doing a feasibility analysis can be even more

expensive in terms of the poor decisions you may make from not conducting the proper

analysis. To help you understand when to conduct a feasibility study.

You need to be far enough along in the deliberation process of your business idea to make the

best use of a feasibility study. So you need to have a clearly defined outline of one or more

alternative business models or scenarios that you want to explore. And you want to have

conducted sufficient initial investigation of these alternatives to determine if they have the

potential of being viable. You don’t want to spend your feasibility money investigating ideas

that you can determine are not feasible by just making a few phone calls.

This means that you will need to have already done much of the early investigation and

exploration of your business idea before you schedule a full blown study. This early

investigation or pre-feasibility analysis can be done by members of your committee or with

the help of a consultant. You may start by doing a marketing study to determine if the

business idea has market viability. If it does not, you have saved time and money by not

commissioning a comprehensive feasibility study. If the idea has market viability, you can

move forward with the feasibility analysis and use the market analysis in the feasibility study.

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4.2.3 Who will conduct the analysis? .

If you plan to do a feasibility study, you will want to strongly consider hiring a consultant to

conduct the study. Names of business consultants are contained in Directory of Consultants

and Service Providers. This directory only provides you with the names of consultants. You

are responsible for choosing the proper consultant to fit your needs. Time and money spent in

choosing and using a good consultant is an important investment that will pay dividends later.

The cost of a feasibility study can vary greatly depending on the depth and breadth of the

study. When selecting a consultant for a feasibility study, it is often recommended that you

send a Request for Proposals (RFP) to prospective consultants, outlining what you want done.

A consultant can respond to the RFP by describing how the study will be conducted, what

questions will be answered by the study, a time-line for completing the analysis and how

much it will cost. When selecting a consultant from among those responding to the RFP, first

identify which ones provide the type and quality of answers needed to adequately assess your

business idea. Then select the consultant who can provide the required analysis for the least

cost.

Consultants often feel pressured to tell you what you want to hear. Farm groups usually are

excited about a business prospect and, without realizing it, indirectly influence the consultant

to tell them what they want to hear - “the proposal is a good idea.” So, communicate to the

consultant that you want an accurate assessment of the feasibility of the venture.

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4.2.4 How will you monitor the progress of the study? .

Hiring a consultant does not negate your responsibility for insuring that the feasibility study is

conducted properly. You need to be engaged in the project and the evaluation process,

understand the issues involved, question the basic assumptions used in the study, and

challenge the conclusions of the study.

A member of the project committee or a small group of members can to be selected to work

with the consultant. They function as the liaison between the consultant and the rest of the

committee members to insure that the study progresses according to the wishes of the project

committee. To adequately perform these duties they must have a thorough understanding of

the project. They must also understand the purpose of the study and be knowledgeable of the

provisions of the consulting contract. They will:

Represent the project committee’s needs and interests to the consultant.

Review and clarify what is needed from the consultant .

Monitor the work of the consultant .

Provide periodic reports to the project committee.

How to accept or reject the study?

At the end of the study, the consultant will provide the committee with a draft of a final

report. Before you start discussing the conclusions of the study and what impact they have on

the viability of your project, you must first review the study to determine if it is accurate,

relevant and complete. It is not uncommon for the project committee to reject the draft of the

report and ask for further clarification and analysis.

The study is only as strong as its weakest part. It takes a mistake in only one part of the study

to sink the business venture. So, before you accept the study you should determine that it:

Is understandable and easy to read ?

Addresses all of the relevant issues and questions.

Lists and discusses all of the underlying assumptions of the project analysis.

Meets the expectations of the project committee .

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Is logically consistent within sections and among sections?

Is thoroughly researched using good research techniques ?

Contains all of the relevant information .

Meets the conditions of the consulting contract.

It is important that you meet this “due diligence” requirement because investors and others

may question your procedures and decisions during this period if the business venture

eventually fails.

You may want to discuss this with your attorney to make sure the proper safeguards are in

place.

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4.2.5 How to use the study results? .

The purpose of the feasibility study is to provide you with the information needed to

determine if the proposed business venture is viable. However, it will probably not provide

you with a magic answer. So you will need to carefully assess the conclusions of the study

and decide if the proposed business venture has sufficient merit to move forward.

If ever there is a time for unemotional, rational and logical thinking, it is now. Mistakes at this

time may be with you for a long time. Common mistakes made by groups at this stage are:

1. The committee members have already made up their minds and rationalize the study results

to fit their decision.

2. Because project committee members tend to be action oriented rather than deliberators,

they become restless to move forward with the project and gloss over important aspects of the

study.

3. Because of the importance of the decision and the lack of clear direction from the

feasibility analysis, committee members find they cannot bring themselves to make a

decision. Rather, they continually seek more information.

4. The committee members become confused by the array of information presented to them

and pressure their consultants and others to give definitive answers of whether to move

forward with the project. When committee members respond to questions pertaining to why

they moved forward with a project by replying, “our consultants said it would work,” are

abdicating their decision making responsibility.

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4.2.6 What Is The Outcome Of Feasibility Studies? .

The feasibility study is used as a guide to determine whether to pursue a project or not. It is

also used to sensitize several key elements of the project to determine the weakness or threat

that the business.

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4.3 Importance Of Feasibility Study

الأهمية

Feasibility Study is basically a study that is done to judge the viability of a new business

venture. It is actually a preliminary analysis of a project that lets the people know that whether

to proceed with a project or not.

A Feasibility study is very important for a business. It makes an analysis of all the aspects of a

business. The external factors influencing it and also the internal factors. It also analyzes all

the costs associated with the project and how the material would be sourced. On the other

hand, it will also make an estimate of how much sales are to be expected and what profits

would the project make.

-You can also use this Feasibility Study template to:

1- Research the business problem or opportunity.

2-Document the business requirements for a solution.

3-Identify all of the alternative solutions available .

4-Review each solution to determine its feasibility .

5-List any risks and issues with each solution .

6-Choose a preferred solution for implementation.

7-Document the results in a feasibility report.

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4.5 Steps of feasibility study .

Market study

Technical study

Financial study

Forecast demand

Market survey

Three basic financial analysis techniques are used:

1. The net prsent value method.

2. The internal rate of return method.

3. The payback method.

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4.5.1 Market study .

The springboard of marketing study is the studying of demand and supply.

Demand:

Studying of demand started with understanding the

Targeted people and the geographical area which were determined by tow questionnaires that

were the basic of this feasibility study.

The questionnaires were distributed for several city in Palestine such as Qalqilia,

Ramalla,Nablus,Tulkarem and Jeneen. In each city 100 questionnaires were distributed for

different age stage people and 20 one for owner of the bicycle store.

Each one of these questioner specialized with specified and studied questions to help in this

project.

Result of each questionnair were analyzed by SPSS computer program and studied to

determine the targeted people, the best location, the competitors and their prices, the desired

specification and the desired prices, and to determined the most important point which is the

demand.

D=56.2% *235843

=132544 unit per year

56.2 : percentage of persons who wishes to buy the bicycle according to the questionnaires.

235843:# of meal who ages are between 13-25 year according to the (ff) .

It is clearly that the demand is high perhaps for the following reasons:

Completely dependence for determining the demand was on the questionnaire because that

this product is anew product, this cause a difficulty in collecting the needed data which

relating to the actual and historical demand.

These questionnaires are random their result are un accurate and don’t demonstrate the whole

Palestinian market, the response rates may be low and the questions were answered

incorrectly.

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For that and to be on the safe side only 2.5% from the demand was taken in consideration.

New demand =132544* 2.5%

=3314 unit per year

Supply and competitor:

According to the questionnaire very low competition was founded in the west bank which its

sourse is Israel but there have a lot of restrictions to obtain them.

From this result that was founded a high gap because the demand and the supply which is

demonstrate a good indication to began on the project.

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4.5.2 Technical study .

It includes:

1. Location of the project : according to the questionnaire that notice the highest

percentage of persons who want to purchase a folding bike is in Jenien which is may be due to

the natural of the geographical area which almost flat area.

2. Types of product: the types of the product in this project is manufacturing , that is

easy to find a suitable building to establish this project.

3. Production line: which divided in tow types vertical and horizontal line ,in this case the

production line is a horizontal.

line

Figure(4.1): Sequence of operation

4- Infra structure: in this project the infra structure study did not take in consideration

because the building was exist and prepared , so there was no need to make it.

The other part of technical study such as required equipment , furniture, salaries……etc.

calculated in the next and final step of feasibility study ( financial part).

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Cutting Welding

Painting Cooling and polishing

Preparation: like separate the wheels

from the frame

R.M

Assemble parts together

4.5.3 Financial study .

To begin the financial study it is important to know the time needed for each process to

determine the time needed to manufacture one folding bike, workers needed, …etc.

Table ( 4.1 ) : Time required for each process.

Processes needed for folding bike manufacturing Time required for each process

Preparation and cutting 15 minutes

Welding 20 minutes

Polishing 5 minutes

Painting 25 minutes

The step that will determine the sequence of the process is the slowest one which is the

welding and painting steps.

Working hours is 6 hour/day

The actual working hours is 5 hour/day

The demand / year is = 3314 unit

So we need to work 3314 distributed on the different amounts taking on consideration that the

demand of this kind of product will be seasonal which mean the demand on the summer will

not be the same in winter but in this case that deal with a complete

year regardless the demand which vary from month to another.

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Here calculation of the variable , initial and fixed cost where done .

Table (4.2 ) : Variable Cost

Variable CostVariable

Cost per

unit

TotalDiscount

(%)

Before

DiscountCost/unitNo.of itemItem

212.50704,225.000.15828,500.00250.003,314.00Bicycle

10.8035,791.200.1039,768.0012.003,314.00Weaning (فصالة)

4.6615,443.240.0015,443.244.663,314.00

Labor cost per

unit(welding)

4.6615,443.240.0015,443.244.663,314.00

Labor cost per unit(

نقل+ (قص

4.6615,443.240.0015,443.244.663,314.00

Labor cost per unit

(Paint)

4.6615,443.240.0015,443.244.663,314.00

Labor cost per

unit(finishing)

6.8522,702.560.0022,702.566.853,314.00electricty Bill

6.7522,369.500.1024,855.007.503,314.00welding electrod

10.8035,791.200.1039,768.0012.003,314.00Paint

266.34882,652.42Total

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Sample calculation:

Labors cost /day = 70 NIS

Labor cost / unit = 70/ 15 = 4.66 NIS

Electricity consumes by the electric scissor

Electricity consumes by welding machine

Painting cost:

3314 unit* 2 painting cans/unit= 6628 painting cans

6628 *

39768 NIS * 90% =35791.2 NIS (if we have 10% discount)

Cost after discount / unit=

Filling material cost:

Every bike need 18 electrode

18 *3314 = 59652

Each filling unit has 240 electrode , so we need 59652/240=248.55 ≈249

The price of filling material =249* 100NIS=24900NIS

24900*90%=22320 NIS (if we have 10% discount)

22320 / 3314=6.735 NIS/unit

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Bolt cost:

We need 2 bolts for each bike

2*3314*6 NIS = 39768

39768*90%= 35791.2 NIS (we have 10% discount)

35791.2/3314 = 10.8 NIS/unit.

Bike cost

3314*250=828500NIS

828500*.85=704225NIS(15%discount)

704225/3314=212.5NIS/bike

Worker cost per unit =4.66NIS

Variable cost (per unit )=bike cost +bolt cost +painting cost +welding cost +cutting cost+

worker cost +electrodes

=212.5+10.8+10.8+5.8725+.978+18.64+6.735

=266.3255 NIS

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Table ( 4.3 ) : initial cost

 Initial Cost

TotalCost/Unit# of itemItem

4,5004,5001Electric scissor

3,7503,7501Welding Machine CO2

1001001Painting

1701701File

140702Clips

2054Goggles

120602Gloves

3001502 Office

70701Fire extinguisher (powder)

2502501Hummer

180306Office

4001004Fan (مروحة)

1,0001,0001Accessories

1,0001,0001Licensing

12,000Total  

Table (4.4 ) : fixed cost

Fixed CostTotalCost/Unit# of itemItem

6,00050012Facility renting

2,4006004Worker Insurance

9609601Project Manager insurance

1,80015012Services Minimum

3,60030012Maintenance

54,00054,0001project manager salary

68,760Total  

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4.5.4 Forecast demand .

Tow approach for forecasting

Quantitative approach:

Time series approach and causal approach.

Qualititative approach:

Expert opinion, market survey, scenario writing, analogy,and neive .

Because there is no hestorical data about demand , the qualitative abroach ( market srvey) was

followed to forecast the future demand and a constant demand assumed for 10 years.

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4.5.5 Market survey .

A market survey consist of several steps. First, the questionnaire must be developed that

should contains questions whose answers provide the information needed to determined the

forecast. this information about the customer might be things such as age and income as well

as an indication of whether or not the customer will purchase the product . if the customer is a

retail outlet ,the information might include size of the store and the projected number of items

that will be purchased.

The next step is carrying out the survey ,which maybe don by mail, fax e-

mail ,telephon,atearout postcard in a magazine or in person. how the survey carried out can

affect the number as well as the quality of person . the number ,location and individual

customers to be surveyed should be carefully planned in conjunction with the purpose of the

study .

After the survey is conduct ,the results should be tabulated and analyzed. care must be taken

in interpreting these results. Response rate may be low .the questioned answered incorrectly,

or factors not considered in the questionnaire may affect the actual outcome of events.

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4.6 Comment on qualitative forecasting methods .

Qualitative methods are often used in industry. Sometimes, expert opinion is used because it

is "closed enough" fast, and easy to do, and it is particularly adept at quickly sensing trend in

market. On the other hand, market survey is time consuming and costly. However, for new

product introduction and forecasting technological advances, they may be the only choice. if

all steps of the method are followed, the results are usually fairly accurate.

Market survey give good result, but the time required to do them makes them less appropriate

for short term forecasting. With the growth of networks and customers with access to inter

active computing, market survey may become more timely and accurate. how ever, the cost

must be weighed against the benefit the survey provides.

The techniques of analysis work with cash flows. Cash flow is the cash that will flow into

and out of the organization becaucse of the project, including revenues, costs, and changes in

assets and liabilities.

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Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Initial Information              

Annual demand (salads)   3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00

Investment 12,000.00            

Interest (discount) rate

(10%) 0.10            

               

Cash Flows              

Revenue   970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84

Expenses: Variable

costs   882,652.42 869,694.68 869,694.68 869,694.68 869,694.68 869,694.68

Expenses: Fixed costs   68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00

Depreciation ( D)   1,200.00 2,160.00 1,728.00 1,382.40 1,106.40 884.40

               

Pre-tax income   18,303.42 30,301.16 30,733.16 31,078.76 31,354.76 31,576.76

Taxes(14.5%)   2,654.00 4,393.67 4,456.31 4,506.42 4,546.44 4,578.63

               

Net operating income

(NOI)   15,649.42 25,907.49 26,276.85 26,572.34 26,808.32 26,998.13

Total cash flow ( NOI +

D)   16,849.42 28,067.49 28,004.85 27,954.74 27,914.72 27,882.53

Table ( 4.5 ) : Cash flow table(a)

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Table (4.5):Cash flow table (b)

Item 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021Initial Information

Annual demand (salads) 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00 3,314.00

Investment

Interest (discount) rate(10%)

 

Cash Flows

Revenue 970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84 970,915.84

Expenses: Variable costs 869,694.68 869,694.68 869,694.68 869,694.68

Expenses: Fixed costs 68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00 68,760.00

Depreciation ( D) 786.00 786.00 786.00 786.00 394.80

           

Pre-tax income 31,675.16 31,675.16 31,675.16 31,675.16 -394.80

Taxes(14.5%) 4,592.90 4,592.90 4,592.90 4,592.90 -57.25

           

Net operating income ( NOI) 27,082.26 27,082.26 27,082.26 27,082.26 -337.55

Total cash flow ( NOI + D) 27,868.26 27,868.26 27,868.26 27,868.26 57.25

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Sample calculation:

i: interest rate = 10%

Price of the bike =(cost/unit) * profit margin

=266*(266*10%) = 293 NIS

Revenue = demand*unit price

=3314*293=970915.85 NIS

Depreciation (D):

D=depretiation allowance * initial cost

= 10% * 12000

=1200 NIS

Pre_tax income=revenue –variabe cost-fixed cost-D

=970,915.84 - 882,652.42 - 68,760.00 - 1,200.00=18,303.42 NIS

taxes = 14.5%*18303.42

=4592.90 NIS

NOI= pre_tax incom – taxes

=18303.42 -4592.42

= 15649.42

Total cash flow = NOI + D

=15649.42 + 1200

= 16849.42

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Table(4.6):Modified Acrs Description Allowance

Three basic financial analysis techniques are used:

1. The net prsent value method.

2. The internal rate of return method.

3. The payback method.

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Modified Acrs Depreciation Allowances

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

10-year 10.00 18.00 14.40 11.52 9.22 7.37 6.55 6.55 6.55 6.55 3.29

The net prsent(value method).The net present value (NPV) method is used to evaluate an investment by calculating the

present values of all after- tax total cash flows and then subtracting the original investment

amount (which is already a present value ) from their total. The difference is the project’s net

present value. If it is positive for the discount rate used, the investment earns a rate of return

higher than the discount rate. If the net present value is negative, the investment earns a rate

of return lower than the discount rate. Most firms set the discount rate equal to the overall

weighted average cost of capital, which becomes the lowest desired return on approved. The

discount rates that represent the lowest desired return on investment is thought of as a hurdle

over which the investment must pass and is often referred to as the hurdle rate.

Table (4.7): Calculation of NPV

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year cash flow pf(10%)  

2011 16,849 0.9091 15,318

2012 28,067 0.8264 23,195

2013 28,005 0.7513 21,040

2014 27,955 0.683 19,093

2015 27,915 0.6209 17,332

2016 27,883 0.5645 15,740

2017 27,868 0.5132 14,302

2018 27,868 0.4665 13,001

2019 27,868 0.4241 11,819

2020 27,868 0.3855 10,743

2021 57 0.3505 20

Total 161,603

NPV = 149,603

Sample Calculation:

NPV=(15318+23195+21040+19093+17332+15740+14302+13001+11819+10743+20)-12000

=149603 NIS

Because the NPV is positive, the recommendation would be to approve the project.

Internal Rate of Return Method A related technique involves calculating the internal rate of return (IRR), which is the

discount rate that makes the NPV of a project zero. It is "internal" because it depends only on

the cash flows of the investment, not on rates offered elsewhere. Which this method, a project

is acceptable only if the IRR exceeds the hurdle rate. The IRR is a single number that

summarizes the merits of the investment. It can be used to rank multiple projects from best to

worst, so it is particularly useful when the budget limits new investment in any year.

You can find the IRR by trial and error. Start with a low discount rate and calculate the NPV.

If it exceeds 0, increase the discount rate and try again. The NPV will eventually go to 0and

later to a negative value. When the NPV is near 0, you have found the IRR.

Table (4.8): Initial cost of a business for each yearInitial

cost of a business

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

-12,000 16,849 28,067 28,005 27,955 27,915 27,883 27,868 27,868 27,868 27,868

IRR= 174%

This result is not very informative may be for the following reasons:

low initial cost comparable with the variable cost which was the highest one, that refers to a

complete dependence on getting a ready bikes and remanufacture them.

The nature of the building was renting that lead to reduce the initial cost.

Folding BikePage 95

Payback methodThe other commonly used method of evaluating projects is the payback method, which

determines how much time will elapse before the total of after-tax cash flows will equal, or

pay back , the initial investment.

The payback method also has been criticized for its failure to consider the time value of

money. for these reasons we recommend that payback analysis be combined with a more

sophisticated method such as NPV or IRR in analyzing the financial implications of a project.

In this project the payback period is very short.

Folding BikePage 96

CHAPTER FIVERECOMENDATION AND

CONCLUSIONS

Folding BikePage 97

5.1 Recommendations and Conclussions .Our aim in this project definition to the idea of people were not familiar to the majority ,

the idea of designing a folding bike with a study the feasibility of marketing the product

locally .

Through our study of the project we faced some problems Such as the difficulty in finding a

bicycle with single frame , So was reached several recommendations to be introduced to

achieve what is desired from the project.

1. Implement the design on a bike has a single frame to minimize number of cutting points and

achieve the purpose of minimizing the overall size.

2. Make sure that there is suppliers for bikes to provide the required amounts have needed

specifications.

3. Make good and complete study for the local market before manufacture the product to ensure

about the success of it.

4. Make great advertisement to let people know the new product , its benefits before marketing

it.

5. Design the bike from its initial components to minimize the initial cost and increase profits.

Folding BikePage 98

5.2 Expectations of the project in the future .

We hope in the near future implementation of the project is actually on the ground ... And if it

is applied then the project will be successful and this is what we achieved through the

feasibility study, which was the aim of obtaining a pointer that would have succeeded or was

it better to stop this work.

The work has been very useful and the results were amazing based on what we have done a

study of the project completed .

Folding BikePage 99

5.3 Appendix .

To be more familiar with the concept of folding Bick in Palestine these questioners will be

distributed for both buyers and sellers.

الكرام والأخوات الأخوة

الفلسطيني السوق إمكانية دراسة أجل من فقط علمية لأغراض وضعت الاستبانة هذه

الدراجة مبدأ لاستيعاب _ جامعة ( الصناعية الهندسة قسم التخرج لمشروع الإعداد ضمن وذلك واستخدامها للطي القابلة

.النجاح)

الطي بعد الطي قبل

1-......................... : البلدة :.................. / المدينة المحافظة

2-: السكنية المنطقة - جبلية- ب سهلية أ

:العمر -3- 12-6أ- - 25-13ب - 40 -26ج فوق 40د

العمل -4 . مجال

/ خاص- حكومي موظف - أ طالب حرة- ب أعمال - ج عن عاطل د

العملالأسري -5 الدخل مستوى

- 500-200أ- ب - 800-501دينار فوق ج دينار 801دينار

Folding BikePage 100

؟ -6 للطي قابلة دراجة بشراء ترغب هل - لا- ب نعم أ

نعم إجابتك كانت : إذا*( ) خيار من أكثر تحديد يمكن الدراجة هذه في بتوفرها ترغب التي الميزات ما

- - خلفية- سلة ج معها قفل توفير ب الوزن خفة أإضافات- ......................................................................................: ج

بشرائها * ترغب التي للطي القابلة الدراجة سعر- 100-50أ- ب - 200-101دينار فوق ج دينار201دينار

استخدمتها ( )-7 أن اوسبق حاليا دراجة تستخدم هل / - السبب- لا ب نعم ...................................:أ

نعم إجابتك كانت إذا* الاستخدام سبب

- - - العمل- مجال في د الضرورة عند ج رياضية أغراض ب ترفيهية أغراض أ

الأسبوع -* في الاستخدام مرات : عدد

من- أقل - 3أ ب - 10-3مرات من أكثر ج مرات 11مرات

*- ( ) استخدمتها أو حاليا تمتلكها التي الدراجة سعر- 50-25أ- ب - 75-51دينار فوق ج دينار 100دينار

لتعاونكم شكراالكرام والأخوات الأخوة

Folding BikePage 101

Folding BikePage 102

5.3.1 SPSS Analysis التحليلالإحصائي

Questionnaire for Customers:1- / البلدة:...................... المدينة ....................: المحافظة

Table & Bar chart (5.1): proportion of each city to use the folding bike

MAINTAIM

100 20.0 20.0 20.0100 20.0 20.0 40.0100 20.0 20.0 60.0100 20.0 20.0 80.0100 20.0 20.0 100.0500 100.0 100.0

jeninnublustulkarmqalqeliaram allahTotal

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

MAINTAIM

MAINTAIM

ram allahqalqeliatulkarmnublusjenin

Perc

ent

30

20

10

0

Note that all of cities is the same her

Folding BikePage 103

2- السكني ةالمنطقة

جبلية- 2سهلية -1

Table & Bar chart (5.2): The ratio of residential areas and mountain

AREA

161 32.2 32.7 32.7331 66.2 67.3 100.0492 98.4 100.0

8 1.6500 100.0

flatmountainTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

AREA

AREA

mountainflat

Per

cent

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the higher proportion of mountain areas and this is due to the nature of the

geographical area

Folding BikePage 104

رالعم -3

- 12-6أ- - 25-13ب - 40 -26ج فوق د

Table & Bar chart (5.3) : The proportion of age groups in the use of bike

AGE

80 16.0 16.1 16.1276 55.2 55.4 71.5106 21.2 21.3 92.836 7.2 7.2 100.0

498 99.6 100.02 .4

500 100.0

6-1213-2526-40>40Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Note that the highest one is the youth /(13-25)

Folding BikePage 105

العمل -4 :مجال

- - / حرة- أعمال ج طالب ب خاص حكومي موظف أالعمل- عن عاطل د

Table & Bar chart (5.4) : the proportion of people who use the bike all by field work

WORK

62 12.4 12.5 12.5269 53.8 54.2 66.7149 29.8 30.0 96.816 3.2 3.2 100.0

496 99.2 100.04 .8

500 100.0

employeestudentwork of freeunemployedTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

WORK

WORK

unemployedwork of freestudentemployee

Perc

ent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Folding BikePage 106

Note that the highest percentage is the percentage of students

الأسري -5 الدخل :مستوى

- 500-200أ- ب - 800-501دينار فوق ج 801دينار

دينار

Table & Bar chart (5.5) : Rates the level of family income

INCOME

5 1.0 1.1 1.1266 53.2 58.3 59.4146 29.2 32.0 91.439 7.8 8.6 100.0

456 91.2 100.044 8.8

500 100.0

0200-500501-800>801Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

INCOME

INCOME

>801501-800200-500

Per

cent

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Folding BikePage 107

Note that the highest percentage is the percentage of individuals ranging from the rate

of household income between 200-500

Folding BikePage 108

؟ -6 للطي قابلة دراجة بشراء ترغب هل

- ل- ب نعم اأ

Table & Bar chart (5.6) : Ratios indicate the willingness of people to buy a folding bike

FOLDING

281 56.2 56.2 56.2219 43.8 43.8 100.0500 100.0 100.0

YesNoTotal

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

FOLDING

FOLDING

NoYes

Per

cent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the proportion who wish to purchase higher.

Folding BikePage 109

نعم إذا إجابتك كانت :

) من أكثر تحديد يمكن الدراجة هذه في بتوفرها ترغب التي الميزات ما

)خيار . *

- - خلفية- سلة ج معها قفل توفير ب الوزن خفة أإضافات- ........................د

Table & Bar chart (5.6.1) : proportion of each feature people want to be available in the

folding bike

FEATURE

215 43.0 47.3 47.3138 27.6 30.3 77.638 7.6 8.4 85.933 6.6 7.3 93.224 4.8 5.3 98.57 1.4 1.5 100.0

455 91.0 100.045 9.0

500 100.0

XXXlightlockshoppingalladdTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

FEATURE

FEATURE

addallshoppinglocklightXXX

Per

cent

50

40

30

20

10

0

Folding BikePage 110

Note that Top warned those who did not put the check required.

Folding BikePage 111

بشرائها * ترغب التي للطي القابلة الدراجة .سعر

- 100-50أ- ب - 200-101دينار فوق ج دينار201دينار

Table & Bar chart (5.6.2) : price ratio they wish to purchase a folding bike

PRICE2

216 43.2 43.3 43.3179 35.8 35.9 79.291 18.2 18.2 97.413 2.6 2.6 100.0

499 99.8 100.01 .2

500 100.0

XXX50-100101-200>201Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

PRICE2

PRICE2

>201101-20050-100XXX

Per

cent

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the majority of people want to buy a bike at less than 50 JD .

Folding BikePage 112

حاليا ( -7 دراجة تستخدم استخدمتها أو هل أن )سبق .

- / أ- السبب لا ب نعم ........................

Table & Bar chart (5.7) : the proportion of individuals who use a bike now or

previously used.

USEING

285 57.0 57.0 57.0215 43.0 43.0 100.0500 100.0 100.0

YesNoTotal

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

USEING

USEING

NoYes

Per

cent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the highest percentage of category used .

Folding BikePage 113

نع إذا إجابتك مكانت

الاستخدام :سبب

- - - العمل- مجال في د الضرورة عند ج رياضية أغراض ب ترفيهية أغراض أ

Table & Bar chart (5.7.1) : Ratios indicating the reason for individuals to use folding

bike

REASON

215 43.0 43.1 43.1125 25.0 25.1 68.178 15.6 15.6 83.865 13.0 13.0 96.816 3.2 3.2 100.0

499 99.8 100.01 .2

500 100.0

XXXrecreationalsportingnecessaryworkTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Note that the majority of people use the bike for recreational purposes

Folding BikePage 114

الأسبوع في الاستخدام مرات :عدد

من- أقل - 3أ ب - 10-3مرات من أكثر ج مرات 11مرات

Table & Bar chart (5.7.2) : ratios indicate the number of usage times

TIMES

215 43.0 43.0 43.075 15.0 15.0 58.0

107 21.4 21.4 79.4103 20.6 20.6 100.0500 100.0 100.0

XXX<33-10>11Total

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

Note that the most users are using the bike for less than 3 .

Folding BikePage 115

) استخدمتها أو حاليا تمتلكها التي الدراجة )سعر .

- 50-25أ- ب - 75-51دينار فوق ج دينار 100دينار

Table & Bar chart (5.7.3) : prices of bicycles owned by the user

PRICE1

215 43.0 43.3 43.3168 33.6 33.9 77.284 16.8 16.9 94.229 5.8 5.8 100.0

496 99.2 100.04 .8

500 100.0

XXX25-5051-75>100Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Note that the most users have bikes with price less than 25 JD .

Folding BikePage 116

. النسبة المئوية للطلب في كل محافظة على حدا

Table & Bar chart (5.8) : The demand for each City

MAINTAIM * FOLDING Crosstabulation

Count

67 33 10053 47 10056 44 10057 43 10049 51 100

282 218 500

jeninnublustulkarmqalqeliaram allah

MAINTAIM

Total

Yes NoFOLDING

Total

MAINTAIM

ram allahqalqeliatulkarmnublusjenin

Cou

nt

70

60

50

40

30

20

FOLDING

Yes

No

67جنين بنسبة %57قلقيلية بنسبة % 56طولكرم بنسبة % 53نابلس بنسبة % 49رام الله بنسبة %

Folding BikePage 117

الكرام والأخوات :الإخوةالفلسطيني السوق إمكانية دراسة أجل من فقط علمية لأغراض وضعت الإستبانة هذه

مبدأ لاستيعابالهندسة ( قسم التخرج لمشروع الإعداد ضمن وذلك واستخدامها للطي القابلة الدراجة

( النجاح_ جامعة .الصناعية

الطي بعد الطي قبل

1- / البلدة :........................... المدينة .................... :المحافظة

شهريا -2 المباعة الدرجات : عدد

من- أقل - 10أ - 30-10ب فوق 31ج

الدراجات- : 3 شراء على الإقبال - - مرتفع- ج متوسط ب قليل أ

إقبالا -4 الأكثر :الفئات- 12-6أ- - 25-13ب 40 -26ج

الحالية -5 الدراجات أسعار :مستوى

- 50-25أ- - 75 -51ب فوق دينار 100ج

للطي -6 القابلة بالدراجة سمعت أن و سبق : هل

- لا- ب نعم أ

للطي -7 قابلة دراجة شراء منك طلب وان سبق : هل

- لا- ب نعم أFolding Bike

Page 118

الدراجات -8 من النوع هذا مع للتعامل والاستعداد الرغبة لديك : هل

- لا- ب نعم أ

عليه -9 الإقبال يخص فيما توقعاتك هي ما السوق في الدراجات من النوع هذا طرح لو : فيما

- - مرتفع- ج متوسط ب قليل أ

معها -10 التعامل الممكن الأسعار : فئات

- 100-50أ- ب - 200-101دينار فوق ج دينار 201دينار

لتعاونكم شكرا

Folding BikePage 119

Questionnaire for Vendors :

: المحافظات -1

Table & Bar chart (5.9) : Percentage distribution of questionnaires to all the shops in

every city

MAINTAIM

13 33.3 34.2 34.29 23.1 23.7 57.94 10.3 10.5 68.47 17.9 18.4 86.85 12.8 13.2 100.0

38 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

jeninnublustulkarmqalqeliaram allahTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

MAINTAIM

MAINTAIM

ram allahqalqeliatulkarmnublusjenin

Perc

ent

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the The highest rate in jenin.

Folding BikePage 120

شهريا -2 المباعة الدرجات عددمن- أقل - 10أ - 30-10ب فوق 31ج

Table & Bar chart (5.10):The number of bikes which sold monthly .

PRICE1

21 53.8 56.8 56.811 28.2 29.7 86.55 12.8 13.5 100.0

37 94.9 100.02 5.1

39 100.0

25-5051-75>100Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

NUMDER

NUMDER

>3110-30<10

Perc

ent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the highest percentage of bikes sold per month between 10-30.

Folding BikePage 121

الدراجات- : 3 شراء على الإقبال - - مرتفع- ج متوسط ب قليل أ

Table & Bar chart (5.11): The extent of demand for bicycles

BUY

10 25.6 27.0 27.026 66.7 70.3 97.31 2.6 2.7 100.0

37 94.9 100.02 5.1

39 100.0

lowmidhighTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

BUY

BUY

highmidlow

Per

cent

80

60

40

20

0

Note that rate of demand for bikes average

Folding BikePage 122

إقبالا -4 الأكثر :الفئات- 12-6أ- - 25-13ب 40 -26ج

Table & Bar chart (5.12): The Category of people who are buying the bike.

AGE

21 53.8 55.3 55.317 43.6 44.7 100.038 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

6-1213-25Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

AGE

AGE

13-256-12

Perc

ent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the most popular to buy Bicycle between 6-12.

Folding BikePage 123

الحالية -5 الدراجات أسعار :مستوى

- 50-25أ- - 75 -51ب فوق دينار 100ج

Table & Bar chart (5.13): The price of the bikes.

PRICE1

21 53.8 56.8 56.811 28.2 29.7 86.55 12.8 13.5 100.0

37 94.9 100.02 5.1

39 100.0

25-5051-75>100Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

PRICE1

PRICE1

>10051-7525-50

Per

cent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that highest prices are 25-50 .

Folding BikePage 124

للطي -6 القابلة بالدراجة سمعت أن و سبق : هل

- لا- ب نعم أ

Table & Bar chart (5.14): The number of people who heard or know the folding bikes

KNOW

24 61.5 63.2 63.214 35.9 36.8 100.038 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

YESNOTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

KNOW

KNOW

NOYES

Perc

ent

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that proportion of those who have an idea about the bike folding top

Folding BikePage 125

للطي -7 قابلة دراجة شراء منك طلب وان سبق : هل

- لا- ب نعم أ

Table & Bar chart (5.15): The proportion of vendors who had asked them folding bike

ORDER

7 17.9 18.4 18.431 79.5 81.6 100.038 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

YESNOTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

ORDER

ORDER

NOYES

Perc

ent

100

80

60

40

20

0

Note that most sellers say that have never been asked to folding bike .

Folding BikePage 126

الدراجات -8 من النوع هذا مع للتعامل والاستعداد الرغبة لديك : هل

- لا- ب نعم أ

Table & Bar chart (5.16): The Over the desire and willingness to deal with

ABILITY

20 51.3 52.6 52.618 46.2 47.4 100.038 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

YESNOTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

ABILITY

ABILITY

NOYES

Per

cent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that who are the ability to deal with folding bike .

Folding BikePage 127

عليه -9 الإقبال يخص فيما توقعاتك هي ما السوق في الدراجات من النوع هذا طرح لو : فيما

- - مرتفع- ج متوسط ب قليل أ

Table & Bar chart (5.17) : Expectations for the marketing of the product

EXPECT

19 48.7 50.0 50.019 48.7 50.0 100.038 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

lowmidTotal

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

EXPECT

EXPECT

midlow

Perc

ent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Note that the Expectations medium .

Folding BikePage 128

معها -10 التعامل الممكن الأسعار : فئات

- 100-50أ- ب - 200-101دينار فوق ج دينار 201دينار

Table & Bar chart (5.18): The price categories can be handled by

PRICE2

33 84.6 86.8 86.85 12.8 13.2 100.0

38 97.4 100.01 2.6

39 100.0

50-100101-200Total

Valid

SystemMissingTotal

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

PRICE2

PRICE2

101-20050-100

Perc

ent

100

80

60

40

20

0

Note that the most can be handled by between 50-100

If the results of the feasibility study are favorable, it is logical to proceed with it.

Whereas on the other hand, if the results are not favorable, no businessman will

take a risk on it.

Folding BikePage 129

5.4 Gant chart: .

MONTH 

AprilMarchFeb.Jan.Dec.Nov.Oct.Sep.TASK

        problem initiation

        investigation of folding bike

        

select and implement

appropriate design

        

design and manufacture main

components

        manufacture and assembly

        conduct feasibility study

        writing of thesis

Passed

tasks

Folding BikePage 130

References:

1. Mechanical Engineering Design : Myer Kutz

2. Operation management :concept and strategy (krajewski-and Ritzman)

3. http://www.patentstorm.us

4. http://www.dahon.com/components

5. http://www.yankodesign.com

6. http://www.appropedia.org/Tin_Bicycle_-_The_Design_Contest_Motivation

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design

8. http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/397/

9. http://www.engineersedge.com/calculators.htm

10. http://www.montaguebikes.com/2010-folding-bikes/

11. http://www.method123.com/feasibility-study.php

12. http://www.nycewheels.com/if-mode-folding-bike-review.html

Folding BikePage 131

Folding BikePage 132