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KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME

Pacified

Psychic blindness

Altered feeding behavior

Hypermetamorphosis

Sexual perversion

“not a monkey”

BILATERAL TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY

Including & excluding mesial temporal structures

Visual discrimination

Tactile discrimination

Penfield: interpretive cortex

MANIPULATION of the MIND

MIND ENHANCEMENTทุกขกริยาสมาธิPAVLOV : Conditioned reflexes

Avoidance Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Near-death experience

Brain wash

HypnosisEEG: enhanced gamma waves

4th Congress of

ACADEMIA EURASIANA NEUROCHIRURGICA

Bangkok, 1986

Theme: CONSCIOUSNESS

Session on Meditation

BRAIN PLASTICITY

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Animal: Brain ablationElectrical stimulation

Human: Studies of brain destruction from injuries & diseases

Studies in epilepsyBrain stimulation

Neurosurgical operationFunctional neurosurgery

Anthropological studiesDevelopmental studies

Psychological tests

& experiments

Pharmaceutical studies

BIOTECHNOLOGY

COGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

2

BIOTECHNOLOGY

COGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

CONVERGENCE & RECONSTRUCTIONFUNCTIONAL (MOLECULAR) IMAGIMG

STRUCTURAL IMAGING

MCA Infarction

Cerebral

hemorrhage

Cerebral

hemorrhageInfarction

TumorSTRUCTURAL IMAGING

T1W T2W FLAIR

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Encephalitis

EpilepsyMesial Temporal Sclerosis

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

MR SpectroscopyMR Spectroscopy

Normal

Acute Cerebral Infarction

Lactate PeakNAA 2.0 ppm

Cr 3.03 ppmCho 3.2 ppm Lactate 1.32 ppm

Multi Voxel

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BROOKHAVEN LABORATORIESNew York

Cyclotron & Positron Emission Tomography 1976

Studies of brain functions,

brain mapping andMolecular biochemical basis

ADDICTION

BEHAVIOR

BROOKHAVEN LABORATORIESNew York

Measurement of CBF Measurement of CBF

Tracer: TcTracer: Tc--99 HMPAO99 HMPAO

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Cerebral

Infarction

SPECT in EPILEPSY

CYCLOTRON F18 FDG

C11

N13

O15

PET / CT SCANNER

PET RADIO-PHARMACEUTICALS

Asymmetrical hypoperfused

areas

* Decreased perfusion and glucose metabolic

rate

( P E T )

Multi-infarctDementia* Symmetric temporo-

parietal hypoperfusion*Decreased regional

cerebral blood flow and

glucose metabolic rate

Alzheimer’s Disease

NORMAL

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Functional MRI ( fMRI )

Finger tapping

Visual stimulation

BOLD

3D fMRI

Advanced Image Analysis

VISION MEMORY

3D RECONSTRUCTION BOLD

BIOTECHNOLOGY

COGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

GenomicsProteomics

360 different genes -- activate by electrical impulses

Example: candidate plasticity genes (CPGs).

Nedivi E (MIT) – glass window

Elly Nedivi and Peter So (MIT): "candidate plasticity genes" (CPGs)

One gene, CPG2, causes the cell to withdraw receptors that respond to incoming signals, reducing its neighbors' influence on it. Another gene, CPG15, encodes a chemical message that tells neighboring cells to grow and become more communicative.

Implantation of two glass discs a few millimeters in diameter into the scalps of living mice that had been engineered to express a fluorescent protein in some of their brain cells. The discs allowed the researchers to peer into the animals' brains using a powerful microscope and, with the help of special software, to produce detailed, 3-D pictures of the cells.

5

AT BIRTH: 100,000,000,000 neurones.

Stop multiplying at birth. Each neurone connects to 10 – 10,000 neurones,

AT 3 YEARS: 15,000 synapses per neurone.

Twice as active as adults.

Synapse count highest at adolescence.

3 week fetus: gene-regulated cell metamorphosis.

250,000 cells / min. at peak

Effects of sensory deprivationEffects of environment, stimulation.

Ability to learn second language decreases from age of 7 years“CRITICAL PERIOD FOR LEARNING”.

Japanese children have equal capacity to distinguish R and Lafter birth until 6 – 12 months. Connection then eliminated to L.

“WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY”

Music talent highest before age of 3 years.

DEVELOPMENT disturbed byMaternal malnutrition

Drug abuse Viral infection

Etc.

BIOTECHNOLOGYCOGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

Intelligence, Memory, Learning

Sensory perceptionMotor pattern generation

Emotion, PersonalityAggression, Addiction

Sleep, etc.

ATTENTION

INHIBITIONCOMPULSION

AROUSALDECISION MAKING

RISK-TAKING

EXAMPLE:

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Subcallosal cortexLeft postcentral gyrus

INHIBITION (no go) foraddiction

BIOTECHNOLOGY

COGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

Dalai Lama Richard Davidson: W.M. Keck Laboratory for

Function Brain Imaging And Behavior, University of Wisconsin

Time 100 Most-influential Men 2006

Studies of brain in Tibetan meditation

EEG., fMRI, MR SPECT, PET

Left prefrontal cortexlight up

Posterior parietal cortexquiet down

Amygdalaquiet down

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Andrew Newberg at University of Pennsylvania

Studied Dr. Michael J. Baime (practitioner of Tibetan Buddhist meditation) and seven other Tibetan Buddhists, all skilled meditators.

When they reached the "peak" of spiritual intensity, they tugged on the twine. Newberg, huddled outside the room and holding the other end, felt the pull and quickly injected a radioactive tracer into an IV line that ran into left arm.

After a few moments, they were whisked off to a SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) machine. the prefrontal cortex, seat of attention, lit up, the superior parietal lobe, toward the top and back of the brain, had gone dark.

Structures

+

Connectivity

+

Neurochemistry

+

Metabolic

+

Electromagnetic

+

Genetic

IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE

EDUCATION: MEMORY, LANGUAGES, CALCULATION etc.Mnemonic Entraining Technology, Mental gymnastics

TRAININGS, SKILLS COMPLEX MOTOR PATTERNS (SPORTS)

MOOD ENHANCEMENTGROWTH ENHANCEMENT

Lie-detectors, Personality Assessment

PREDICTING OTHER’S THINKING

F FDGF DOPA

C

18

18

11

F FDG18

BIOTECHNOLOGY

COGNITIVE

SCIENCES

NEUROSCIENCES

NANO-

TECHNOLOGYINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

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Francis Fukuyama (2002):

Our Post-human FutureOur brain power-the knowledge, skills, and

personality quirks that make us human--with our computer power in order to think, reason, communicate, and create in ways we can scarcely even contemplate today.

Ray Kurzweil (2006):

Reinventing Humanity The Future of Machine-Human Intelligence.

“Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent nanobots will greatly expand our memories and vastly improve all of our sensory, pattern-recognition, and cognitive abilities.”

The Futurist 40, 39-40, 42-6, 2006