A perspective is a way of viewing phenomena

Psychology has multiple perspectives:◦ Behavioral Perspective◦ Humanistic Perspective◦ Biological Perspective◦ Psychoanalytic Perspective◦ Cognitive Perspective◦ Evolutionary Perspective◦ Sociocultural Perspective

http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_photog.php?photogid=809

This perspective began to account for behavior as a result of previous experiences.

Behaviorists believe:◦observable behaviors.◦ behavior is shaped

by learning.◦surroundings are

important Behaviorists emphasize

Nurture.

Important Behaviorists to remember:◦ Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) ◦ Nobel Prize winner 1904, physiology of

digestion◦ Using a tuning fork (bell) and meat powder,

Pavlov was able to condition dogs to salivate at a sound – a Conditioned Response.

http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpapajl/evolution/assign2/TM/Pavlov2.html

Important Behaviorists to remember:

◦ John B. Watson (1878 – 1958)◦ All behaviors the result of

conditioning and occurs because of stimulus in the environment .

◦ Human beings have No Free Will .◦ Controversial experiment on

environment and “Little Albert.”

http://www.all-about-psychology.com/little-albert.html

Important Behaviorists to remember: B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

◦ American psychologist at Harvard◦ studied learning and effect of reinforcement◦Walden II – utopian community◦ Applied his ideas

within the realmof advertisingand business.

http://www.thebirdman.org/Index/Others/Others-Doc-ConspiracyTheory&NWO/+Doc-ConspiracyTheory-MindControl-SoftCore-Media&Schools/BrainwashingAmerica-Livergood.htm

Important Behaviorists to remember: Edward L. Thorndike (1874 – 1949)

◦ First to conduct systematic investigation of animal behavior.

◦positive and negative reinforcement

https://behavioranalysishistory.pbworks.com/w/page/37201686/1910s

Important Behaviorists to remember: Albert Bandura –behaviorist

◦ Stressed modeling- Humans learn through watching and imitating examples. Example – TV violence and impact on society

http://students.cis.uab.edu/sarahlr/bandura.html

Humanistic Psychology –◦ This perspective believes that behavior is

based on the need to grow and reach one’s full potential, called self-actualization

◦ Stresses that human nature is active and creative, not just reactive.

◦Humans can change their environment.

http://izettl.hubpages.com/hub/Positive-Psychology-Hope-for-a-Good-New-Year

Important Humanists to Know Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987)

◦ Emphasized the concept of Free Will and choice in human behavior.

◦ Believed that people become anxious and unhappy if they are prevented from self-actualization.

http://cgjj.wikispaces.com/Theory

Important Humanists to Know Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970)

◦ Needs Hierarchy◦Self-actualization (becoming all we can be)

is the highpoint of human motivation. ◦ Basis of modern

management/organizational behavior theory

http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp

This perspective studies the physiological mechanisms in the brain , endocrine and nervous system that organize and control behavior

The focus may be ◦ individual neurons◦ areas of the brain◦ specific functions like eating,

emotion or learninghttp://psychcentral.com/news/2010/06/04/teen-brain-wired-for-risk/14296.html

This perspective evolved from the work of Sigmund Freud

Some books and resources call this the psychodynamic perspective ◦ behavior reflects combinations of

conscious and unconscious influences◦ drives and urges within the

unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior

◦ early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/learning-play/200912/new-years-resolutions-psychoanalytic-perspective

This perspective examines how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior.

http://klik-4all.blogspot.com/2011/05/cognitive-perspective.html

Important people to remember:◦ Jean Piaget (1896 –

1980) studied intellectual

development described how infants,

children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities to make sense of the world.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/jean-piagets-theory.html

Important people to remember:◦ Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)

studied language acquisition Theorized that

humans have an innate ability to learn language.

http://citelighter-cards.s3.amazonaws.com/p16nao79mq1rc41hpj1djt1gst1l7t0_33236.jpg

This perspective uses the ideas of evolution to explain human behaviors.◦Natural selection is a key factor in

determining human behavior.

http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/deptarea/idep/

This perspective studies the psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups and social situations.◦ How are people’s thoughts,

feelings and behavior influenced by their culture?

◦ What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate?

http://smu.edu/education/CCCD/conceptualframework.asp

The American Psychological Association has more than 50 divisions.◦ Some represent areas of training and

specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical)◦ Some are applied

(i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law)

http://www.apa.org/careers/resources/guides/careers.aspx

http://www.epsychologist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Careers-in-Psychology-.jpg

*

*This reflects the British system of

post secondary degrees.

Clinical Studies abnormal behavior

and psychological disorders A psychologist has a

masters or doctorate degree in psychology.

A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who focuses his/her practice on the biological bases of behavior.

http://0.tqn.com/d/psychology/1/0/6/8/psychologist.jpg

Health psychologist◦ Studies psychological

factors in physical health

Counseling psychologist◦ Helps people deal

with normal life situations

◦ Helps to provide guidance

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/clinical-psychologist-salary-range.html

Developmental Psychologist◦ Studies psychological

changes over the life span

◦ Subfields include social, cognitive, and personality

http://www.griffith.edu.au/health/school-applied-psychology/future-students/learning-about-my-profession

School Psychologist◦ Provides counseling

and guidance in school settings

Educational Psychologist◦ Conducts research to

improve student learning and teaching techniqueshttp://www.weac.org/professional_resources/great_schools/news_and_articles/2004-2005/

psychologists.aspx

Psychobiologist◦ Studies the brain and

behavior at many levels.

◦ The field often uses animals as research models

http://wwwm.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/CNaP/Pages/CognitionNeuroscienceandPsychobiologyCNaP.aspx

Experimental Psychologists◦ Basic laboratory

focus◦ Conducts

experiments involving both animals and humans

◦ Areas of focus include learning, memory, and motivation

http://tweetymom.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/lab-mice.jpg

Cognitive Psychologists◦ Mainly pursue an

experimental approach

◦ Areas of research include human memory, perception, etc.

http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Psychology/cognitive/

Social Psychologists◦ Study social

influences on cognition and emotion

◦ Areas include the foundations of specific attitudes and beliefs

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073531898/information_center_view0/

Personality psychologists◦ Examine individual

differences in people and their behavior

◦ Also includes differences in perception by others

http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=11

Industrial/organizational Psychologists◦ Study people and work◦ Improve job

satisfaction◦ Design training and

selection programs

http://georgetowncollege.edu/Departments/psychology/mckenzie/psych365.htm

Many other areas and subfields are continually evolving.

For the most recent list of career possibilities, search the American Psychological Association.