第 9 章操作系统构成实验

操作系统构成实验 _ 1 成都信息工程学院徐虹

第第 99 章操作系统构成实验章操作系统构成实验9.1 9.1 实验目的实验目的 9.2 9.2 准备知识准备知识 9.3 9.3 实验内容实验内容9.4 9.4 实验指导实验指导


• 9.1 9.1 实验目的实验目的• 9.2 9.2 准备知识准备知识


9.2.1 Linux 9.2.1 Linux 操作系统的启动流程操作系统的启动流程VFSVFS ：： Mounted root(ext2filesystem)readonlyMounted root(ext2filesystem)readonly

图 9-1 系统引导流程示意图


9.2.2 9.2.2 开机载入程序开机载入程序——引导软件引导软件 LILOLILO


9.2.3 Linux9.2.3 Linux 根文件系统简介根文件系统简介

图 9-2 LILO 的引导示意图


9.3 9.3 实验内容实验内容 9.4 9.4 实验指导实验指导• 9.4.1 9.4.1 实验设计思想实验设计思想• 9.4.2 9.4.2 配置新内核配置新内核 bzImage bzImage • 9.4.3 9.4.3 制作启动盘制作启动盘 (Boot(Boot 盘盘 ))• 9.4.4 9.4.4 制作根文件系统盘制作根文件系统盘• 9.4.5 9.4.5 系统整合系统整合• 9.4.6 9.4.6 系统测试系统测试


9.4.2 9.4.2 配置新内核配置新内核 bzImagebzImage[root@linux root]# cd /usr/src/linux-n.n.n[root@linux root]# cd /usr/src/linux-n.n.n[root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make mrproper[root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make mrproper[root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make menuconfig [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make menuconfig [root@linux linux-n.n.n[root@linux linux-n.n.n777777]# make dep ]# make dep [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make clean [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make clean [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make bzImage [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make bzImage [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make modules [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make modules [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make [root@linux linux-n.n.n]# make

modules_install modules_install [root@linux linux-n.n.n]#cp /usr/src/linux-[root@linux linux-n.n.n]#cp /usr/src/linux-

n.n.n/arch/i386/boot/bzImage / n.n.n/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /

9.4.1 9.4.1 实验设计思想实验设计思想


9.4.3 9.4.3 制作启动盘制作启动盘 (Boot(Boot 盘盘 )(1))(1)

[root@linux /]# mke2fs -i 8192 -m0 [root@linux /]# mke2fs -i 8192 -m0 /dev/fd0 nnnn/dev/fd0 nnnn

[root@linux /]# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt[root@linux /]# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt[root@linux /]# cd /mnt [root@linux /]# cd /mnt [root@linux mnt]# rm -rf lost+found[root@linux mnt]# rm -rf lost+found[root@linux mnt]# mkdir boot dev etc [root@linux mnt]# mkdir boot dev etc [root@linux mnt]# cd etc [root@linux mnt]# cd etc



boot = /dev/fd0 boot = /dev/fd0 install = /boot/boot.binstall = /boot/boot.bmap = /boot/mapmap = /boot/mapread-writeread-writeramdisk = nnnn ramdisk = nnnn # ramdiskd # ramdiskd 的大小的大小 ,, 如如 4096 4096 backup = /dev/null backup = /dev/null compact compact linear linear # # 此命令可以避免此命令可以避免 10241024 柱面问题柱面问题 image = bzImage image = bzImage # # 新配置的内核新配置的内核 ;; 若裁减的内若裁减的内核核

＜＜ 4096K,4096K, 则可以用则可以用 # image =zImage # image =zImage

label=SDLinux label=SDLinux # (# ( 自己可随意命名自己可随意命名 ) ) root = /dev/fd0root = /dev/fd0



[root@linux etc]# cd ../dev[root@linux etc]# cd ../dev[root@linux dev]# cp –dpR /dev/{fd0,null} /mnt/dev/[root@linux dev]# cp –dpR /dev/{fd0,null} /mnt/dev/[root@linux dev]# cd ../boot[root@linux dev]# cd ../boot[root@linux boot]# cp /boot/{boot.b,map} /mnt/boot/[root@linux boot]# cp /boot/{boot.b,map} /mnt/boot/[root@linux boot]# cd .. [root@linux boot]# cd .. [root@linux mnt]# cp /bzImage /mnt/ [root@linux mnt]# cp /bzImage /mnt/ [root@linux mnt]# cd / [root@linux mnt]# cd /

[root@linux /]# lilo –v –C /mnt/etc/lilo.conf –r /mnt [root@linux /]# lilo –v –C /mnt/etc/lilo.conf –r /mnt [root@linux /]# rdev –r /mnt/bzImage 49152 [root@linux /]# rdev –r /mnt/bzImage 49152 [root@linux /]# umount /mnt [root@linux /]# umount /mnt [root@linux /]# chmod 755 bootdisk [root@linux /]# chmod 755 bootdisk [root@linux /]# ./bootdisk [root@linux /]# ./bootdisk


9.4.4 9.4.4 制作根文件系统盘制作根文件系统盘 (1)(1)

[root@linux /]# dd if = /dev/zero of = [root@linux /]# dd if = /dev/zero of = DEVICE bs = 1k count = 4096 DEVICE bs = 1k count = 4096

[root@linux /]# mke2fs -m 0 -i 2000 [root@linux /]# mke2fs -m 0 -i 2000 DEVICE DEVICE

[root@linux /]# mount -t ext2 -o loop [root@linux /]# mount -t ext2 -o loop DEVICE /mnt DEVICE /mnt

[root@linux /]# mkdir [root@linux /]# mkdir /mnt/{proc,mnt,tmp} /mnt/{proc,mnt,tmp}

[root@linux /]#cd /mnt ↙[root@linux /]#cd /mnt ↙



[root@linux mnt]#cp –dpR /dev/[root@linux mnt]#cp –dpR /dev/{ console,fd0h1200,fd0h1440,full,hd*,icmp,{ console,fd0h1200,fd0h1440,full,hd*,icmp, inet,inportbm,ip,kmem,loop*,lp0,mem,null,inet,inportbm,ip,kmem,loop*,lp0,mem,null, ram*,socket,socksys,systty,tty*,zero }ram*,socket,socksys,systty,tty*,zero } /mnt/dev /mnt/dev

[root@linux mnt]#cp –dpR/bin/[root@linux mnt]#cp –dpR/bin/{bash,cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,dd,df,echo,fgrep,{bash,cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,dd,df,echo,fgrep, grep,hostname,kill,ln,login,ls,mkdir,mknod,grep,hostname,kill,ln,login,ls,mkdir,mknod, mount,mv,rm,rmdir,sh,sync,umount,vi}mount,mv,rm,rmdir,sh,sync,umount,vi} /mnt/bin /mnt/bin ↙↙



[root@linuxmnt]#cp[root@linuxmnt]#cp －－ dpR/usr/bin/ dpR/usr/bin/ {clear,cmp,dircolors,dirname,du,finger,free, {clear,cmp,dircolors,dirname,du,finger,free, fwhois,killall,which,who,whois } /mnt/bin↙ fwhois,killall,which,who,whois } /mnt/bin↙

[root@linux mnt]# cp [root@linux mnt]# cp –dpR/usr/sbin/traceroute/mnt/bin↙ –dpR/usr/sbin/traceroute/mnt/bin↙

[root@linux mnt]# cp –dpR /sbin/[root@linux mnt]# cp –dpR /sbin/{halt,init,insmod,killall5,lsmod,mingetty,mke2fs,{halt,init,insmod,killall5,lsmod,mingetty,mke2fs,mkfs,mkfs.ext2,modprobe,runlevel,shutdown,mkfs,mkfs.ext2,modprobe,runlevel,shutdown,swapon,update,mkdosfs,reboot,rmmod,swapoff,swapon,update,mkdosfs,reboot,rmmod,swapoff, telinit } /mnt/sbin ↙telinit } /mnt/sbin ↙



[root@linux mnt]# cp –dpR /usr/sbin/{gpm,rdev} [root@linux mnt]# cp –dpR /usr/sbin/{gpm,rdev} /mnt/sbin ↙ /mnt/sbin ↙

[root@linux mnt]# cd /mnt/sbin ↙ [root@linux mnt]# cd /mnt/sbin ↙ [root@linux mnt]# ln –s bdflush update ↙ [root@linux mnt]# ln –s bdflush update ↙ [root@linux mnt]# cd / ↙[root@linux mnt]# cd / ↙ [root@linux /]# cp –dpR/etc/[root@linux /]# cp –dpR/etc/

{ fstab,group,inittab,issue,ld.so.cache,{ fstab,group,inittab,issue,ld.so.cache, ld.so.conf,passwd,profile,shells,termcap,rc.d} ld.so.conf,passwd,profile,shells,termcap,rc.d} /mnt/etc ↙ /mnt/etc ↙

[root@linux /]# cd /mnt/etc ↙[root@linux /]# cd /mnt/etc ↙[root@linux etc]# ln –s utmp /mnt/var/run/utmp [root@linux etc]# ln –s utmp /mnt/var/run/utmp ↙ ↙



[root@linux etc]# mkdir sysconfig vga ↙ [root@linux etc]# mkdir sysconfig vga ↙ [root@linux etc]# cp –dpR /etc/sysconfig/[root@linux etc]# cp –dpR /etc/sysconfig/

{clock,keyboard,mouse,network}{clock,keyboard,mouse,network}/mnt/etc/sysconfig ↙/mnt/etc/sysconfig ↙

[root@linux etc]# cd sysconfig [root@linux etc]# cd sysconfig ↙ ↙ [root@linux sysconfig]# mkdir network-scripts [root@linux sysconfig]# mkdir network-scripts ↙↙ [root@linux sysconfig]#cp–dpR [root@linux sysconfig]#cp–dpR /etc/sysconfig/network-/etc/sysconfig/network-

scripts/scripts/{ifcfg-eth0,ifcfg-lo,ifdown,ifup} {ifcfg-eth0,ifcfg-lo,ifdown,ifup}

/mnt/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts /mnt/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ↙ ↙ [root@linux sysconfig]# cd /[root@linux sysconfig]# cd /



/dev/ram/dev/ram // ext2 defaults ext2 defaults /dev/fd0/dev/fd0 // ext2 defaults ext2 defaults

/proc/proc /proc/procproc defaults proc defaults

/dev/hda1/dev/hda1 /mnt/dosc /mnt/dosc vfat vfat defaults 0 0 defaults 0 0

/dev/hda5/dev/hda5 /mnt/dosd/mnt/dosdvfat defaults 0 0 vfat defaults 0 0

nonenone /proc/procproc defaults proc defaults



id:2:initdefault: id:2:initdefault: si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0 l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0 l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1 l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1 l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2 l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2 ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 –r nowca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 –r now 1:12345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1 1:12345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1 2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2 2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2 3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3 3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3



#!/bin/sh #!/bin/sh /bin/mount -av /bin/mount -av /bin/hostname SDLinux /bin/hostname SDLinux

[root@linux /]# cp - dpR /lib/[root@linux /]# cp - dpR /lib/{ libext2fs.so.n,libcom_err.so.n,{ libext2fs.so.n,libcom_err.so.n, libe2p.so.n,ld-linux.so.n,libc.so.n,libe2p.so.n,ld-linux.so.n,libc.so.n, libdl.so.n,libm.so.n,libtermcap.so.n,libdl.so.n,libm.so.n,libtermcap.so.n, ld.so.n}ld.so.n} /mnt/lib/ ↙ /mnt/lib/ ↙



[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libext2fs.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libext2fs.so.n /mnt/lib/libext2fs.so.n ↙ /mnt/lib/libext2fs.so.n ↙ [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libcom_err.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libcom_err.so.n /mnt/lib/libcom_err.so.n /mnt/lib/libcom_err.so.n ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libe2p.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libe2p.so.n /mnt/lib/libe2p.so.n/mnt/lib/libe2p.so.n ↙↙[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libdl.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libdl.so.n /mnt/lib/libdl.so.n /mnt/lib/libdl.so.n ↙ ↙

[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/ld-linux.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/ld-linux.so.n /mnt/lib/ld-linux.so.n /mnt/lib/ld-linux.so.n ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]#objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libc.so.n /mnt/lib/libc.so.n[root@linux /]#objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libc.so.n /mnt/lib/libc.so.n ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]#objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libm.so.n /mnt/lib/libm.so.n ↙[root@linux /]#objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libm.so.n /mnt/lib/libm.so.n ↙[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libtermcap.so.n [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/libtermcap.so.n /mnt/lib/libtermcap.so.n ↙/mnt/lib/libtermcap.so.n ↙[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/ld.so.n /mnt/lib/ld.so.n[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /lib/ld.so.n /mnt/lib/ld.so.n ↙ ↙



[root@linux /]# mkdir /mnt/lib/modules [root@linux /]# mkdir /mnt/lib/modules ↙↙[root@linux /]# mkidr /mnt/usr/[root@linux /]# mkidr /mnt/usr/

{adm,bin,etc,lib,local,sbin} {adm,bin,etc,lib,local,sbin} ↙ ↙

[root@linux /]# cp –dpR /etc/wgetrc [root@linux /]# cp –dpR /etc/wgetrc /mnt/usr/etc ↙ /mnt/usr/etc ↙

[root@linux /]#cp –dpR /usr/lib/[root@linux /]#cp –dpR /usr/lib/{libncurse.so,libncurse.so.n,libtermcap.so,{libncurse.so,libncurse.so.n,libtermcap.so,sendmail.hf} /mnt/usr/lib sendmail.hf} /mnt/usr/lib ↙↙



[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /usr/lib/libncurse.so /usr/lib/libncurse.so /mnt/usr/lib/libncurse.so ↙ /mnt/usr/lib/libncurse.so ↙

[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /usr/lib/libncurse.so.n /usr/lib/libncurse.so.n /mnt/usr/lib/libncurse.so.n ↙/mnt/usr/lib/libncurse.so.n ↙

[root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug [root@linux /]# objcopy --strip-debug /usr/lib/libtermcap.so /usr/lib/libtermcap.so /mnt/usr/lib/libtermcap.so ↙ /mnt/usr/lib/libtermcap.so ↙



[root@linux /]# cp –dpR /usr/lib/rpc/rpmrc /mnt/usr/lib [root@linux /]# cp –dpR /usr/lib/rpc/rpmrc /mnt/usr/lib ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]# cp –dpR /usr/sbin/[root@linux /]# cp –dpR /usr/sbin/

{in.telnetd,rpc.mountd,rpc.nfsd,tcpd}/mnt/usr/sbin{in.telnetd,rpc.mountd,rpc.nfsd,tcpd}/mnt/usr/sbin ↙ ↙

[root@linux /]# cp –dpR /sbin/portmap /mnt/usr/sbin ↙[root@linux /]# cp –dpR /sbin/portmap /mnt/usr/sbin ↙[root@linux /]# mkdir /mnt/var/{lock,lock/subsys,log,run,spool,[root@linux /]# mkdir /mnt/var/{lock,lock/subsys,log,run,spool,

spool/mail,spool/mqueue,subsys} spool/mail,spool/mqueue,subsys} ↙ ↙

[root@linux /]#cp –dpR /var/lock/subsys/sendmail [root@linux /]#cp –dpR /var/lock/subsys/sendmail /mnt/var/lock/subsys ↙/mnt/var/lock/subsys ↙

[root@linux /]# cd /mnt/var/run [root@linux /]# cd /mnt/var/run ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]# vi utmp [root@linux /]# vi utmp ↙ ↙ [root@linux /]# umount /mnt[root@linux /]# umount /mnt 　↙ 　↙ [root@linux /]# dd if = DEVICE bs = 1k | gzip –v9 > rootfs.gz ↙ [root@linux /]# dd if = DEVICE bs = 1k | gzip –v9 > rootfs.gz ↙


9.4.5 9.4.5 系统整合系统整合

[root@linux /]# dd if = rootfs.gz of = [root@linux /]# dd if = rootfs.gz of = /dev/fd0 bs=1k seek = nnn ↙ /dev/fd0 bs=1k seek = nnn ↙

[root@linux /]# dd if = rootfs.gz of = [root@linux /]# dd if = rootfs.gz of = /dev/fd0 bs=1k ↙ /dev/fd0 bs=1k ↙


9.4.6 9.4.6 系统测试系统测试 (1)(1)

(nothing)(nothing)LLLILILILLILLILLIL ？？LIL−LIL−LILO LILO Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY end_request: I/O error, dev 01:00 (ramdisk), sector NNN end_request: I/O error, dev 01:00 (ramdisk), sector NNN Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 4096K size Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 4096K size Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes You are welcome to use our SDLinux ... You are welcome to use our SDLinux ... ... ...


9.4.6 9.4.6 系统测试系统测试 (2)(2)

login: login: passwd: passwd: files files shadow: shadow: filesfilesgroup: group: filesfileshosts: hosts: files files services: services: files files networks: networks: files files protocols: protocols: files files rpc: rpc: files files ethers: ethers: files files netmasks: netmasks: files files bootparams: bootparams: files files automount: automount: files files aliases: aliases: files files netgroup: netgroup: files files publickey: publickey: files files login: root login: root passwd: passwd:

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第 9 章 操作系统构成实验

第 9 章操作系统构成实验