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2/ NAdwdoQjrefrmjynf ynma&;Xme tpD&ifcHpmrsm; 1867ESifh 1881 rS 1885 ckESpfrsm;/ (Report on Public




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76

Instruction in British for the years 1867 and 1881-1885)

3/ &ckdifa'otpkd;&vufatmuf wkd;wufrItpD&ifcHpm 1826-1875/ (Report on the progress of Arakan underBritish Rule from 1826 to 1875 Government Print-ing Press, Rangoon 1876.)

4/ 1872 ck oef;acgifpm&if;tpD&ifcHpm/ (Report on theCensus of British Burma taken in August 1872Government Printing Press, Rangoon 1875)

5/ 1881-ck oef;acgifpm&if; tpD&ifcHpm/ (Report onthe Census of British Burma taken on the 17th Feb-ruary 1881 Government Printing Press, Rangoon1881)

6/ NAdwdoQjrefrmjynftkyfcsKyfrI ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmrsm; 1861rS 1885 xd/ (Report on the Administration of theprovince of British Burma for the years 1861 to1885)

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ti,fqkH;jzpfaom owrwef;wGif t*Fvdyfpm pmvkH;aygif;jcif;?a&;jcif;? oifykef;ay:wGif tu&mESifhudef;rsm;ukda&;jcif;ESihf jrefrmpmwkdYudkoifMum;ayonf/ ausmif;pmar;yGJukd ta&;ykdif Mr Ireland uq&m0efBuD; Dr. Thomas ppfuJarmifa&Twkdufu,f? kH;pma&; xGef;at;wkdYtultnDjzifh jyKvkyfaMumif;ukd ausmif;q&mBuD;\ {NyDv (2)&uf1868 ck aeYpGJygtpD&ifcH pmwGifawGU&onf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpmwGifausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;ukd Calcutta School Book Society rStvG,fwul 0,f,l&&SdaMumif;vnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ ausmufjzLausmif;wGif ausmif;pmMunhfwkdufi,fwpfckvnf;&Sdonf/ xkdpmMunhfwkduftwGuf tpkd;&u ESpfpOfaxmufyHh aMu; (48)usyfay;ygonf/

(c) ppfawGausmif;1846-ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifzGifvSpfonf/ 1867-68ckESpfwGif

ausmif;om;aygif; (175)a,muf&Sd yxrwef;rS owrwef;xdtwef;aygif;(7)wef;&Sdygonf/ ausmif;taqmufttkHESihfwuG ausmif;y&dabm*rSm vGefpGmEkHcsm,kd,Gif;vsuf&SdaMumif; ckdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\tpD&ifcHpmwGifawGU&onf/ okdYaomf tpD&ifcHNyD; rMumrD ausmif;rD;avmifysufpD;oGm;onf/ xkdESpfu ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rSm Mr EFell jzpf\/ ausmif;q&mrsm;\vpmrsm;rSm ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;Mr Fell 300d? 'kwd,q&m 60d? wwd,q&m 40d? pwkwq&m30d? yOrq&m 30d? q|rq&m 25d? jrefrmpmq&m 15d? ausmif;ap12d toD;oD;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u wpfvvQif wpfusyfusausmif;vcay;Mu&onf/ tBuD;qkH;wef;jzpfaom yxrwef;wGifausmif;om; (20)&Sd if;wkdY\toufrSm ysrf;rQwpfq,fhav;ESpfcGJ&SdMuygonf/ oifMum;&aombmom&yfrsm;ESihf oifkd;rsm;rSm-

t*Fvdyfpm - pum;ajyzwfpmtkyftrSwf(4)rS oifcef;pmaygif;(44)ck? vuFmzwfpm trSwf(2)rSoifcef;pmaygif; (32)ckjy|mef;xm;onf/

&mZ0if - *&d? a&mr? t*FvefESihf NAdwdoQtdEd, &mZ0iftusOf;/

yx0D0if - Oa&my? tm&S? tar&duwdkuf? tmz&duwkdufrsm; ajrykHESihf NAdwdoQjrefrmjynfwkdYukd oifMum;onf/

o'g - bmom&yfwpfcktaeESihf oifMum;ygonf/*Pef;ocsFm - kd;kd;ESihf xyfwkd;tcsKd;wGuf? 'orESihf tykdif;

*Pef;? twkd;kd;kdESihf ESpfxyfwkd; t&if;avQmhEIef;rSef? tpkpyf? ESpfxyfudef;&if;ESihf {&d,mtwkdif;txGmwkdYukd oifMum;onf/

tu&mocsFm - dk;kd;nDrQjcif;ESihf ykpmrsm;/bmomjyef - t*FvdyfrS jrefrmokdYESifh jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkY

jyefqkdjcif;/pmpDpmukH; - vuFmukd pum;ajyjyefqkdjcif;ESihf &mZ0if

ar;cGef;rsm;ajzqkdjcif;/jrefrmpm - a&S;&mZ0if wpftkyfvkH;ukdoif&ygonf/ti,fqkH;jzpfaom owrwefwGif ausmif;om;(43)a,muf&Sd

toufrSm ysrf;rQ (8 'or 3)ceYf&SdMuonf/ oifMum;&aombmom&yfrsm;rSm t*FvdyfpmvkH;aygif;pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfcsufrsm;? *Pef;ocsFmwGif ta&twGufESihftaygif;? jrefrmpmwGif kyfykHzwfpmtkyfrStcef;rsm;ESifh oifykef;ay:wGif a&;jcif;wkdYjzpfygonf/ ausmif;pmar;yGJukd1868-ck rwfv(26)&ufaeYwGif pwifusif;y&m t*Fvdyfpmukdq&m0efBuD; a'gufwm Dr. White &mZ0wf0ef Captain CA Munro

1110




taumuft&m&Sd CJBrown vufaxmufaumfrpf&Sifem J Hind wkdYur.Fell \tultnDjzifh ppfaq;Muonf/ jrefrmpmukd ppfuJ armifa&Taxmf ESihf tcGef0ef I Kram Alee uppfaq;Muonf[k ta&;ykdifLieut-Colonel E J S pilsbury \ {NyDv 22 &uf 1868 ckaeYpGJygynmrif;BuD;xH tpD&ifcHpmwGif awGU&onf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpmwGifausmif;q&mtcsKdUonf vpmykd wufvrf;aumif;aom w&m;Xme?&mZ0wfXme? tp&Sdaom tpkd;&Xmersm;okdY tvkyfrSEkwfxGuf ajymif;a&TUoGm;MuaMumif;ESihf tpD&ifcHxm;onf/ if;jyif ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufwGif pmtkyfrsm;jynhfpkHaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf xkdpmMunhfwkdufudkdaumif;pGm tokH;jyKMuaMumif;ESifhvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ ausmif;okH;zwfpmtkyfrsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;ukd Calcutta School BookSociety rS&&Sdonf/

ppfawGtpkd;&ausmif;ESifh ausmufjzLtpkd;&ausmif;ESpfausmif;wGif tBuD;qkH;twef;jzpfaom yxrwef; oifMum;&aom bmom&yfrsm;? oifkd;rsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfMunhfvQif ppfawGausmif;u ykdrkdtqifhtwef;jrifhonf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdonf/ (7)wef;ausmif;csif;twlwljzpfaomfvnf; ppfawGausmif;wGif q&mBuD;tygt0if q&m (7)a,muf&SdausmufjzLausmif;wGif av;a,mufom&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh ausmufjzLausmif;wGif q&mwpfa,mufvQif ausmif;om; (28)a,mufysrf;rQ&SdppfawGausmif;wGif q&mwpfa,mufvQif ausmif;om; (25)a,mufysrf;rQ&Sdonf/ q&mwpfa,mufvQif ausmif;om; (34)a,mufysrf;rQ&Sdaom armfvNrdKiftpkd;&ausmif;ESihf EIdif;pmaomf ppfawGESifh ausmufjzLausmif;wkdYonf q&mykdrkdjynhfpkHonf[kqkd&rnfjzpfygonf/ ausmufjzLausmif;q&mBuD;onf vpm (150d)om&&Sdaomfvnf; ppfawGausmif;q&mBuD;rSm wpfv (300d)&onf/ armfvNrdKifESihf jynfNrdKUtpkd;&ausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;vnf; wpfv (300d)vpm&&SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh ckdif0ef

&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ 1868 ck rwfv(14)&ufaeYpGJESihf ausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;enf;wl vpm (300d)ray;Ekdif&ef taMumif;rjrifaMumif; rSwfcsufa&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/

vufaxmufq&mrsm;wGifvnf; ppfawGausmif;rS 'kwd,?wwd,q&mrsm;onf ausmufjzLausmif;rS q&mrsm;xuf vpmykdrkd&&SddMuonf/ okdYaomf ppfawGausmif;rS jrefrmpmjy q&monf vpm(15d)om& ausmufjzLausmif;rS jrefrmpmq&mrSm vpm (30d)&onf/xkdYtwl ausmufjzLausmif;rSausmif;aprSm (18d)&av&m ppfawGausmif;rSjrefrmpmq&mxufyif vpmaumif;onfukd tHhMozG,f&mawGU&onf/

ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS aumufcHaom ausmif;vcESihf ywfoufvnf;ausmufjzL ausmif;wGif ausmif;vctvGefoufomonfukdawGU&onf/ ppfawG? jynfESihf armfvNrdKiftpkd;&ausmif;wkdYwGifausmif;vcrSm wpfusyfjzpfonf/ ausmufjzLausmif;wGif wpfrwfomay;&onfukdaxmufvQif ausmfjzLNrdKUolNrdKUom;wkdY\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaetqifhtwef; edrfhusEGrf;yg;yifavm[k awG;awmzG,f&mjzpfygonf/okdYaomfvnf; ckdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ 1868-ck rwfv(14)&ufaeYpGJygrSwfcsufwGif ausmufjzLausmif; wpfvvQifausmif;vc okH;rwfaumufcHygu rsm;vGef;rnfr[kwfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfukdawGU&onf/ &cdkifckdifwGif 1867-68 ckESpfavmufckESpfavmufu OmPftawmftwefxufjrufol vli,fwpfa,mufonf ppfawG odkYr[kwfausmufjzLtpkd;&ausmif;wGif ajcmufESpfcefY ynmqnf;yl;oif Mum;ygut*Fvdyfpmukd tawmfyifzwfEdkifa&;Ekdifatmif uRrf;usifwwfajrmufonf/ *Pef;ocsFm? yx0D0ifESihf &mZ0ifukdvnf; twefi,fwD;acgufrdonf/ xkdausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmaom tawmfqkH;taumif;qkH;ausmif;om;rsm;onf wpfvvQif(150d) odkYr[kwf (200d)wef vluav;rsm;jzpfvmMu ukefwkdufrsm;ESihf tpkd;&Xmersm;rSm tvkyfvG,fulpGm

1312




&&SdEkdifMuygonf[k &ckdifa'o t*Fvdyfvufatmufwkd;wufrItpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

uJhodkY (150d)wef okdYr[kwf (200d)wef tpkd;&vcpm; tvkyfrsm;ukd vG,fulpGm&&SdEdkifonf[k azmfjyygtpD&ifcHpmwGif awGU&aomfvnf; xkdacwfu ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vpmrSm tjcm;trIxrf;rsm;ESifhEIdif;pmaomf tvGefenf;onfudk awGU&onf/ EIdif;,SOfMunhf&efausmufjzLausmif;q&mBuD; Mr Margenaut \ 1868 ck {NyDv 2&ufaeYpGJygynmrif;BuD;xH tpD&ifcHpmrSxkwfEkwfazmfjyygrnf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpmwGif ausmufjzLtpkd;&ausmif;rS oifMum;wwfajrmufatmifjrifoGm;MuNyD;aemuf ppfawG? ausmufjzL? oHwGJNrdKUrsm;ESihf atmufjrefrmjynfykodrf? &efukef? awmifil paomNrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif tpkd;&vcpm;rsm;tjzpf0ifa&muftrIxrf;aeMuol (46)a,mufwkdY\pm&if;ukd if;wkdY\ &mxl;&&Sdaomvpmrsm;ESihfwuG azmfjyygonf/ if; tpD&ifcHpmt&-

aiGwkdufpm&if;ppfvpmrSm - 100 usyfaiGwdkufpkd; - 80 usyfckdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;kH;pma&; - 150 usyfkH;pma&;BuD; - 75 usyfkH;pma&; - 40 usyfaxmifrSL; - 25 usyfaxmifpma&; - 40 usyfausmufaq;xkd;q&m - 25 usyfpmoif Head Constable vpm - 65 usyfajrwkdif;pma&; Surveyor - 50 usyfaMu;eef;kH;pma&; - 50 usyftaumufkH;pma&; Port Clerk - 100 usyfppfawGNrdKUppfuJ - 250 usyf

&rf;NAJNrdKUtkyf - 120 usyfponfjzihf toD;oD;&SdMuonfukdod&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ausmif;

q&mrsm;onf vpmaumif; wufvrf;jrefaom tpkd;&Xmersm;odkYul;ajymif;oGm;MuonfrSm tHhMozG,fr&Sdjzpfygonf/

tpkd;&ausmif;ESpfausmif;rSwpfyg; 1867-68 ynma&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;aomtjcm;ausmif;rsm;rSm &rf;NAJNrdKUausmif;ESihfppfawGNrdKU rdef;uav;ausmif;wkdYjzpfMuonf/ &rf;NAJNrdKUausmif;onf1867-ckESpfwGif zGihfvSpfonfh tpkd;&axmufyHhcHausmif;jzpf\/ ausmif;q&mBuD;rSm ausmufjzLtpkd;&ausmif;xGuf OD;pdefbef;jzpf\/vufaxmuf jrefrmpmq&mwpfa,mufvnf;&Sdonf/ ausmif;om;(22)a,muf&Sd ausmif;vcwpfvwpfrwfay;Mu&onf/ q&mBuD;\vpmrSm (30d)jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU rdef;uav;ausmif;rSm xkdtcsdefavmufuyif zGihfvSpfaomfvnf; tpkd;&xHrSaxmufyHhrI r&&Sdao;yg/ausmufjzLNrdKUay:wGifvnf; rdef;uav;ausmif;wpfausmif; tprf;oabmESihfzGihfvSpfonf/ odkYaomf xkdrdef;uav;ausmif;ukd ausmif;taqmufttkHr&EkdifonfhtwGuf ydwfvkduf&onf[k 1868-69 ckNAdwdoQjrefrmjynftkyfcsKyfrItpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

ynma&;ESihfywfouf oHwGJNrdKUwGifwkd;wufrIr&SdaMumif;1875-ckxd bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;omvQif ynmay;&mt"duXmeBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif; &ckdifa'oNAdwdoQvufatmuf wkd;wufrI tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ oHwGJNrdKUwGif 1840 jynhfESpfavmufuc&pf,mefomoemjyKbkef;awmfBuD; Rev EL Abbot u c&pf,mefusrf;pmoifausmif;wpfausmif;zGifhvSpfonf[k OD;aumif;a&;om;aomkdrifuufovpfESihf tar&dfuefomoemjyKausif;rsm; pmwrf;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/ xkdausmif;wGif 1840-jynfhESpfu ausmif;om; (50)cefY&SdaemufwpfESpfwGif (30)cefY&Sdonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ykodrfbufrS

1514




vmaom u&ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ausmif;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm c&pf,mefusrf;pmrsm;udk em;vnf&efESihf omoemjyKq&mrsm;jzpfMu&ef jzpf\/okdYaomf bkef;awmfBuD; EL Abbot ukd,fwkdif usrf;pmrsm;ESifhtwl*Pef;ocsFm? yx0DwkdYukdyg oifMum;ay;aMumif;ESifhvnf; od&ygonf/

oHwGJNrdKUol NrdKUom;wkdYonf acwfynmukdvkdvm;Mu&macwfaemufrus[kqkd&ayrnf/ oHwGJta&;ykdif Captain Spearman\ ckdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;xHay;pmtrSwf 163? aeYpGJ 'DZifbmv(30)&uf 1875-ckrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyygonf/

1866-ESpfu oHwGJNrdKUwGif NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf tpkd;&xHrStultnDwpfpkHwpf&mr&SdbJ t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomoifausmif;wpfckwnfaxmifzGihfvSpfxm;Muonf/ armifqkHbl;qkdolukd ausmif;q&mBuD;cefYxm;ygonf/ q&mBuD;\vpmrSm ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS wpfa,mufvQif ig;rl;rSwpfusyftxd aumufcH&&SdorQomjzpfonf/ 1868-ckESpfOD;wGif armifqkHbl;onf tvkyfrSEkwfxGufoGm;aomtcg ta&;ykdifu NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; acwfynmvkdvm;MuykHukdjrifojzifh tpkd;&xHrSwpfvvQif aiG (20d)taxmuftyHh&&ef avQmufxm;onf/ ausmufjzLta&;ykdifxH tultnDawmif;&m vSpefOD;qkdolu q&mBuD;vkyf&efvTwfvkdufygonf/ wpfESpfcefYMumNyD;aemuf q&mBuD;vSpefOD;ae&mwGifoHwGJNrdKUom;jzpfol armifa&T0dkif;u q&mBuD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif&Gufvm&m rMumrDtpkd;&axmufyHhaMu;ESpf tydkif;tjcm;ukefqkH; &yfpJoGm;ygonf/ vSpefOD;ESifh armifa&T0kdif;wkdYrSm q&mnHhrsm;jzpfMuojzifhausmif;rSSmzGHUNzdK;jcif;r&Sdacs/ wpfESpfcefYtMumwGif armifa&T0kdif;ukdtvkyfrSEkwfy,fvkdufMuonf/ xkdaemuf 1871-ck ESpfqef;pwGifOa&mywkdufom; Mr Gordon qkdolukd q&mBuD;tjzpf ac:,lMujyefonf/ tpkd;&xHrSaxmufyHhaMu; wpfvvQif (20d)ukdvnf; jyefvnf&Muygonf/ Mr. Gordon rSm ausmif;om; (35)a,mufcefYukd pmoif

Mum;jy&ygonf/ wpfvvQif vpmaiG (40d)rQ&&Sdrnf[laom tmrcHcsufukdukd;pm; vma&mufoljzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh q&mBuD;\vpmaiGukd ausmif;om;OD;a&tenf;trsm;ukdvkdufum wpfa,mufvQif (1)usyfrS (2)usyfxd toD;oD;aumufcHpkaygif;NyD; ay;Mu&avonf/ 1871-ck? Mo*kvwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (21)a,mufom&Sdonf/

rsm;rMumrD Mr. Gordon uG,fvGefoGm;&m armifa&Tcqkdolq&mBuDtjzpf qufvufaqmif&Gufonf/ okdYaomf NrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;rSmq&mBuD;armifa&Tcukdvnf;aumif;? ausmif;ukdvnf;aumif; auseyfjcif;r&SdMu/ t&nftcsif;ESihfjynhfpkHaomq&mESifh tqifhwef;rDaomtv,fwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfajrmufa&;ukdom rsm;pGmvkdvm;Muonf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;u vufrSwfa&;xkd; ta&;ykdifxHavQmufvTmwifMuaomtcg ta&;ykdif Captain Spearman onfckdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;xH tjzpftysufukd tpD&ifcHonf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpmwGif oHwGJNrdKU touf (12)ESpfatmuf a,musFm;av;aygif; (195)a,muf? touf (12)ESpfESifh (18)ESpfMum; a,musFm;av;aygif;(425)a,muf&SdaMumif; xkda,musFm;av;OD;a&\ (12)&mckdifEIef;rSmtpkd;&ausmif;zGihfygu ausmif;wufMurnfjzpfojzifh aeYpOfausmif;wufrnfh ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm (70)cefY&SdaMumif; ausmif;taqmufttkHtwGuf NrdKUESifheD; NrdKUjyifbuf awmifukef;i,fay:&Sd tdrfBuD;wpfaqmifrSm tvGefoifhawmfaMumif; xkdtdrfukdykdif&Sifu aiG (2000d)ESifha&mif;&ef okdYr[kwf wpfvvQif (50d)ESihfiSg;&ef oabmwlaMumif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpmt& 1876-ck? rwfvtwGif; ynmrif;BuD;uoHwGJNrdKU tpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;zGihfvSpf&ef xkdtdrfBuD;ukd aiG (2000d)ESifh 0,f,lcGihfay;vkdufonf/ 1881-82 ckodkYa&mufaomtcg &ckdifckdifwGif wkdif;&if;bmomrlvwef;ausmif;rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;ausmif;olOD;a&rSm tawmfyifrsm;vmNyDjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ 1881-

1716




82 ck ynma&;tpD&ifcHpmt& ppfawG'dpBwdwfwGif wkdif;&if;om;rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (113)ausmif;? ausmif;om;OD;a& (2052)a,muf&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/ xkdrlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (113)ausmif;wGifbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; (109)ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (1772)a,muf&Sd avmu"mwfausmif; (4)ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;OD;a&usm; (228)a,muf? r (52)a,muf? aygif; (280)&Sdonf/ azmfjyygrlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (113)ausmif;teuf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;(19)ausmif;ESifh avmu"mwfausmif;(3)ausmif; aygif; (22)ausmif;wkdYonf tpkd;&axmufyHhrI&Muonf/

ausmufjzL'dpBwdwfwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; (38)ausmif;?avmu"mwfausmif; (5)ausmif;? aygif; (43)ausmif;&Sd ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif (688)a,muf avmu"mwfausmif;(5)ausmif;wGif usm; 80? r 25? aygif; (105)a,muf&Sdonf/tpkd;&taxmuftyHh&&Sdaomausmif;rsm;rSm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;(9)ausmif;ESihf avmu"mwfausmif; (4)ausmif; aygif;(13)ausmif;jzpfonf/ oHwGJ'dpBwdwfwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif; (29)ausmif;?avmu"mwfausmif;(1)ausmif; aygif; (30)&Sdonf ausmif;om;OD;a&rSmbkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om; (490)&Sd avmu"mwfausmif;wGif usm; 85? r 15? aygif; (100)&Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif; (3)ausmif;ESihf avmu"mwfausmif;wpfausmif;? tpkd;&axmufyHhrIrsm;&Muygonf/ &ckdifckdifwpfckvkH;ukdNcHKMunhfaomf 1881-82-ckESpfuwkdif;&if;om;bmomrlvwef;ausmif; (186)ausmif;? (bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; (176+avmu"mwfausmif; 10)&Sd ausmif;om;OD;a&rSmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif (2950)a,muf? avmu"mwfausmif;(10)ausmif;wGif usm; (393)a,muf + r (92)a,muf? aygif;(485)a,muf&S donf/ (1885)ckESpfok d Ya&mufaomtcgrlum;

wkdif;&if;om;rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (392)ausmif;&Sd ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm (7363)a,mufxd wkd;wufvmonf/ 1881-ckrS 1885cktwGif; rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (206)ausmif;ESifh ausmif;om;aygif;(3435)a,muf wkd;yGm;vmonf/

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1918




txufwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfvmygonf/ 1875-ckESpfavmufuaiGESpfaomif;wef ysOfaxmifausmif;topfwpfaqmif tpkd;&uaqmufvkyfay;ygonf/ xkdausmif;opfBuD;wGif ausmif;om;aygif;(270)cefYwufa&mufoifMum;Muonf/ 1881-82ckESpfu txufwef;ausmif;rSausmif;om;ig;a,muf wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ (UniversityEntrance Exam)ukdajzqkdMu&m av;a,mufatmifjrifonf/ 1885-ckESpfwGif wpfa,mufatmifjrifonf/ tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;wGifajrwkdif; twwfoifwef;wpfckvnf; wGJzufzGihfxm;ygonf/ xkdYjyif1881-ckESpfu ausmif;om; (10)a,mufrQom&Sdaom ppfawGNrdKUq&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;onfvnf; vufrIynmoifausmif;ygwGJzuf tawmfyifzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmonf/ 1883-84-ckESpfwGifq&mtwwfoifausmif;om; (38)a,muf&Sd ckepfa,mufwkdYrSmq&mjzpfatmifvufrSwf&Muonf/ 1884-85-ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;(54)a,mufteufrS (13)a,mufwkdYrSm q&mjzpfatmifvufrSwf csDjrihftyfESif;jcif;ukdcHMu&aMumif; 1885-ck? ynma&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

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2120




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2322




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34 35




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3736




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ESpfavmufrm Armppfwyfu jzwfav;jzwfeefY 0ifvma&cgOD;armif[efudk tdEd,e,fpyfodkY t&ifqHk;vTwfyem vrf;azmufaw/,if;aemufydkif;rm uRefawmfOD;aqmifAsm tdEd,e,fpyfudk qkyfuwfaw/ ,if;cguavh &rvwyfu vl(20)avmufygvmodrhfa&/csif;awmfvSefa&;ygwDavh yga&/ tvHeDygwDavh yga&/uRefawmfdkU ygwDeefYygqdkau pkpkaygif; vl(200)ausmf? vufeuf(100)ausmfavmufjzpfaw/ vufeufwdavh trsm;BuD;ygvma&/HK vufeuf trsKd;tpm;awmifyg,ifh/

nnnnn q&m 1978-79 xd &cdkifjynfrm tvHeDygwD[dygodrfhvm;/q&mdkU tdEd,e,fpyfeefY b*Fvm;e,fpyfudk q&mdkUYvm;a&cgtvHeDygwDavh ygeDodrfha&vdkY qdkpGmygvm;/

[kwfaw/ tvHeDygwDrm vufeufrcsbJ usefeDca&vlwd[da&/uRefawmfdkU a'c&D;udkrvm;cif tm;vHk;aqG;aEG;uwfaw/ ,if;cguOD;a&Tom? OD;cifarmif(t*k MopaMw;vsrmaeol)eefY &JabmfwduuRefawmfhudkajyma& a'tvHeDwdudk ac:rvm;pGmaumif;zdkY/ oldkUygvmau tm;vHk;0dkif;vdkY wdkufuwfzdkYa'vwf/ uRefawmfujyefaqG;aEG;yga&/ a'tvHeDwdpGm vufeufwdudk uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjyifqifwwfaw/ &efolydkYeDa& qdkufbmwdudk oldkU zrf;Edkifa&/NyD;au t"dyg,fazmfEdkifa&/ uRefawmfdkUvlwdrm &efolydkYa& qdkufbmudk azmfEdkifolr[d/ u&ifuoifwef;qif;vma& vlwdavha'tvHeDwdavmuf ruRrf;usifvdkY uRefawmfaqG;aEG;a&cg oldkUoabmwluwfaw/

nnnnn q&mdkU tdEd,e,fpyfudkvm;a&cg aoewftvuf(100)awmifyga&qdkau aumif;aumif;rsm;yga&um; q&m/

trSefrm atxufrsm;&zdkY/ OD;ausmfZH&SDvufxufrm umbdkif0,fuwfar/ pkuwfarqdkvdkYum; r&/ olUrm vufeufcszdkY tpDtpOf[dedef

a&twGuf jiif;pGmudk aemufrSod&a&/ dkufz,fwd jAef;wdudk&m0,fvdkYpka&/ Ou|,if;ydkifvkyfpGmudk OD;a&Tomwpfa,mufaumif;aumif;pD pdwfysufaw/ OD;cdkifpdk; t&SDbufu vufeufwpfacgufESpfacguf 0,fxm;pGmavh tdEd,e,fpyfudkvm;a&cgyga&a,/

nnnnn q&m rsm;aomtm;jzifh ACP udk rGefawmfvSefa&;orm;wdbm;uvufeufaxmufyHha&vdkY Mum;zl;yga&um/ r[kwfygvm;/

rGefdkU u&ifdkUbm;u vufeufyD;a&qdkpGm oHk;vuf ig;vufpDyg&m/rsm;rsm;pm;pm; ryD;yg/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkbm;u aumufvdkY&a&b@maiGeefYavh 0,fzdkYrjzpfEdkif/ aumufvdkY&a& azomuavhtenf;acs&mrem;/ OD;a&Tom u&ifAdkvfrSL;BuD; a&Tqdkif;bm;ubwfwpfodef;acs;vdkY&vdkY ,if;aiGeefY 0,fvdkY vufeufwpfacgufudkOD;cdkifpdk; ydkYzl;a&/ ,if;vufeufxJrSm 'Hk;usnfwd? tar&duef'Hk;usnf (10)vHk;awmif yga&/ ,if;vufeufwd uRefawmfdkUbm;udk a&mufawcg uRefawmfdkU b*Fvm;udk ra&mufodrfh/ tdEd,e,fpyfrm&m [dodrfha&/ tdEd,wdu uRefawmfdkUudk tvHeDvdkYxifeDa&/ acwfrDvufeufwdudkavh aMumufvma&/

nnnnn q&majympGmxJrm csif;awmfvSefa&;orm;wdavh yga&vdkY qdkyga&rem;/

[kwfaw/ uRefawmfdkUeefY csif;awmfvSefa&;orm;wdeefY twlwleDa&/tdEd,e,fpyfrm rDZlajymufusm;wdavh trsm;BuD;[da&/ tdEd,wdu rDZlwdudk vdkufwdkufeDa& tcsdefavhjzpfaw/ wpfcgutdEd,wdwdkufvdkY rDZlwd &cdkifjynfudk a&mufvma&cg uRefawmfdkUwpfrdk;auR;vdkufodrfha&/ pum;BuHKvdkYajym&zdkYodrfh/ uRefawmfdkUtdEd,e,fpyfudka&mufawcg rDZlwdu uRefawmfdkUbm;u lyD;(2000)yD;&zdkYvdkY awmif;cHvma&/ ryD;au oldkUwyfwd uRefawmfdkU

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udk 0dkif;wdkufzdkYvdkYqdka&/ uRefawmfavh a'goxGufyem ]]igdkUrmyD;p&m lyD;aiGavhr[d? NyD;p&majravhr[d? a,auyD;&zdkYqdkau*vD&m[da&? taumif;pm;*vDwd rif;dkUvdkcsifau tcsdefr&GD;yD;arvdkY pm&D;yem OD;zdk;acseefY xnfhyD;vdkufaw/ ,if;pma&mufvm;ccguyif rDZlwd wpfcGef;vnf; rajymvDyga,/

nnnnn q&mdkU tdEdtpdk;&eefY ajyvnfa&vdkY Mum;zl;yga& r[kwfygvm;/ tdEd,tpdk;&u uRefawmfdkUudk tvHeDvdkYxifeDa&/ ,if;aMumifh

rMumcifvufeufcsvdrfhr,fvdkY xifa&/ vufeufrcsauavhxrif;iwfvdkY oDvdrfharvdkY ,lqa&/ aemufwpfcku rDZlwdeefYoifha&vdkY rxifa&twGuf aumif;aumif;jyemr&Sm/ oldkUurDZlwdudk tjywfwdkufeDpGm/ wpfcgwpfcg uRefawmfdkU ACPpcef;wdudk rDZlxifvdkY 0ifwdkufaw/ uRefawmfdkUu jyefrypfbJqkwfcHa&/

nnnnn q&mdkU b*Fvm;udk Zmcgu a&mufpGmygav/ uRefawmfdkUwd b*Fvm;udk (1981)avmufrm a&mufyga&/

uRefawmfdkU b*Fvm;udka&mufawcg Aubu BudKqdka&/ &rvuavh BudKqdka&/ AIA uqdkau vmvdkYawmif BudKyga&/uRefawmfdkUwd AIA Ou| OD;armifausmfvIdifeefY trsm;BuD; vufwGJvdkY edefcyga&/ OD;armifpdefnGefY (&rv)eefYqdkau yl;wGJpmcsKyfcsKyfyemawmif edefcyga&/ ,if;ydkifeefY pkaygif;vdkY b*Fvm;u0g;cGyfacsmif;rm edefygvwfpGm ESpftrsm;BuD;yg/ aemufydkif;rmcdkif&mZm a&mufygvwfyga&a,/

nnnnn q&mdkU 0g;cGyfacsmif;rm cdkif&mZmra&mufcifuyif NUFA zGJUuwfawvdkU qdka& r[kwfygvm;/

[kwfyga&/ zGJUuwfyga&/ uRefawmfdkU &cdkifjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrmrl r[mrdwf t&ifvkyf&zdkY/ r[mrdwfNyD;au yl;wGJ? yl;wGJNyD;au

wyfaygif;pk? wyfaygif;pkNyD;au wpfygwDvdkY rl[dyga&/ ,if;twdkif;wyfOD;jzpfvmpGmyg/ ,if;txJrm ALP avh ygcyga&/

nnnnn q&mdkU ACP u NUFA xJrSm Ou| vkyfcodrfha& r[kwfygvm;/ [kwfyga&/ vkyfcyga&/ OD;armifpdefnGefY? OD;ykwD;jzL? OD;a&Tom

dkU twlwlvkyfcuwfyga&/ ,if;wyfOD; NUFA u wqifhwpfygwDzGJU&zdk Yqdkvdk Y uRefawmfdkU &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqdkif;bkwfudkavhzsuf? ygwDudkavhzsuf? &rv rSmavh tm;vHk;udkzsuf? ,if;ydkifzsufNyD;au NUPA udk axmifpGmyg/ ALP uNUPA xJrSm rygvdkufygAsm/ AIA u ALP eefY aygif;NyD;cguyif zsufodrf;NyD;om;yg/ &cdkiftrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;ygwDqdkNyD;auuRefawmfdkU zGJUpGmyg/ NUPA xJrm Adkvfcdkif&mZmdkU AA avhyg0ifvmyga&/ aemufydkif;rm Adkvfcdkif&mZmpnf;Hk;rIaumif;vdkYa'gufwmcifarmif 0ifygvmyga&/ NyD;au olUudk EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHqdkNyD;au wm0efyD;yga&/

nnnnn NUPA xJrSm yxrqHk; Ou| tolygavhq&m/ NUPA yxrqHk;Ou|u uRefawmfdkU ACP u OD;a&Tomyg/

twGif;a&;rSL;u OD;bapmatmifyg/ obmywdtjzpf uRefawmf?OD;armifpdefnGefY? OD;ykwD;jzLdkUyg/

nnnnn ,if;cgu OD;armif[ef Zmwm0ef xrf;aqmifygav/ OD;armif[ef tem;,lvm;cygAsm/nnnnn ALP Ou| OD;armifausmfvIdif rygvdkufygAsmvm;q&m/ OD;armifausmfvIdif NUFA uyif usefcygAsm/nnnnn qufajymygq&m aemufxyf Zmqufvkyfuwfygodrfhav/ uRefawmfkdU NUFA udk zGJUNyD;au tdEd,tpdk;&eefYqufoG,fzdkY

twGuf OD;armifpdefnGefY? OD;a&Tom? a'gufwmcifarmif? cdkif&mZm?OD;cifarmif (ACP) ? OD;apmxGef;dkUeefY wjcm;vlwdavh yguwfyg

4342




odrfha&/ tdEd,u a'vDudk vm;uwfpGmyg/ wyfOD;acwfrmcguyif uRefawmfdkU armifpdefnGefYkdUeefY TAPA u crD;tzGJUeefYaumif;aumif;oifhuwfyga&/ ,if;txJrm wyfrSL;atmifausmfZHu ydkvdkY&if;ESD;cifrifyga&/ cdkif&mZma& TAPA tzGJUudk zJhvdkUYpnf;Hk;vmpGmudk uRefawmfdkU jrif&yga&/ atmifausmfZHudkpnf;Hk;a&;t&qdkyem AdkvfrSL;BuD;&mxl;udkyD;vdkY cGJxkwfyem ajrmufpm;vdkufaw/ aemufwpfa,mufu ukvm;atmifqdkoludkavhAdkvf&mxl;udk wdk;yD;vdkufaw/ cdkif&mZmqdkola& vlwdudkenf;trsKd;rsKd;eefY pnf;Hk;wwfaw ynm[da&/ atydkifeefY a'vDudkrvm;cifwpf&ufrm wyfrm ta&;BuD;a&vlwdudk aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfaw/ uRefawmfqufrajymau aumif;zdkY[ef/ ordkif;rm w&m;cHjzpfzdkYaw/

nnnnn qufajymyD;ygq&m/ q&mdkU jzwfoef;rIordkif;udk &cdkifjynfolodoifha& r[kwfygvm;/

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a&; vkyf&zdkYqdka&udppGm jyemydkBuD;vma&/ uRefawmfdkU ACPrmcgu pHa&T0if;qdkol wyfrSL;wpfa,muf[dca&/ olu NUPArSm Mu,feDwyfxJrSm[da&/ olavh ACP wyfrSL;wdeefY aqG;aEG;a&/wjznf;jznf;eefY ACP wd nDnGwfvma&/ NyD;au tm;vHk;uwpfnDwpfnGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcsufwpfck csvdkufuwfaw/,if;csifhu NUPA xJu ACP vlwd tm;vHk; cGJxGufzdkYvdkY/uRefawmfum;rod/ uRefawmf aq;Hkudk tkyfcsKyfzdkY wm0ef,lxm;&a&umv? ,if;aMumifh aq;HkrmeDa&/ udkvSa&Tqdkol wpfa,mufuuRefawmfudk vmajyma&/ ]]q&m vm;,m vm;,m atedefYnOfh11 em& Dr S m NUPA tmPmodr f ;c H&z d k Y,mv d k Yq d k a&/aemufwpfa,mufu oufEdkif/ olavh uRefawmfhudkvmajyma&/tckb*Fvm;rSm tzrf;cHvdkY axmifusvdkYusefvdkuf,ifh/ olu ]]q&mOD;armifpdefjrdkU? oef;a&TarmifdkU tpDtpOfcsvdkY tm;vHk;NyD;edef,mvwf/uRefawmfavh Mum;Mum;csif; NyD;vdk Yvdkufygvm;cygNyD;auarmifpdefjrudk ajyma& ]]ta0; ZmvkyfuwfpGmav;vdkY? aygif;pGmawmif rMumodrfh? &cdkifwdkif;oljynfom; bkef;BuD; &[ef;oHCmdkUZmajymzdkYav;? rif;dkU vHk;0rpOf;pm;uwfvm;}}vdkY tm;eefYajyma&/a,cg armifpdefjru uRefawmfdkUtm;vHk; pDpOfNyD;,m/ tckuRefawmfdkU odrf;zdkYxGufzdkY,m/ aemufqkwfvdkY r&,mvwf/ tm;vHk;pDpOfNyD;om; jzpfeD,mvwf/ tcsdefapheD,mvwf/ jzpfEdkifauaemufqkwfyD;uwfyga0vdkY uRefawmf awmif;yefa&/ r&vdkuf,m/uRefawmfavh pdwfraumif;jzpfvdkY usefcyga&/ trSefqdkautpnf;ta0;csAsm wifjyaqG;aEG;tHk;odrfhvdkY ajymcygodrfha&/ r&qdkvHk;0 r&vdkufyg,m/

nnnnn q&mBuD; a,au Zmqufjzpfuwfygodrfhav/ edefpGJ &ufpGJ rrSwfrdvdkufyg,m/ ,if;edefYnOfh 12 em&DavmufrSm

NUPA udk tmPmodrf;vdkufyga&/ vufeuf (100)avmufeefY

4544




vlaygif; (60)avmufudk odrf;,lcyga&/ NyD;au uRefawmfdkUxdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUuwfyga&/ aemufydkif;rSm tdEd,ujyefa&mufygvvwfaw OD;armifpdefnGefY? OD;a&TomdkU jyefvdkYa&mufvmNyD;au jyefvdkYaygif;pnf;uwfarqdkAsm aqG;aEG;uwfygodrfha&/ALD u OD;omEdk;atmifavh ygyga&/ aemufqHk;acgufrmOD;armifpdefnGefYu ]]anmifndK&dyfatmufrSm vrf;cGJuwfygpdkY}}vdkYqdkNyD;au jyefvm;cuwfyga&/ uRefawmfdkUavh pcef;wnfyemedef&mcsuwfau ,if;ydkifeefY cdkif&mZmjyefa&mufvma&cg uRefawmfdkUpcef;udk ydwfyD;ygvdkY olajyma&/ oldkUrm wyfavhr[d/ a,'gavh[da&vleefY wpf&ufedefYnOfhrm vmwdkufaw/ vufeufBuD;wdeefYypfaw/ rdk;vif;tmkPf (2)em&Duyif uRefawmfdklUudk ypfpGmrdk;x (8)em&DavmufrSmrS aemufqkwfvm;cuwfaw/ uRefawmfdkUpcef;rSm[da& tacswdudk owfypfca&? rD;wdkufypfcuwfaw/atydkif tjzpfysufqdk;wdeefY BuHKuwf&a&/ aemufydkif;rSm uRefawmfdkUwd oldkUeefY rwGdvDyg,m/ NyD;au DPA udk zGJUuwfaw/

nnnnn q&m NUPA u DPA udk ZmESpfckESpfrm cGJxGufpGmygav/ uRefawmfdkU 1992 ckESpfrm cGJxGufpGmyg&m/ cGJxGufNyD;vdkY pcef;csNyD;

tedeftxm;usNyD;rS nDvmcHvkyfyem DPA udk zGJUpGmyg/ ,if;nDvmcHrm DPA (Democradic Party of Arakan) zGJUpnf;yHkudk &D;qGJyga&/DPA rSm uRefawmf Ou|? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;xGef;atmifausmf?'k-Ou| OD;armifpdefjryg/ ygwDudk DPA vdkY emrnfyD;yem wyfudkAPA (Arakan People Army) vdkY emrnfwyfvdkuf yga&/,if;ydkifvkyfaqmifvm&if; a'*edxd &cdkifjynfoleefY &cdkifvlrsKd;twGuf &cdkifawmfvSefa&;wm0efwdudk xrf;aqmifedefyga&/

nnnnn q&mdkU NUPA udk tmPmodrf;pGma& NUPA acgif;aqmifwdtdEd,tpdk;&eefY vm;vdkY aqG;aEG;a&tcsdefeefY uGufwdjzpfeDvdkYa'tmPmodrf;rIrm tdEd,tpdk;& yg0ifywfoufrI[deDa&vdkY

ajymuwfyga&/ q&mZmajymygzdkYvJ/ ,if;t,ltq rSm;yga&/ uRefawmfdkU tmPmodrf;rIrm tdEd,

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[kwfaw/ wdkufca&/ pm;0wfeDa&; aumif;aumif;usyfvdkYwdkufca&/ azomxifoavmuf r&cyg/

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,if;udpvHk;0r[kwf/nnnnn rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdkifawmfvSefa&;wyfwda& b*Fvm;rmeDa&cg

b*FvDwd RSO wdudk vufeufiSg;a&? vufeufa&mif;a&udpwd[duwfyga&/ q&mdkU ACP rm ,if;ydkifudpwd r[dcygvm;/

usefa&vlwdrm [dcuwfauavh uRefawmfdkU ACP rm ,if;ydkifudpwd uRefawmfdkUrm vHk;0 r[dcyg/

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odrf;Edkifca&/ ,if;NrdKUodrf;wdkufyGJtaMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvifodcsifau ,if;wdkufyGJrm acgif;aqmifca& OD;xGef;atmifausmfeefY OD;cdkifpdk;dkUudk rD;Munfhyg/ oldkUajzygvdrfhar/

nnnnn q&m q&mdkUwd aemufydkif;zGJUa& ANC rSmavh DPA ygedefa& vdkYMum;od&yga&um;/ ,if;udpudkavh waphacs ,Sif;jyyD;ygyvifhq&m/

ANC (Arakan National Counsil) taMumif;udk rajymcsifAsma'/

4746




ajymau aumif;aumif; &SnfzdkY[ef/ ANC avh (2)jcrf;pdyfvm;a&r[kwfvm;/

nnnnn tcsdeftrsm;BuD; Mumvm;cAsmqdkauavh jzpfEdkifau waphacs,Sif;jyyD;ygyvifhq&m/

wpf&ufedefU OD;omEdk;atmif uRefawmfbm;udk pm&D;a&/ olutdEd,a'vDrSmeDpGm&m/ olawmxJudkvmyem ]]apmifwD}}qdka&bkef;BuD;ausmif;udk vmyem ,if;uwqifhpm&D;pGm/ ,if;pmxJrSmZmygavhqdkau &cdkifjynfu 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf vufeufudkifa&ygwDwd? rudkifa&ygwDwd aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfuwfarvdkY qdka&/uRefawmfdkUwdavh ,if;pmaMumifh tpnf;ta0;vkyfjzpfaw/aqG;aEG;zdkYqdkau aqG;aEG;ygcDvdkY wm0efyD;a&/ uRefawmfdkU a'vDudk wufvma&/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm DPA, ALP, NUPA, ALD(4)ygwDaqG;aEG;uwfaw/

nnnnn q&mdkU rdwfaqGa[mif;wd jyefvdkYqHkuwfAsmrem;a,q&m/ ZmaqG;aEG;jzpfuwfygav/

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4948




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5150

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5352

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5554

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5958




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