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Полный справочник по уходу за пресноводными тропическими рыбами
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. , .
. , . " " ...............................................................................1 ..............................................1 .............................................................................................................14 ....................................................................................................................................................15 .......................................................................................................................................................15
I .................................................................................................................................16 I .................................................................................................................................17 "".....................................................................17
1 ........................................................................................................................17 1 ........................................................................................................................17 ................................................................................................17
1 ........................................................................................................................20 ..........................................................................................................................................20
1 ........................................................................................................................20 ..................................................................................................................................20
2 .......................................................................................................22 2 .......................................................................................................23 ........................................................................................................23
2 .......................................................................................................24 ............................................................................................24
3 ..............................................25 3 ..............................................25 Characiformes ......................................................................................................25
3 ..........! . Siluriformes ..............................................................................................................26
3 ..........! . ( Perciformes............................................................................................29
3 ..........! .
2 Cypriniformes .........................................................................................................29
3 ..........! . Ciprinodontiformes .........................................................................................31
3 ..........! . ( Perciformes, Anabantoidei) .........................32
3 ..........! . Atheriniformes () .............................................................................33
4 ...........................................................................................................................................38 4 ...........................................................................................................................................39 ...............................................................................................................................................39
4 .................................................................................! . ....................................................................................................................................................39
4 ...........................................................................................................................................39 ...............................................................................................................40
4 ...........................................................................................................................................41 ......................................................................................................................................................41
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5 , ( , ...)............................................43 5 , ( , ...)........! . , .............................................................................................................44
5 , ( , ...)............................................47 , .............................................................................................49
5 , ( , ...)........! . , ..............................................................................................................47
5 , ( , ...)........! . , ..............................................................................................................45
6 ....................................................................................................................................51 6 ..........................................................................! . .................................................................................................................51
6 ....................................................................................................................................52 .........................................................................................52
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6 ....................................................................................................................................55 ............................................................................................................................................55
7 ..............................................................................................................................................55 7 ..............................................................................................................................................56 ...............................................................................................................................56
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7 ..............................................................................................................................................58 ...............................................................................................58
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7 ..............................................................................................................................................63 ...............................................................................................................................................63
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3 ......................................................................................................................................64
7 ..............................................................................................................................................65 ............................................................................................................................................65
8 .................................................................................................................................................66 8 .......................................................................................! . ...........................................................................................................................................66
8 .......................................................................................! . ......................................................................................68
8 .................................................................................................................................................71 , ................................................................................................71
9 ....................................................................................................................72 ................................................................................................................72
9 ....................................................................................................................72 9 ..........................................................! . ......................................................................................................................................................72
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9 ....................................................................................................................73 ............................................................................................................73
9 ....................................................................................................................73 .............................................................................................................73
9 ..........................................................! . ....................................................................................................................................74
9 ..........................................................! . II .................................................................................................................75
10 ...................................................................................................................................................76 10 .........................................................................................! . ............................................................................................................................76
10 .........................................................................................! . ..............................................................................................................................................79
10 .........................................................................................! . ............................................................................................................................................83
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10 ...................................................................................................................................................85 ........................................................................................................................................85
11 ..........................................................................................87 11 ..........................................................................................87 .....................................................................................................87
11 ................................! . ........................................................................................87
11 ..........................................................................................88 ................................................................................................................88
11 ..........................................................................................88 .............................................................................................................................................................88
11 ..........................................................................................90 ................................................................................................................................................................90
11 ..........................................................................................91 ................................................................................................................................91
11 ..........................................................................................94 ...............................................................................................................................94
12 ...................................................................................................................................................96 .................................................................................................................................96
13 ..................................................................................................................................98 13 ..................................................................................................................................99 ......................................................................................................................99
13 ................................................................................................................................100 .................................................................................................................100
4 13 ................................................................................................................................102 , ...............................................................................................................102
13 ........................................................................! . .........................................................................................................104
13 ................................................................................................................................105 .....................................................................................................105
13 ................................................................................................................................108 ..................................................................................................................................................108
13 ................................................................................................................................108 ..........................................................................................................................................................108
13 ........................................................................! . ................................................................................................................109
14 ....................................................................................................................110 13 ................................................................................................................................110 ..........................................................................................................................................110
14 ....................................................................................................................110 .....................................................................................................................110
14 ....................................................................................................................113 ................................................................................................................................113
14 ....................................................................................................................115 .................................................................................................................................................115
15 ......................................................................................................................116 15 ......................................................................................................................116 ...................................................................................................................................116
14 ....................................................................................................................117 "" ...........................................................................................................................117
15 ......................................................................................................................118 ...............................................................................................................................118
15 ......................................................................................................................119 ......................................................................................................................................119
15 ......................................................................................................................120 ...................................................................................................................................120
15 ......................................................................................................................121 .............................................................................121
16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................122 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................122
1. , ..........................................................................................................122 16 ( , ...) ............................! .
3. ........................................................124 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................124
2. , ...................................................................................................123 16 ( , ...) ............................! .
5. , ........................................................................................125 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................125
4. , .......................................................................................................124 16 ( , ...) ............................! .
6. , ............................................................125 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................126
7. , - ................................................................................................................................................126
16 ( , ...) ............................! . 8. , ..................................................................................126
16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................126 10. , ..................................127
16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................128 11. , ........................................128
16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................128 12. , , ...................128
5 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................129
13. , , , ....................................129 16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................130 III. .......................................................................................................130
17 ................................................................................................................131 17 ................................................................................................................132 , ..............132
17 ................................................................................................................132 .................................................................................................................................................132
16 ( , ...) ....................................................................................132 9. , ...............................................126
17 ........................................................! . ............................................................................................................................132
17 ................................................................................................................132 : () .........................................................................132
17 ................................................................................................................133 ............................................................................................133
17 ................................................................................................................134 ..........................................................................................................................................134
17 ................................................................................................................134 ...................................................................................................................................................134
17 ................................................................................................................134 : ............................................................................134
17 ................................................................................................................135 .....................................................135
17 ................................................................................................................135 : .........................................................................................135
17 ........................................................! . , ........................................................................................................................................136
17 ................................................................................................................136 ............................................................................................................................................................136
17 ................................................................................................................137 ........................................................................................................................................137
17 ................................................................................................................137 : ....................................................................................................137
17 ........................................................! . .........................................................................................................................138
17 ................................................................................................................138 : ..........................................................................................138
17 ........................................................! . : ...........................................................................................................139
17 ........................................................! . : .....................................................................139
17 ................................................................................................................139 ...........................................................................................................................................................139
17 ................................................................................................................139 - ................................................................................................................139
17 ........................................................! . ............................................................................................................140
17 ........................................................! . ..........................................................................................................................................................140
17 ........................................................! . ..............................................................................................................................140
17 ........................................................! . ......................................................................................................................140
17 ........................................................! . ...........................................................................................................................141
17 ........................................................! .
6 ...............................................................................................................................141
17 ................................................................................................................141 : .................................................................................................141
17 ........................................................! . ................................................................................................................................141
17 ........................................................! . ............................................................................................................................141
18 ......................................................................! . ..............................................................................................................................................142
18 ..............................................................................................................................143 18 ......................................................................! . ..................................................................................................................................................145
19 ..........................................................................................................146 19 ..........................................................................................................146 ...............................................................................................146
19 ..........................................................................................................147 - ..........................................................................................147
19 ..........................................................................................................147 .................................................................................147
19 ..................................................! . .......................................................................148
19 ..................................................! . , ........................................................................................................148
19 ..........................................................................................................148 ...............148
19 ..........................................................................................................148 ....................................................................................................................................................148
19 ..........................................................................................................149 ..............................................................................................................................................149
19 ..................................................! . ............................................................................................................................................149
20 ( , ...) .............................................................................150 20 ( , ...) .....................! . ...........................................................................................................................150
20 ( , ...) .............................................................................151 ...............................................................................................................................................151
, ... ................................................................................................................................152 , ... ................................................................................................................................152
2. , .............................................................................................................152 , ... ................................................................................................................................152
1. , "".........................................................................................................152 , ... ................................................................................................................................153
3. , "" ............................................................................................................153 , ... ................................................................................................................................153
4. , .......................................................................................................153 , ... ........................................................................! .
5. , .................................................................................................................153 , ... ........................................................................! .
6. , ................................................................................................................154 , ... ................................................................................................................................154
7. , ...................................................................................................155 , ... ................................................................................................................................155
8. , .................................................................155 , ... ........................................................................! .
9. , .....................................................................................155 , ... ........................................................................! .
10. , ...............................................................................................156 , ... ........................................................................! .
711. , "" ...........................................156
, ... ................................................................................................................................156 12. , .......................................................................................156
, ... ........................................................................! . 13. , ......................................................................................................158
, ... ................................................................................................................................158 14. , ..............................................................................................158
, ... ........................................................................! . 15. , ...................................................................159
, ... ........................................................................! . 17. , , ............................................160
, ... ................................................................................................................................161 18. , .................................................................................161
, ... ........................................................................! . 16. , ..........................! .
, ... ........................................................................! . 19. , ............................................................................161
, ... ........................................................................! . 20. , ..................................................161
, ... ........................................................................! . 21. , ................................................................................162
, ... ........................................................................! . 22. , ?......................................................................................162
, ... ................................................................................................................................162 23. , .......................................................................................................162
, ... ................................................................................................................................163 24. , ...................................................................................163
, ... ................................................................................................................................163 25. , ..............................................................................................163
, ... ........................................................................! . 27. , ..................................................164
, ... ........................................................................! . 28. , ....................................................................164
, ... ........................................................................! . 26. , , ..........................................................................164
, ... ........................................................................! . 29. , ..................................................................................................165
, ... ........................................................................! . 30. , .................................................................165
, ... ........................................................................! . 31. , .........................................................................................166
, ... ........................................................................! . 32. , .....................................................................................................166
, ... ........................................................................! . 33. , .........................................................................................................166
, ... ........................................................................! . 34. , .....................................................................................................167
, ... ........................................................................! . 35. , ..........................................................168
, ... ........................................................................! . 36. , , , ...............................................168
, ... ........................................................................! . 37. , ....................................................................168
, ... ........................................................................! . 38. , ..................................................169
, ... ................................................................................................................................169 39. , .........................................................169
, ... ........................................................................! .
840. , ........................................................................................169
, ... ................................................................................................................................170 41. , .........................................................................170
, ... ........................................................................! . 42. , , .............................................................................170
, ... ........................................................................! . 43. , .................................................................170
, ... ........................................................................! . 44. , ............................................................................171
21 , ............................................................172 21 , ............................................................172
1.0. , .....................................................................................172 21 , ............................................................172
1.1. , .........................................172 21 , ............................................................172
1.1.1. .............................................................................................................................172 21 , ............................................................175
1.2. , .....................................................175 21 , ............................................................175
1.2.1. () ........................................................................................................................175 21 , ............................................................177
1.2.2. .............................................................................................................177 21 , ............................................................177
1.2.3. .....................................................................................................................177 21 , ....! .
1.2.4. " " .....................................................................................................................177 21 , ............................................................178
1.2.6. ...................................................................................................................178 21 , ............................................................178
1.2.5. ................................................................................................178 21 , ............................................................179
1.2.8. ....................................................................................................................179 21 , ............................................................180
1.2.9. ................................................................................................................................180 21 , ............................................................180
1.2.7. ............................................................................................................180 21 , ............................................................181
1.2.10. .................................................................................................................181 21 , ............................................................181
1.3.1. , (2) .......................................................................181 21 , ....! .
1.3.2. , ....................................................................182 21 , ............................................................183
1.3.3. ( )...............................................................................................183 21 , ....! .
1.4. , .............................................................................................184 21 , ............................................................184
1.4.1. ...........................................................................................................184 21 , ....! .
1.4.2. ........................................................................................................................186 21 , ............................................................186
1.5. .......................................................................................................................................186 21 , ............................................................186
1.5.1. ...................................................................................................................................................186 21 , ............................................................187
1.5.2. ...............................................................................................................................................187 21 , ............................................................188
1.6. , ........................................................188
9 21 , ............................................................188
1.6.1. ........................................................................................................188 21 , ............................................................189
1.6.2. ......................................................................................................................189 21 , ............................................................190
2.0. , ....................................................................................................190 21 , ....! .
2.1. ....................................................................................................................................................190 21 , ............................................................191
2.2. ( ) .........................................................................191 21 , ............................................................191
2.3. ............................................................................................................................................191 21 , ............................................................192
2.4. ......................................................................................192 21 , ............................................................192
2.5. .......................................................................................................................192 21 , ............................................................193
3.0. , ..........................................................................193 21 , ....! .
3.1. , ......................................................................................194 21 , ............................................................195
3.1.1. ( )....................................................................................195 21 , ....! .
3.1.2. ( )...............................................................................................................196 21 , ............................................................196
3.1.3. Lymphocystis ....................................................................................................................................196 21 , ....! .
3.2. , ................................................................................196 21 , ............................................................197
3.2.1. aeromonas.........................................................................................................................197 21 , ............................................................197
3.2.2. ( - ) ................................................197 21 , ............................................................198
3.2.3. () ..................................................................................................198 21 , ............................................................198
3.2.4. Flexibacter ( - Chondrococcus, Myxobacteria) ..............................................198 21 , ............................................................198
3.2.5. ( , ) ............................................................................198 21 , ............................................................199
3.2.6. Mycobacterium.................................................................................................................199 21 , ....! .
3.2.7. Nocardia ...........................................................................................................................199 21 , ............................................................199
3.2.8. Pseudomonas ....................................................................................................................199 21 , ....! .
3.2.9. ..................................................................................................................................................200 21 , ............................................................200
3.2.10. (Vibrio) .........................................................................................................................200 21 , ............................................................200
3.2.11. ..........................................................................................................................................200 21 , ............................................................201
3.3. .........................................................................................................201 21 , ............................................................201
3.3.1. Achyla..................................................................................................................................201 21 , ............................................................201
3.3.2. Branchiomyces.....................................................................................................................201 21 , ............................................................201
3.3.3. "" .............................................................................................................................201
10 21 , ............................................................202
3.3.5. () ...................................................................................................202 21 , ............................................................203
3.3.4. , () .............................................................................................203 21 , ............................................................203
3.3.6. Ichthyophonus......................................................................................................................203 21 , ............................................................204
3.3.7. Saprolegnia ..........................................................................................................................204 21 , ............................................................204
3.3.8. ..................................................................................................204 21 , ............................................................204
4.0. .............................................................................................................................................204 21 , ............................................................205
4.1. ........................................................................................................................205 21 , ............................................................206
4.1.1. Apiosoma ..........................................................................................................................................206 21 , ............................................................206
4.1.2. Chilodonella ......................................................................................................................................206 21 , ............................................................206
4.1.3. Costia.................................................................................................................................................206 21 , ............................................................206
4.1.4. Cyclochaeta .......................................................................................................................................206 21 , ............................................................206
4.1.5. Epistylis.............................................................................................................................................206 21 , ............................................................207
4.1.6. ..................................................................................................................................207 21 , ............................................................207
4.1.7. ....................................................................................................207 21 , ............................................................207
4.1.8. Heterosporis ......................................................................................................................................207 21 , ............................................................207
4.1.9. Hexamita ...........................................................................................................................................207 21 , ............................................................208
4.1.10. () ...........................................................................208 21 , ....! .
4.1.11. Ichthyobodo.....................................................................................................................................208 21 , ............................................................209
4.1.13. ..........................................................................................................................209 21 , ............................................................209
4.1.14. Octomitus ........................................................................................................................................209 21 , ............................................................209
4.1.12. Ichthyophthirius ..............................................................................................................................209 21 , ............................................................209
4.1.15. Piscinoodinium................................................................................................................................209 21 , ............................................................210
4.1.16. Pleistophora.....................................................................................................................................210 21 , ............................................................210
4.1.17. Spironucleus ....................................................................................................................................210 21 , ............................................................210
4.1.18. () ....................................................................................210 21 , ............................................................211
4.1.19. Tetrahymena....................................................................................................................................211 21 , ............................................................211
4.1.20. Trichodina .......................................................................................................................................211 21 , ............................................................211
4.1.21. ...........................................................................................................211 21 , ............................................................212
4.1.22. ...................................................................................................................................212
11 21 , ............................................................212
4.1.23. ................................................................................................................................212 21 , ............................................................214
4.2. .................................................................................................................................214 21 , ............................................................214
4.2.1. ..............................................................................................................................................214 21 , ....! .
4.2.2. " " ................................................................................................................................216 21 , ............................................................216
4.2.3. Camallanus ........................................................................................................................................216 21 , ............................................................217
4.2.4. Capillaria ...........................................................................................................................................217 21 , ............................................................217
4.2.5. .........................................................................................................................217 21 , ....! .
4.2.6. ...................................................................................................................................218 21 , ............................................................219
4.2.7. ..................................................................................................................................219 21 , ............................................................220
4.2.8. ......................................................................................................................220 21 , ............................................................220
4.2.9. ..............................................................................................................................220 21 , ............................................................221
4.2.10. () ..................................................................................221 21 , ............................................................221
4.2.11. ........................................................................................................................221 21 , ............................................................222
4.1.12. ...................................................................................................................222 21 , ....! .
4.2.13. ...........................................................................................................................223 21 , ............................................................223
5.0. .............................................................................................223 21 , ............................................................223
5.1. "" ..........................................................................................................................................224 21 , ............................................................224
5.2. ................................................................................................................................224 21 , ....! .
5.3. ..............................................................................................................................................224 21 , ............................................................225
6.0. , ..............................................................................................225 21 , ............................................................225
6.1. .................................................................................................................................................225 21 , ....! .
6.2. ...............................................................................................................225 21 , ....! .
6.3. () ..................................................................................................................................226 21 , ............................................................226
6.4. ...................................................................................................................................226 21 , ............................................................227
6.5. ..........................................................................................................................................227 21 , ............................................................227
6.6. ............................................................................................................................................227 21 , ............................................................228
6.7. ...............................................................................................................................................228 22 ...............................................................................................................228 22 .......................................................! . Asellus............................................................................................................................229
22 ...............................................................................................................229
12 ..........................................................................................................................229
22 ...............................................................................................................229 ..................................................................................................................................................229
22 .......................................................! . ........................................................................................................................230
22 .......................................................! . ..........................................................................................................................................230
22 ...............................................................................................................231 ..........................................................................................................................................................231
22 ...............................................................................................................231 ........................................................................................................................................................231
22 ...............................................................................................................232 () .......................................................................................................................232
22 ...............................................................................................................232 .......................................................................................................................232
22 ...............................................................................................................232 ....................................................................................................................................................232
22 ...............................................................................................................232 ........................................................................................................................................................232
22 ...............................................................................................................233 Tubifex ..................................................................................................................................233
23 ................................................................................................................233 23 ................................................................................................................234 ...................................................................................................................................................234
23 ................................................................................................................234 ..............................................................................................234
23 ........................................................! . " " ........................................................................................................................................234
23 ................................................................................................................235 .....................................................................................................................................................235
23 ........................................................! . .................................................................................................................................................235
24 ..........................................................................................................................235 24 ..........................................................................................................................236 ........................................................................................................................236
24 ..........................................................................................................................238 .......................................................................................................................238
24 ..................................................................! . ..........................................................................................................241
25 ........................................................................................................................................243 25 ........................................................................................................................................243 .............................................................................................................243
25 ........................................................................................................................................244 .....................................................................................244
26 ...............................................................................................................244 26 .......................................................! . ........................................................................................................244
26 .......................................................! . ...............................................................................................................246
26 .......................................................! . ......................................................................................................................................................246
27 ........................................................................................................................................246 27 ................................................................................! . , ........................................................247
27 ........................................................................................................................................250 , ..............................................................................................250
27 ........................................................................................................................................250 ...................................................................................................250
13 27 ........................................................................................................................................251 ......................................................................................................................251
27 ................................................................................! . , ..................................................................259
. ..........................................................................................264 . ..........................................................................................265 .....................................................................................265
. ..........................................................................................267 .............................................................................................................................267
. ..........................................................................................267 ..............................................................................................................................267
. ..........................................................................................269 ...................................................................................................................................269
. ..........................................................................................270 ....................................................................270
. ..........................................................................................271 -........................................................................................................271
. ..........................................................................................272 .......................................................................................................................................................272
...............................................................................................................................................278
14
, , , - . , - , - . - - ( ), - , - . . - , -, , , , , , - . . . , - , - " ", , . - - . , , , , . , , . " , ...", , -. - . , - - . ( , ) . , - , , - ( , , ) . , , - . - . , , - : : ", , , , - ". . , , , , , . , - -. . . - - . , " - ". -, "?", "?" " -?". , - . , , , . - . ., . . ""
15
, : - , ; - ; - , ; - . , , ,- , - , . , , , , - . . , - . , , ( , ) , ,- , . , - . , , - , . , , . . .
- . - , - - , . .- . . , - , - , , , , - " " , - , . , - . , , , - (, , - , ). . , . , , , , . , - - . , , , , . , , " ", -. , , -, , , , , . ( - - ), , . -. , , , . - - , . : , , , . - : , , ,
16 , , . - , . , , , , . , , , ( ), -. , , , - , , , . , . , " , ...", - . "-", , - , , - . - , . . , , , , , , - . , , -. , , , , -, , . , . - . , - . , - . , .
I
, , . , , : - , , . , -. - , -. , " " - , . , , -. , , . , , : , . , . , - . , , - , . , , , - . , . - , : , -, . , , , (. 1), "", - . , - "" , . , , . , - !
17 I
""
, ( 1 3). , - , , . ( 10). ? ( 11). ( 11, 14). (, . .) ( 14). (, , ) ( 13). (, , , . .) ( 11). ( 12).
1
, 40 000. 25 000 (. 2). , , , . 8500 -, , . . , , 2000 - . ! , , . , . , , . - , , , - , , , - . , - . . , , , , : .
1
, , , - . , - . - ! - , , - , . , Serrasalmus spp. Electrophorus spp., , Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, Piaractus, Colossoma spp.,- . , , , - , , . , , , . , , - 2,5 10,0. , , . , ! , , , , , . , , , , , . ,
18 : , "" . , , - . , , , , , - . " !" - , . , . ( , ). ( , ) , . (. ), , , , - . , , , , . (. 4) , . , , . , . , , . , - . , , . . , - . , , , , . , . . . , , , . - , - (. 10), (. 12), ( , . 11) - , . , , , , , . . , , . , , - . , , , , , - . - , ( ), , . ( , -.- . .) , - , . - , - . , , . - . , , - . ,
19. , - . - Corydoras ,- -. , , , , . " " , - . , - . , , - - . , . (, Poecilia reticulata), , , , Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (. 3). - Paracheirodon innesi , Pelvicachromis pulcher. , ( ), , - . . - -, Paracheirodon axelrodi . , , , -, . - Microgeophagus ramirezi. , , , - ,- , . , , , , , , . - , . - , , , , , , , , , . . . - , - . , " ", - 13. , " " , . , . . 3 , -. , , , . - , , , , - . , , - , - . , - . - , .
20 -. , , -, , ,- . , , , . . , , -, . , , . - - , , (. 21).
1
- , . - , ( ), - (, - ). , (. 3), (. "- "). , - . " ". , - . -. , Barbus pentazona , - , , , Pterophyllum scalare. , . , , " ".
. , , -, , . - , - , . . , - , . . -, , . , : . . ( .- -. .), . () , ( -). (. 18). - , - " ".
21 (. II). -, . , - . , - ( ). , , , . , - , , , . . , - . , (. 2), - , . , , , ,- . " " " ". - , , , , --. . . ? ? , , , - ( . ). , -. - -; (. 6) . . "" "", " ". - , , , - , - . - , . , "", , . , , , - . , - ( , , ). , , , . . , , , -. , , , - . , . , , - . , , , , . , Astronotus ocellatus, 30 , Hypostomus plecostomus - 30-40, Barbus schwanenfeldi - 40. , ( -, ). - , - . . , , , ? : - . , . , , , . . - - , , .
22 - - , . , , - . , , , , , - (. 8). , , . , - (. 14), . -. , - , . - . . , , , . (. 18 20), (. 8). . , , , : , , , , - . - . - - , , . , . , , -. , - - 50 100 . , , . , , . , . . , , . . - , - , . - , , - ( ) . , -, , - - (. 6).
2
. -. , , , , . , . () . , , , , . , - , , . , "" , -
23 "". , - , .
( ) - ( ). - , , - . , . -, , . - " " (), - . - (), , - , , - . , - , , , Actinopterygii, , - , Poecilia reticulata. " " . Poecilia reticulata. Animales Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Neopterigii Teleostei Acanthoptehgii Cyprinodontiformes Poeciliidae Poeciliinae Poecilia reticulata . , . , 1994. , , . , , , , . , Siluriformes . , - , , - . - (), Perciformes. , , - -
24 - , , . , , : , . " ", , . - , . -, , , .
, , - , . - ( ), ( ) ( ) - - " ". - , . , , -, , . - . , , , , , . , ( ), , . - , . - , , , , . , - Poecilia reticulata, Peters, 1859. Pelvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger, 1911.) , Pelmatochromis pulcher. , -, , , . , , , . - . , , , " ", Segelflosser (-), . - Pterophyllum scalare - , . , , ! Zebra cichlid (--), Metriaclima zebra ( , -). Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, -. - , , , - . , -. . . , , - , , -, - - . , - , , . - , , , , , , , , , -. , -, , , . , . , - , , . , , . , . , - . , -
25, , , . - , , " " " ", . , . , . , . , - . , , , Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza.
3
- , -. . , , , , , . . 42 ; (, , ) , . . , 23 26 ( ). , , , . , , 8. , , . , . , , - , . , - , , - , -. , , , -, .
Characiformes
, , , Characidae. , - . - , , (, ) . , , . , , , . - (. 10) , - , , . , , , - , . - , ( ), -, . , , . Characidae ( )
26 ( 10, ), , . , -, , , . , , . -. ( 1, 8), - . -. . . (. 12). Gasteropelecidae (-) - . ( 6) -, "" , -. , , ( ). (. 10), " " -, . , - - . , . , , Riccia, Lemna - Salvinia. "-" , ( 1 , , 8). . Lebiasinidae ( ) . ( Nannostomus Nannobrycon) 6 . , , , , , . . , . -. . , . , . . . , -, , , (. 7). ( 1 1 , 8), ; - , , , , . in, Copella Pyrrhulina , 15. -, - , . Copeina arnoldi , - , . , . , - - , ( 3 , 8); .
Siluriformes
- , , , , . , , . "", . , -
27. - . - , "" . . , . . , , , . -, -, "", , -. 2000 . . . , , , , , - , - . , , . - , . , . - , . - . , , - , , . - , , - . , Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 8-10, - , . , - . , -, . , . , . - , , . , , . , - . , . , . , - , ! , . , , . , . ! , , , - , , - . . , 30 , . Mochokidae (-, ) : Synodontis, Chiloglanis, Mochokiella. ( 7,5 38), -, . -
28 Synodontis. , - Synodontis nigriventris, , , -, . . , , , , , , - . . - , . , , - - S. multipunctatus - , . , - - , . Doradidae ( ) : Megalodoras, Amblydoras, Platydoras, - Pseudodoras, Opsodoras, Oxydoras, Agamyxis. " " . , , , - . - . 7 75 , . , , . , -. Callichthyidae () , . : Corydoras, Brochis, Callichthys, Aspidoras, Hoplosternum Dianema, - - . 2,5 20, - ( 7,5) . , - , . -, , - , , - . - , , , . , . . , . , - . - , . . - -. . . 3 (. 8). , . Loricaridae . -. , Ancistrus, Hypancistrus, Farlowella, Otocinclus, Peckoltia Rineloricaria. (10-20 ) . - , Hypostomus, Leporacanthicus, Sturisoma, Panaque, Pterygoplichthys. - - Hypostomus plecostomus ( 30 );
29 , , , . -, -, , . ! - - , -. - . , . - ( - "-"). . , -. 3 (. 8).
( Perciformes
Cichlidae) , . . , . - , , , , . - 2 90. , - , - , . , -,- . , - : . - . , , , - ( 3, 8). . , ( - ). , , , , , . , -, - . , , , - . , , - . "" , "" - - . , - , " ", , . , . ( ) - , ( - 90) -. - , - Pterophyllum scalare - -. , -. - , Symphysodon spp- . . , . - "" , . , , , - "" . , . , - , , , , .
Cypriniformes
, , , - Cyprinidae. - ,
30, , . . , Carassius auratus Cyprinus carpio. , - . . - , . , . Cyprinidae - , , , "". 2,5 30. , . . . ( 5 10) . , -, . Tanichthys a
