. . 2011

1This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

(metrics): CPU ( ) (MIPS) (MFLOPS) (Benchmarks)2. . / & 2This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU - (Clock Cycle): (.. ). (Cycle Period): ns. (Clock rate) : [ ] = 1 / [ ] ( Gz)

3. . / & 3This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

= 0.4ns. Gz ; = = Clock Rate = = Cycle Period 4. . / & 4This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU5[ CPU] = [ CPU ] + [ ]

: ( , , , multitasking, ).

CPU : CPU . /

. . / & 5This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Performance) (performance) []X = 1 / [ ]X

n , : []X [ ]Y = = n []Y [ ]X

6. . / & 6This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU (CPU time)[ CPU ] = [ ] [ ]: / (Instruction count IC) : [ ] =[ ] x [ ]() (Cycles Per Instruction CPI) : . .7. . / & 7This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU (CPU time) (2). . 8 [ CPU ] == [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]=[ ]

/ & 8This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU (CPU time) (3)CPUtime = (IC)

(CPI)

(CP)

CPU time = IC x CPI x CPInstruction set Architecture + CompilerInstruction set Architecture + Hardware + 9. . / & 9This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Instruction Count = IC = IC1 + IC2 + . ICN ICi i CPIi

10. . / & 10This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 instruction set .

= 1ns CPI = 2

B = 2ns CPI = 1.2 ;

11. . / & 11This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ( N) instructions .

: 1.2 .12. . / & 12This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Instruction Set (A, B C) . CPI (Cycles per Instruction). H CPI=1, CPI=2 C CPI=3. B C . compiler compiler. : . CPU . instruction mix .13. . / & 13This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 (C) C 201020 401010 ? / & 14. . ICA=20 ICB =10 ICC= 20 CPIA=1 CPIB=2 CPIC =3

CPU Clock cycles = 1*20 + 2*10 + 3*20 = 100 Instruction count = 20 + 10 + 20 = 50

CPI (average) = 100/50 =2.0 / CPI (average) = 20/50 *1 + 10/50*2 + 20/50*3 = 0.4+0.4+1.2= 2.0 /

/ & 15. . 15This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Y ICA=40 ICB =10 ICC= 10 CPIA=1 CPIB=2 CPIC =3

CPU Clock cycles = 1*40 + 2*10 + 3*10 = 90 Instruction count = 40 + 10 + 10 = 60

CPI (average) = 90/60 = 1.5 / CPI (average) = 40/60 *1 + 10/60*2 + 10/60*3 = 0.67+0.33+0.5 = 1.5 /

/ & 16. . 16This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CPU. CPU .

CPU time () / CPU time () =

CPU cycles() * Clock time / CPU cycles() * Clock time =

CPU cycles() / CPU cycles( Y) = 100/90 = 1.1

CPU time() = CPU time() * 1.1 () = () * 1.1

CPU

: To clock time CPU17. . / & 17This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.MIPS MFLOPS18MIPS = (Mega) Instructions Per Second

: MFLOPS = (Mega) FLoating point Operations Per Second

: MIPS. .

. . / & (Benchmarks) , .. , , CAD, , . Livermore Loops Linpack . , .. Quicksort benchmarks, .. Whetstone Dhrystone, .19. . / & 19This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.SPEC BenchmarksTo Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) , benchmarks SPEC benchmark suites

http://www.spec.org/20. . / & 20This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SPEC CPU:SPEC CPU2006 SPEC CPUv6

High Performance Computing (MPI, OpenMP):SPEC MPI2007SPEC OMP2001SPECjbb2005SPECjEnterprise2010SPECjms2007SPECjvm2008

Web ServersSPECweb2009SPECweb2005

21. . / & 21This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SPEC :

Graphics/Applications

Java Client/Server

Mail Servers

Network File System

Power22. . / & 22This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SPECNetwork File SystemSFS97_R1 (3.0)SFS97 (2.0)SFS93 (LADDIS)Web ServersWEB2005WEB99WEB99_SSLWEB 9623. . / & 23This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.SPEC CPU2006: Integer benchmarks 400.perlbenchCPERL Programming Language401.bzip2CCompression403.gccCC Compiler429.mcfCCombinatorial Optimization445.gobmkCArtificial Intelligence: go456.hmmerCSearch Gene Sequence458.sjengCArtificial Intelligence: chess462.libquantumCPhysics: Quantum Computing464.h264refCVideo Compression471.omnetppC++Discrete Event Simulation473.astarC++Path-finding Algorithms483.xalancbmkC++XML Processing24. . / & 24This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.SPEC CPU2006: Floating Point benchmarks25 410.bwavesFortranFluid Dynamics416.gamessFortranQuantum Chemistry433.milcCPhysics: Quantum Chromodynamics434.zeusmpFortranPhysics / CFD435.gromacsC/FortranBiochemistry/Molecular Dynamics436.cactusADMC/FortranPhysics / General Relativity437.leslie3dFortranFluid Dynamics444.namdC++Biology / Molecular Dynamics447.dealIIC++Finite Element Analysis450.soplexC++Linear Programming, Optimization453.povrayC++Image Ray-tracing454.calculixC/FortranStructural Mechanics459.GemsFDTDFortranComputational Electromagnetics465.tontoFortranQuantum Chemistry470.lbmCFluid Dynamics481.wrfC/FortranWeather Prediction482.sphinx3CSpeech recognition. . / & 25This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dhrystone Whetstone BenchmarksDhrystone: 1984 R.P. Wecker. benchmark program C, Pascal Java / (I / O) Dhrystones per second . Whetstone

26. . / & 26This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.SiSoftware Sandra Lite 2011 SP527http://www.filehippo.com/download_sandra_lite/

. . / & 28

. . / & . . 29 Amdahl : : ( Amdahl) / & . . 30 Amdahl (2) 1/s s , < 1/s s = 0.1 ( s = 10%) < 10, N . / & . . 31 Amdahl (3), s , , (1-s) : =T = sT+(1s)T/N = /= /(sT+(1s)T/N)= 1/(s+(1s)/N) / & Amdahl (4) < 1/s 1/s

, .. 20% , s=0.2 < 1/0.2 = 5.32. . / & 32This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Amdahl ( 1) Web server CPU 10 . 70% 30% I/O . ?: N=10 . s=0.3 (=30%). = 1/(s+(1s)/N)= 1/(0.3+0.7/10)= 2.703 10 2.7 ( 10...)

33. . / & 33This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Amdahl ( 2). . 34 Web server CPU N . 80% 20% I/O . ?: s = 0.2 = 3 = 1/(s + (1s)/N)3 = 1 / (0.2 + 0.8/N)(0.2 + 0.8/N) = 1 / 30.8/ = 0.333 0.2 = 0.8 / 0.1333 = 6

/ & 34This ToolBox presentation is the sole property ofFORE Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1

0