Z Ze Z

1b

d 2d=ds/r2dd d

N dN d3 A nt

123

=1800, ,rm rm .5Z1eZ2e rm

(u)12C 1/12

10-10 m0.1nm 10-14 ~ 10-15 m10-18 m10-27kg10-25kg

-- Atomic Physics

nextback

nextback N.Bohr1913 1925

nextback

--nextback

. 1Heat Radiation 1800

aa ea = e

.blackbody 2 1 1.

,ETT ,

=1

1895

3

I(T) T 1 E0(T)-,T

1874 StefanE0(T)T 2 Stefan) Boltzmann

1884 (e = 1)

1 I( T) 2 0 I( T)0 3

3 Wien)

465nm

(Rayleigh)--(Jeans)(Wien)

Rayleigh-Jeans( )ultraviolet catastrophe Wein

19001019Planck: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, (18581947)1918Nobel Prize h>>kTh

,,nextback

19001214 2 h = 6.6310 -34 Js

3 h

n; E n

nextback , Einstein 1905317, , , Planck , ().

.A. 1887,.,. 1897.,: , .

SKAAKGBKi

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(1) 0: >0

(2) V0, , Ekm, I ;Ek;AKV , A.A i 0V0

(3) , , , 10-9.

1902Lenaral

,,,nextback 2

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1905EinsteinPlanck c . E = h p= h-3

32 1 4

h

1916,h",."1913"".nextback 1922

11.2ev540nm

:

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,1704,.,,,..nextback

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H 6562 .8 H 4861 .3 H 4340 .5 H 4101 .7

1 1885, 14J.J.Balmer

1 2 3

2 RH=4/BRH=1.0967758107/mm=1,2,3,; m, n=m+1, m+2, m+3, 1889J.R.Rydberg, 1854-1919

m=1, n=2, 3, 4,, 1914T. Lyman m=2, n=3, 4, 5,, H n=3 18531853 m=3, n= 4, 5, 6, , 1908 F. Peschen

m=4, n=5, 6, 7,, 1922F. Brackett m=5, n=6, 7, 8,, 1924H. A. Pfund m=45n=7m=6,n=7C.S.Humphreys

3 T

12m nm 3m

191328N.Bohr"nextback

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1913 1. E1E2E3... 2.:nextback

3.,L=mvr . nextback

The following is Chap.-2 2

h = 6.6310 -34 Js1-Review

2 c E = h p= hV0

3

RH=4/BRH=1.0967758107/m m=1, n=2, 3, 4,, m=2, n=3, 4, 5,, m=3, n= 4, 5, 6, , m=4, n=5, 6, 7,, m=5, n=6, 7, 8,,

1 E1E2E3... 2:3.

,Ze(Z=1 ,).,,,:nextbackNew

nextback a1,4a1,9a1

Z=1,n=1 ,;,.,.nextback

nextbackZ >1 ZHHe+Li2+Be3+O7+ Cl16+He+

r nextback

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Z=1n=1 r nextback 13.6eVZ=2,3,4.5.

: nextback

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R Z=1 R R RH nextback

: nextback

n E nextback

,

1 n 2n n03 4:5

1 2 34

0r0 H+ n nextback

En En v0 nextback

nE0n

2.

n=1f

12.5 eV n E1=-13.6eVE2=-3.4eVE3=-1.51eVE4=0.85eVE3- E1 =12.09eVE4- E1 =12.75eV

RH=1099677.58cm-1 nextbackR

1914 nextbackR

MR R R

nextbackR

(0.0148%) 1932HUreg31() H(656.279nm)(656.100nm)0.179nm(D)MD=2MH

mn

Z>1)He+Li++Be+++nextbackRO 7+, Cl 16+ , U91+Z

1897Bickering nextbackR

1.2.nextbackR

nextbackR

He+Z=2n=4n=567...... nextbackR

He+ m n RHe RH m=n nextbackR

Li 2+ He+

He+ Li 2+

1 2 1 3 4 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 1 4 1 9

(n)n=116n=350.

n=10010-3eV

-e-e-+(ee)pk-p-

,().:(m=1)n=

Z=1n=1, n'=2( m=M=me)

The following is Chap. 2 3

1Review

2

3

-- FrankHertz Bohr nextbackNew

1914(J. Franck)(G. Hertz) - -- New 1914 1925 .

K K G G A KG GA --

-- nextback1KG0A4.1V29.0V313.9V

4.9V, 04.1V 0.8VKG4.9V

1KG4.9VKG4.9eVGAG 2KG4.9VGGA

3KG4.9V4.9eVAKG 4KG4.9VKGKG4.9VKG

Hg4.9eV4.9eV4.9eV25371925

-- 4.9ev 4.9evnextback 1920

-- nextback

1 2KG1KG1 KG1 3G1 G2G1G2

KG14.684.95.295.786.73V 1KG14.9V 2KG16.73V6.73eV1849

3 4

1968H A.Sommerfeld)1916 n nnextback

H H-nextback

n .1916 nl n n=1,2,3; l n l=012n-1nextback

n n l a n b n E n l nextback

v c nextback

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LiZ=3=212+1NaZ=11=2(12+22)+1K Z=19=2(12+22+22)+1RbZ=37=2(12+22+32+22)+1CsZ=55=2(12+22+32+32+22)+1FrZ=87=2(12+22+32+42+32+22)+1+H+-LiNaKRbCsFr2s3s4s5s6s7s

Z* nextback

1Z* Z*=1Z*>1.nextback

Z* nextback

Z*=1 Z*>1Z*=1Z*>1Z*>1.nextback

ZeZ-1enextback

nextback

n l l nextback

R Z* R Z* Z :(2)nextback

Z*>1n*

n* n 4nextback

5nextback

P2S S2P D2P F3DnextbackSPDF l = 0123 n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4. =K, L, M, N, O

nextback

s pdf l n n l :

Na 3S 5893 8193 18459 2413 3S3P3D4FNa

2n n-1 n n

rnn

---- 1922

(Aage Niels Bohr)NobelNobel;

192140

The end

nextbackR

nextbackR

nextbackR

(1)1 2nextbackR

nextbackR

m m 1nextbackR

MRA=R=109737.31cm-11 nextbackR

=He 38 58 4 8

100W0.75m5%0.1nm2.25eV 2.25eV :

1.4.1rrPrP

degenerate

n=1n 1 n=2,

n=3,

Mp/Me=1/137

1 1

0.05 ~ 0.38 0.38 ~ 0.76 0.76 ~ 1000 1 mm ~ 10 m

*PlanckWeinRayleighJeans

*PlanckWeinRayleighJeans

(1858423-1947104)191820Gottlieb Jakob Planck17511833 Heinrich Ludwig Planck17851831Wilhelm Johann Julius Planck18171900Gottlieb Planck18241907 1858423Emma Patzig18211914)4HermannHildegardAdalbertOtto2HugoEmma1867MaximiliansgymnasiumOskar von Miller16 1878

Akademischer Gesangverein Munchen1876Philipp von Jolly180918841874187718781878101879218806

1885420001897Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energi'189718894189262001894Preu?ische Akademie der Wissenschaften19071926101 18873Marie Merck186119094Karl18881916

Emma18891919Grete18891917Erwin189319451909101719113Margarethe von H??lin1882194812Herrmann1914191719451234 187418771879

1879188018851900, 1918 1926194710891900h 190519131918h

191877194618641928-18961900101214=hh1906191819261930: h=6.6310^-34JS

6 h = 6.62619610^-34 Js6.62619610^-27ergs1erg=10^-7J h 19184

KAGGKAG0.5VKKGG0.5eVGAAG0.5eV* the mean free path of a particle dP= kT/(2Pd2)1/2[cm] = 510-3/P[Torr]P=10-10Torr500km 10cmMean free timetvt= /v1ps10^(-12)s (1868-1951)

, (Aage Niels Bohr)200998,87.Niels Henrik David Bohr188510719621118,1922),,, 1975. 1975AN

18851071913E 19221930 1920 194319451962111875 193756 1952(CERN)1955