教學媒體與教育應用教學媒體與教育應用發展歷史回顧發展歷史回顧

Feb, 2004

The Field of InstructionalThe Field of InstructionalDesign and TechnologyDesign and Technology

Analysis of learning and performance Analysis of learning and performance problem,problem,

Design,Design, Development,Development, Implementation,Implementation, Evaluation, andEvaluation, and Management of instructional or non-Management of instructional or non-

instructional resourcesinstructional resources In educational institutes or workplacesIn educational institutes or workplaces

歷史最悠久的「教學媒體」歷史最悠久的「教學媒體」 TeacherTeacher ChalkboardChalkboard TextbookTextbook 以上通常不被歸類為教學媒體以上通常不被歸類為教學媒體 Instructional (educational) mediInstructional (educational) medi

a often refer to other physical ma often refer to other physical meanseans

Media Historical TimelineMedia Historical Timeline

1840 Photography1840 Photography 1920 Radio Broadcast1920 Radio Broadcast 1936 Black-White TV1936 Black-White TV 1936 Color Film1936 Color Film 1953 Color TV1953 Color TV 1958 VCR1958 VCR 1989 Macintosh II with digital sound1989 Macintosh II with digital sound 1989 PC with Sound Blaster1989 PC with Sound Blaster … … Internet 1,500MB/sec …Internet 1,500MB/sec … ……

From Early 1900sFrom Early 1900s

School museumsSchool museums Visual and Audiovisual Visual and Audiovisual

instructionsinstructions Media use during World War IIMedia use during World War II Instructional televisionInstructional television ComputerComputer InternetInternet

School MuseumSchool Museum

First in St. Louis, 1905First in St. Louis, 1905 Exhibits, Stereographs (3-D photos)Exhibits, Stereographs (3-D photos) Slides, films, etc.Slides, films, etc. Not intended to supplant teacher or Not intended to supplant teacher or

textbooktextbook Supplementary curriculum materialsSupplementary curriculum materials

Visuals and AudiovisualsVisuals and Audiovisuals

Motion picture projectorsMotion picture projectors First instructional film in 1910First instructional film in 1910 With advance in radio, sound-With advance in radio, sound-

recording, sound motion picture, visual recording, sound motion picture, visual became audiovisual (1920s-1930s)became audiovisual (1920s-1930s)

Great commercial interests, but lost Great commercial interests, but lost $50 million due to Great Depression$50 million due to Great Depression

Audiovisual continued to evolveAudiovisual continued to evolve Dale (1946): Cone of experienceDale (1946): Cone of experience

During World War IIDuring World War II

Audiovisual movement slowed downAudiovisual movement slowed down But extensively used in militaryBut extensively used in military 1943-1945: 400 training films, 600 film 1943-1945: 400 training films, 600 film

strips produced for Army Air Forcestrips produced for Army Air Force Little time to collect hard data for Little time to collect hard data for

evaluation, but survey showed evaluation, but survey showed effectiveeffective

Amazed enemy (Germany)Amazed enemy (Germany)

Post World War IIPost World War II

Intensive research undertaken to Intensive research undertaken to identify principles of learning to identify principles of learning to facilitate designfacilitate design

Findings largely ignoredFindings largely ignored Media comparison studies usually Media comparison studies usually

showed students learned equally showed students learned equally regardless of means of presentationsregardless of means of presentations

Scholars argued studies should focus Scholars argued studies should focus on media attributes, examination on media attributes, examination effects, or instructional methodseffects, or instructional methods

Instructional TelevisionInstructional Television Tremendous growth in 1950sTremendous growth in 1950s Two factors:Two factors:

– 141 Channels set aside by FCC for public service141 Channels set aside by FCC for public service– $170 million sponsored by Ford Foundation$170 million sponsored by Ford Foundation

Interests abated in 1960, perhaps due to Interests abated in 1960, perhaps due to mediocre instructional qualitymediocre instructional quality

Instructional television was not widely Instructional television was not widely adopted by schools. Why?adopted by schools. Why?– Teachers’ resistanceTeachers’ resistance– Expense and maintenanceExpense and maintenance– Not adequate for various conditions for learningNot adequate for various conditions for learning

Computers: 1950-1995Computers: 1950-1995 Early CAI done in IBM in 1950sEarly CAI done in IBM in 1950s 1960s-1970s PLATO (Programmed Logic for 1960s-1970s PLATO (Programmed Logic for

Automatic-Teaching Operations) in IllinoisAutomatic-Teaching Operations) in Illinois By 1970, little impact found on educationBy 1970, little impact found on education In 1980s, wide spread interest for instructional In 1980s, wide spread interest for instructional

useuse– Less expensiveLess expensive– More functionsMore functions

By 1983, computers used for instruction in By 1983, computers used for instruction in more than 40% elementary, 75% secondary more than 40% elementary, 75% secondary schoolsschools

By mid-1990s, still small impact, few By mid-1990s, still small impact, few innovationsinnovations

Recent DevelopmentRecent Development

Rapid advance in computer & InternetRapid advance in computer & Internet A survey of 750 companies (1999): A survey of 750 companies (1999):

Training via technology from less than Training via technology from less than 6% in 1996 to more than 22% by 20006% in 1996 to more than 22% by 2000

Between 94-95 and 97-98 academic Between 94-95 and 97-98 academic years, enrollment of distance learning years, enrollment of distance learning doubleddoubled

Recent interest toward performance Recent interest toward performance supportsupport

歷史上的今天歷史上的今天 :: 教育科技教育科技 數位學習國家型科技計畫數位學習國家型科技計畫 (eLearnin(eLearnin

g), Taiwang), Taiwan– 20022002 起起 , 5, 5 年內投入年內投入 4040 億台幣億台幣– FY1999, FY1999, 擴大內需擴大內需 , 64, 64 億台幣億台幣

Visions 2020, USAVisions 2020, USA– Visioning exercise facilitated by Department of CVisioning exercise facilitated by Department of C

ommerceommerce– 14 Papers included14 Papers included

Survey of International InvestmenSurvey of International Investment in ET R&Dt in ET R&D– Published 2002, Funded by the Spencer FoundatiPublished 2002, Funded by the Spencer Foundati

onon– Around the world: FY1999, US$ 16 billion in educaAround the world: FY1999, US$ 16 billion in educa

tional technologytional technology

QuestionsQuestions問題與聯想問題與聯想

Have schools changed much? Have schools changed much? Practically due to technology.Practically due to technology.

What do we gain? What do we gain? With computers and With computers and networksnetworks..

Are we seeking revolution? Or simply Are we seeking revolution? Or simply technophile? technophile? There must be There must be something.something.