, 2012

2

. - . ISBN .......................... ............

3

.

................................................................................................ 3 ....................................................................................... 4 .................................................................................................... 5 I. ..................... 8

1.1. ........................................ 8 1.2.

..................... 32 1.3.

.................................................................... 37 II. ................................. 63 2.1. - .............................. 63 2.2. - .......................... 75 2.3. ................ 88 III.

........................................................................ 93

3.1. ........................................ 93 3.2.

........................................................... 104 3.3.

..................................................................... 121 .................................................................................... 150 ................................................................................................. 151

4

2011 . , , . * , , . . . , . . . .

, [49].

5

, - , , ( ), ( ) . [22]. . . . , . - , , . , , , , , [47] - [16 ], . , , - , .

6

, . . fit - , , R , E I . R . R . , , . 6316-81 . , :

- , - , - .

: - , -

7

-

cr , .

, . - , , , . Eurocodes. [25], [48], [49], [50], [4], [23], [52].

8

I.

1.1 .

. 64 . . . ., 1666 ., 1812 ., 1906 ., 1927 . ... , , . , 50000 , . - . , , . . . - )(tfi . , fi . , cQ , 1Q , , 2Q , 3Q -. 1. 321 QQQQc ++= (1)

9

. 1 fi , . 1903 , 1928 S. H. Ingberg. 1961 . ISO (ISO-834). 6316-81. : )18lg(.3450 += tfi , (2) 0 , 20 0, t . , )313,0687,01.(660 8,332,00

ttfi ee

= , (3) , , - - .

10

. ]675,0325,01.[1080 5,2167,00

ttfi ee

= . (4) , (2), . 2.

. 2

. , , . - , , . , 70 , [3]. , , , :

- , . , ,

11

- , . , (, , ),

- , , .

, , ., . 3,68 3,38 m 3,13 m. 11,5 cm 16 cm, 3,38 m 17,5 cm, . , . , - . -

tAHA , (5)

A H , tA . . 3 . 4 )(tfi 31 , 1.

, , . . , 1, . , , .

12

1.

[kg/m2]

%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

30 15 30 60 15 30 60 15 30 60

10 25 25 25 40 40 40 60 60 60

.

11 12 13

15 30 30

25 25 40

1 m2 .

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

30 15 20 30 30 30 40 60 15 20 25 30 40 60 15 20 30 60

10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60

,

.

13

. 3

14

.4

15

, . 2 2 , [Mcal] [MJ] t (1 Mcal = 4,18 MJ).

2.

tAHA /. =

= 0,1 m1/2,

t []

q [MJ/m2]

6,3

q [MJ/m2]

12,6

q [MJ/m2]

31,4

q [MJ/m2]

47,1

q [MJ/m2]

62,8

q [MJ/m2]

94,2

q [MJ/m2]

126

0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0.25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8

272 395 228 196 150 98 97 94 91 88 82 79 75 69 61 54 46 45 43 42 41 40 39 38

272 395 390 368 313 257 241 218 193 167 157 150 144 131 118 104 89 74 71 68 65 63 61 59

272 395 390 401 410 421 429 437 441 412 370 355 314 302 283 263 242 218 209 199 190 180 170 160

272 328 360 406 405 415 425 434 442 449 463 460 451 426 399 367 344 331 315 299 282 263 244 237

272 328 360 406 405 415 425 434 442 449 463 470 476 488 468 456 439 421 400 376 366 353 340 326

272 328 360 406 405 415 425 434 442 449 463 470 476 488 500 511 521 531 524 524 522 515 506 496

272 328 360 406 405 415 425 434 442 449 463 470 476 488 500 511 521 531 541 550 559 567 559 562

16

1,9 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,2 5,4 5,6 6,0

37 36 35 34 33 32 32

58 56 53 51 49 47 46 44 43 42 41 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34

150 139 117 103 97 92 87 83 80 77 75 72 70 68 66 65 63 62 60 59 57

230 223 210 197 185 172 159 146 132 118 109 104 100 96 93 90 87 85 82 80 77

311 296 263 249 235 221 207 194 181 168 154 140 125 119 114 110 106 103 100 97 92

485 473 448 422 393 361 327 301 286 273 261 249 238 227 216 205 194 184 173 162 140

561 560 552 542 529 514 497 480 461 441 419 396 371 345 323 307 292 277 262 247 216

2.

tAHA /. =

= 0,4 m1/2,

t []

q [MJ/m2]

25

q [MJ/m2]

50

q [MJ/m2]

75

q [MJ/m2]

126

q [MJ/m2]

251

q [MJ/m2]

377

q [MJ/m2]

502

0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0.25 0,3 0,35

504 745 422 360 268 164 162

504 745 747 696 587 472 437

504 745 747 767 784 734 665

504 745 747 767 784 799 814

504 621 681 777 776 793 808

504 621 681 777 776 793 808

504 621 681 777 776 793 808

17

0,4 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,4 6,0

155 148 142 128 120 114 100 86 71 54 51 49 46 45 43 41 40 39 38 36 35 33 32 31

389 337 281 259 246 232 204 178 149 118 85 82 77 74 70 68 65 62 60 56 52 50 47 45 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33

593 513 481 397 352 307 285 260 235 208 183 156 128 98 94 89 85 82 79 73 69 64 61 57 55 52 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 40 38 36

828 841 779 682 626 565 527 483 437 388 337 316 296 276 255 235 214 194 174 131 104 96 90 84 80 76 72 69 66 64 61 59 57 55 52 48

822 836 848 874 882 894 912 862 827 787 740 688 632 602 571 540 507 474 440 369 339 311 286 261 236 211 187 163 137 110 104 99 94 90 83 75

822 836 848 874 882 894 912 928 942 955 967 942 931 919 895 870 843 813 781 718 655 587 516 442 388 362 338 316 296 277 258 240 221 204 168 111

822 836 848 874 882 894 912 928 942 955 967 977 987 996

1004 981 973 963 953 923 890 853 813 769 727 682 635 587 537 485 431 388 360 332 255 203

18

3300 kcal/kg = 13790 kJ/kg. , . 3 . 3.

MJ

340 250 170

1200 90

( 1m )

1 m

1500 840 170 600 330 840 250 70

1200 2800 100 150 840

m2 m2 m2

1100 1600 480 160

1600 2500 1000 84 50 10

19

700 1300 2000 1000 850 + 300

, . 4.

4.

MJ/m2

,

, ,

835 835 165 210 1670 335 420 4150

0 835 4150 6270 1250 625 2920 5015 2090 3340

10450420 3340 2500 3340

20

85 3340 1670 3340 330 165 2500

1880010450835 2090 165 1045 1840 1750

0 4180 1670 3340 835 1670 210 835

0 0

.

420 85

335 540 335 335 625 85

335 835 835 1340 585

21

. . . .

.

.

. . . .

.

85 835 500 5850 40 40

335 4180 290 500 165 1000 335 210 335 1000 420 165 250 165 500 250 1670 835 3350 8360 500 335 335 680 210 420 250 250 85

22

-

420 670 335 335 335 1670 40

335 250 335 165 1045 250 165 80 80

210 335 335 420 250 420 165 250 1250 750 335

0 585 670 40

80 920 585 165 290

23

. Eurocodes dfq ,

nqqkfdf qq ... 21,, = [MJ/m2], (6)

: kfq ,

[MJ/m2], 1q - ,

, 2q - ,

,

=

= ni

nin1 - ,

i (, , , ...). 5, 6 7. 5.

fA [m2]

1q

25 250

2500 5000

10000

1,1 1,50 1,90 2,00 2,13

24

6.

2q

0,78 1,00 1,22 1,44 1,66

, , , , ,

,

7.

.

- - -

.-

.-

. -

1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 0,61 0,7 1,0 0,87 0,83 0,87

- -

.

6n 7n 8n 9n 10n 0,61 0,78 0,9 -1,5 1,0- 1,5 1,0-1,5

urocodes :

in

iiuikkfi HMQ ..

1,,, == , (7)

: ikM , [kg], iuH , [MJ/kg], i - , . -

25

= 1,0. , = 0.

kfq ,

A

Qq kfikf

,, = . (7a)

: uuHH uu .025,0).01,01.(0, = [MJ/kg], (8) u , % , 0uH - .

, )(tfi , fimax (2). - . , (1). - [6].

, [1],[2], , , [6] , . -, [6] )(t = )(tfi - 0 : 02

15,27323 = ccc , (9)

26

2

02/3 ..2..585,0

)1.()(..09167,0

=

cg

mQtc

.

: - , < 1,

)(t - , [1],

Q - ,

m - [15] , - , g , c - , ,

g - , 0 - .

[13] [14]. (. 5):

gefffi QkQ =. , (10) fiQ [J/s], effk - [-], gQ - [J/s].

27

. 5

t :

ufufufi HmRttQ ..).()( max,= (11)

)(tfu t , [-], fuRmax, [kg/s],

= .max,max, crfu RR . (12)

: crRmax, -

[kg/s] ,

- crRmax,

F

fu

AA

( / )

crT

kT

pp

,

, ( / ),

m - [-],

28

uH - [MJ/kg].

fuRmax, 0,25 F

fu

AA

1,0,

crfu RkR max,max, .= . (13)

k

F

fu

AA

.

)(tR fu crRmax, )(tfu . == ...09167,0.).(.).()( 5,0max, wwfucrfufu hAktRkttR , (14)

wA , wh . : ucrfufi HmRkttQ ....).()( max, = (15)

effk

0,25 F

fu

AA

1,0.

:

)(.])..[()2.(..32

05,0

05,05,1

2 = ggggwwg cghbQ , (16)

[-] , wb - [m],

29

2wh - , [m], g - [m/s2], 0 - [kg/m3], g - [kg/m3], gc - [J/(kg.0C)], g - [0C], 0 - [0C]. :

)(.])..[()2.(.

32

...09167,0.).(.

05,0

05,05,1

=

=

ggggw

ufueff

cgk

Hmktk (17)

wk w

whh 2 .

(17), )(tg , , g . - FCF ( Fuel Controlled Fire), .

F

fu

AA

crT

kT

pp

,

, ,

. 6. Eurocodes (2),

(3) (4), e , 500 m2 4 m. , . (18).

30

. 6

),.472,0.204,0.324,01.(132520

*** 197,12,0 tttg eee

+= (18)

g ( fig = ) [0C],

= .* tt [h] , t - [h],

2

2

)1160.04,0(

= b

O

,

..cb = , 100 b 2200, - [kg/m3], c - [J/kg.0C], O - teqv AhAO /.= 0,02 O 0,20 [m1/2], vA - [m

2],

31

eqh - , [m2], tA - (, , , [m2]). , . fL 5/2.0148,0.02,1 QDL f += [m], (19)

D e [m], Q [W].

( fL < H ) )(z :

+= 3/50 ).(.25,020)( zzQz c 900 [0C]. (20)

cQ

cQ

[W], cQ = Q.8,0 , z , [m], H - [m] , 0z :

5/20 .00524,0.02,1 QDz += . (21)

urocodes . , , . .

.

32

: , , , , .

.

, .

500 0 0,8. H . Eurocodes :

- reqfidfi tt ,, , - tdfitdfi ER ,,,, - dcrd , .

[4], [7], [8], [66].

1.2. , . . . , , .

. , . . [47]. .

33

. ew - - , ec - - , VII - I - . 8 , . 7 . 8 . - [47] t , . . . . , . Eurocodes .

.

34

ew , ec , VII I 0 .

8.

ew ec VII I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

33 30 30 34 36 33 32 33 33 33 32 35 34 31 30 34 33 33 35 36 34 33 27 32 33 33 33 34 32 33

-17-13-14-19-19-23-17-16-15-16-19-21-20-20-19-20-20-19-19-20-18-14-18-18-18-18-16-21-17-17

25 25 25 25 25 26 24 24 24 26 25 26 25 25 23 27 26 25 27 27 26 26 20 23 26 25 26 26 24 26

-5 -3 -4 -7 -9 -9 -7 -6 -5 -4 -6 -9 -9 -5 -7 -8 -5 -8 -8 -8 -8 -4 -5 -7 -5 -7 -5 -6 -7 -4

35

ew

. 7

ec

. 7

36

VII

. 8

I

. 8

37

1.3.

, . , . .

, , , , . . , [10].

- -. :

extextn

n

i

ik RRR

ddddR ++=+++++++= int22

1

1

int

1........1

(22)

kR -

[(m2.0C)/W], id , ni ,1= - i , [m],

i , ni ,1= - [W/(m.0C)], , ,

int - [W/ (m2.0C)], ext - [(W /m2.0C)],

38

intR - [ m2.0C /W],

R - [m2.0C /W], extR - [m

2.0C /W].

kRk 1= , [W/(m2.0C)], .

. 9

9

. 10

[9] :

, , kR . .

39

9.

-

.

-

.

( ).

-

, -

-

int

1

0,13 0,17 0,13 0,17 0,17

ext1 0,04 0,17 0,08 0,04 0,0

10.

[kg/m3]

[W/(m0C)]

2800 3,49 2400 2,04 2400 1,45

1500 0,58 800 0,26

1600 0,87

1600 0,70

1800 0,79

1400

0,52

2450 2,57 200 0,045 600 0,15

40

k . maxk 11. 11.

, ,

,

-

maxk [W/(m2.0C)]

0,50 0,30 0,50

: bd 2 cm , . : bd :

04,087,002,0

52,070,002,013,0

5,011

max++++=== bk dkR ,

bd = 0,9248 m.

, , - , , 25 cm , 5 cm .

41

, , , . [47] . w c , w c . :

cww 1 = (23) wcc 1 = , w1 c1 ,

w1 IVII .2,0.8,0 += (24) c1 IVII .8,0.2,0 += , w c . , w c , 12. ew ec , 1.2, iw

ic - - , 1 , 2 3 - 13, 5 6 - . :

1max4 ....05,0 kkS = (25) )1.(...05,0 1max5 kkS = ,

42

, 14, maxS - , 320 W/m2 , k - 15, 1k - 16. 12.

-

-

-

-

-

4

1

++= eww

5 =w

1.5,0

= ecc

0=c

4

1

+++= eww

5 =w -

2.5,0).(6,0

+

+=icec

icc

3.5,0).(8,0

= icecc

42

).(6,0

++++

+=iwew

iww

53

).(8,0

++

+= iweww

2.5,0).(6,0

+

+=icec

icc

3.5,0).(8,0

= icecc

-

-

eww = 0=w

ecc = 0=c

eww = 0=w

icc = 0=c

iww = 0=w

icc = 0=c

43

13.

1 0 2 0 3 0

,, : 15 cm

15 40 cm

8

8 6

6

6 4

4

4 6

14.

-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

() , ,

,

0,50 0,45 0,80 0,90 0,50

0,50

0,65

0,90 0,70 0,35 0,75 0,30 0,60 0,80 0,45 0,60

44

15.

k

,

: -

- -

1,0

1,0 0,9 0,7

16.

1k

,, :

- 15 cm - 15 40 cm

- 40 cm

0,7

0,6 0,4 0,3

- 1,1. - . . . , , , .

45

, . , . . [21]: - 3,20 m, - 3,0 6,0 m 6,0 m, - 2,0 2,5 m - 1,0 1,0 m . [3]. :

) - , Fire protect for metal [54],

) , [55]

) , [56], [63] (. 10).

. 10

46

. 11 , .

.11

. 12 , .

. 12

. 13 40 kg/m2 25 %. fi -

47

ISO. . 14, . 15 . 16 . - , . - . , . - .

.13

48

. 14

. 15

49

. 16

(Fourier) . :

dzdq = , (26)

:

).(zy

q +

= . (27)

50

q [J/(m2.s)] e , , , [W/(m.0C)] , [0C] , z y z , . . (26) . z

zq

= (28) h . ,

t A : AtqQ ..= = At

z...

(29) h , . 17, : ).(.. ' iiVcU = , (30) c [J/(kg.0C)], - [kg/m3], V - [m3], ' - tt + , - t .

. 17

51

[9] , 17: 17.

[W/(m.0C) [kg/m3] c [J/(kg.0C)]

42 2 1,68 1,10 0,46 0,3 0,15 0,04 0,25 0,27

7800 2650 2200 2100 1450 800 600 160 660 650

530 975 975 1000 1300 735 2300 1150 2700 3000

i :

).(.. ',1,1 iiiiii VcQQ =+ + , (31) hz = :

)]21.(.[ 11' ++= + FoFo iiii . (32)

2.h

taFo = [-],

.c

a = e [m2/s].

21=Fo ,

i tt + t .

)(21

11' + += iii , (33)

52

. . . , h

21=Fo .

aht.2

2= .

. , .

t . . tt = .2 . . . , .

. 41=Fo

tt + t :

).(41

4321'0 +++= , (34)

a

xt.4

2= (.18).

53

. 18

, )(tfi , [29] [30]. 70 [3]. , , , , - t . x , y . iA ix iy t

0)()),()()).(,()((

)(),,(

=t

tyttxtttyx

fi

fififiii (34

),

54

=

=

= n

ii

n

iiii

A

Atyxt

1

1).,,(

)(

.

. Eurocodes . : , 500 0 . . . 19 d = 20 cm, . 20 30 30 cm 30 60 min , . 21 500 0 30 30 cm. 500 0 , .

. 19

55

. 20

. 21

ta, t :

thVA

c dnm

aata = ....

1,, , (35)

56

ac - [J/(kg.0C], a - , 7850 kg/m3,

VAm 10

[m-1], mA -

[m2], V - [m3],

dnh , - res = 0,5,

t - , t 5 s.

rrnccndn hhh .. ,,, += , (36)

).( mgcch = [W/m2] , (37)

g = fi [0C],

m - [0C], .

20)20.(00065,0)20.(2,0 2 ++= ggm ,

c - ,

c = const = 9 [W/(m2.0C)]. () rh [W/m

2] :

))273()273.((. 44 ++= mgBresrh , (38)

57

B = 5,67.10-8 [W/(m2.0C4)]

, mfres .= , f = 0,8

[-], m - [-], cn, rn,

.

.))()(.(..

)()(c

ttKtttt fipr

+=+ , (35)

pr , ,

, K = VAm [m-1] e

1 m .

urocodes . , , . . . , . 22.

58

. 22

: ) u , ) z My , ) y Mz , ) E . , . u 0 0 = u . (39)

M . p . , . 9, . in out . 0

59

. Eurocodes, , 0 = 10 0.

in 18. 18.

in

1 2

,

1 =20 0 2 =25 0. out

19. 19. out

3max + 4max + 5max +

min

,

3 = 0 0, 4 = 2 0, 5 = 4 0 3 = 18 0, 4 = 30 0, 5 = 42 0 .

Eurocodes out . 20.

60

20.

out

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m

6 7 8 9

,

: 6 = 8 0, 7 = 5 0, 8 = -5 0, 9 = -3 0. EN 1991-1-5:2005 in out : 1 = 20 0C, 2 = 25 0C, 3 = 0 0C, 4 = 2 0C, 5 = 4 0C , 3 = 18 0C, 4 = 30 0C, 5 = 42 0C , 6 = 8 0C, 7 = 5 0C, 8 = -5 0C , 9 = -3 0C. , , . 8 max = 32 0 min = -18 0. Eurocodes , . . 23 :

61

. 23

:

21.

hh .3,01 = , 0,15 m,

hh .3,02 = , 0,1 m 0,25 m, hh .3,03 = , 0,10 m + . :

22.

h [m] 1 [0C] 2 [0C] 3 [0C] 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

8,5 12,0 13,0 13,0

3,5 3,0 3,0 3,0

0,5 1,5 2,0 2,5

h [m] 1 [0C] 2 [0C] 3 [0C] 4 [0C] 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,5

-2,0 -4,5 -6,5 -7,6 -8,0 -8,4

-0,5 -1,4 -1,8 -1,7 -1,5 -0,5

-0,5 -1,0 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -1,0

-1,5 -3,5 -5,0 -6,0 -6,3 -6,5

62

hhh .20,041 == , 1h 0,25 m,

hhh .25,032 == , 2h 0,20 m. , [53], [64], [65], [67]

63

II.

, , - , . , , . - . , . , , . 2.1. - ( , , ), , , , ... , . , , , , . 24. , . , .

64

)

)

. 24

, - - . , . 25, [3]. 2, 3, 7 28 .

. 25

65

. . . , , . . . - - (. 26).

. 26

. , . . , . CI , , . , , CI , . , .

66

. . 27 .

. 27

- , . . 28 , [3]. . 29 . .

. 28

67

. 29

. 30 (1) (2), [24]. ) , ) , ) ) .

. 30

68

. 31. , 1) , 2) , 3) 4) .

. 31

. , , . , , . , . , .

69

. 32 , [24]. ) , ) , , ) , , ) - , , ) 110 0 ) - . .

. 32

70

. 33 , , [3]. , , 2 5 .

. 33

. 34

71

[24]. 1) , 2) , 3) 4) .

. 34

,

. . , 0

)(

)(

0

0

c

cE

E = )( 0 c , (40)

0 = 20 0. = 0 . [2] :

2,115)

100.(8,24)

100(

2,115)(24 ++

= c , (41)

a [24] :

2

..5,0.1)( 10 +=c , (42)

72

0 = 2,50.10-3 [ 0-1] 1 = 3,26.10-6 [0-2] , 0 = 1,85.10-3 [0-1] 1 = 2,0.10-6 [0-2] 20. () () 23. 23.

[0C] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 c (41) 1,0 0,8170 0,50 0,2747 0,150 0,0847 0,050c (42) 1,0 0,7613 0,5452 0,3517 0,1808 0,0325 0.003

. 35 [kcal/(m.h.0C)] , . . .

. 35

73

urocodes . 36 .

. 36

- 24, cf , ,cf . 24.

)( ,1c

))(2.(

..33

,1,1

,

cc

cf

+

,1c < ,1cu .

74

- 25. 25. - -

kc

c

ff

,

, ,1c ,1cu kc

c

ff

,

, ,1c ,1cu

[0] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 1100 1200

1,00 1,00 0,95 0,85 0,75 0,60 0,45 0,30 0,15 0,08 0,04 0,01 0,00

0,00250,00400,00550,00700,01000,01500,02500,02500,02500,02500,02500,0250

-

0,02000,02250,02500,02750,03000,03250,03500,03750,04000,04250,04500,0475

-

1,001,000,970,910,850,740,600,430,270,150,060,020,00

0,0025 0,0040 0,0055 0,0070 0,0100 0,0150 0,0250 0,0250 0,0250 0,0250 0,0250 0,0250

-

0.02000,02250,02500,02750,03000,03250,03500,03750,04000,04250,04500,0475

-

. , , , . tcktctck fkf ,,, .)( = . (43)

- )(, tck :

75

)(, tck = 1,0 200 1000, )(, tck = 500

1000,1 1000 < 6000. . 37.

. 37

2.2. -

. , . , . , 300 0 . . 400 0 , . 450 600 0

76

. , . [3], [24]. . 38 () 1 2 (N) 3 4. . 39 = 0,2 % ( ) () 1 (N) 2.

. 29 uR , yR ,

) A-I, ) A-II, ) A-III, ) A-IV ) A-VI. ) )

. 38

77

. 39

. 40 (1) (2) ) A-I, ) A-III, ) A-IV ) A-VI. , , , . A-I 400 0, A-III 460 0. . . 41 - -37,

78

. , , .

. 40 ,

79

. 40 ,

. 41

. 42 .

80

, .

. 42

. 43 . :

. 43

81

. . 44 . 45 , .

. 44

, .

. 1) AI, 2) AII, 3) AIV, 4) AVI, 5) V, 6) VI 7) II.

82

. 45

)().()( 00 EE E = , (44)

[3] , . 44:

1100ln.2000

1)(

+=E . (45)

15 E : . 26.

0 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 E 1,0 0,9919 0,9791 0,9413 0,8845 0,8023 0,6829 0,5051

83

[14] )( E , , 27 : 27.

0 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 E . 3 A-I

A-III A-IV A-V Bp-I

1,0

1,0

0,96

0,92

0,88

0,83

0,78

0,73

E A-V A-VI

1,0

1,0

0,98

0,96

0,92

0,85

0,71

0,40

E A-VI

1,0

1,0

0,96

0,90

0,80

0,68

0.55

0,28

[3] :

)().()( 00 ySy ff = , (46)

0 600 0

1750ln.900

1

+=S , (47)

600 < 1000 0C

240

.34,0340

= S . (48)

84

S

20 0 28: . 28.

0 0,0 50,0 100 200 300 400 S 1,0 0,9844 0,9612 0,8975 0,8110 0,6989

0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 S 0,5565 0,3775 0,2212 0,1214 0,0515 0,0

- urocodes . 46:

. 46

: - ,sE , - ,spf - ,syf .

85

- 29. 29.

)(

)(sE ,sp

,, sysp

,, stsy

,, sust

,su=

,. sE ,sE

5,02,

2

,

))(.(

++

sy

sp

aab

cf 5,02

,2

,

))(.(

).(

sy

sy

aa

b

,syf 0

,,

,,, .

stsu

stsysy ff

- 0,00 -

,

,,

s

spsp E

f= , 02,0, = sy 15,0, = st 20,0, = su

05,0, = st 10,0, = su )).((

,,,,,

2

sspsyspsy E

ca += , 2

,,,2 )..( cEcb sspsy += ,

).(2).()(

,,,,,

2,,

spsysspsyspsy

ffEff

c = .

-

30.

86

30.

-

- [0C]

yk

sy

ff ,

-

-

yk

sy

ff ,

-

yk

sp

ff ,

-

yk

sp

ff ,

-

s

s

EE ,

-

s

s

EE ,

-

20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,78 0,47 0,23 0,11 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,00

1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,94 0,67 0,40 0,12 0,11 0,08 0,05 0,03 0,00

1,00 1,00 0,81 0,61 0,42 0,36 0,18 0,07 0,05 0,04 0,02 0,01 0,00

1,00 0,96 0,92 0,81 0,63 0,44 0,26 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,02 0,00

1,00 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,31 0,13 0,09 0,07 0,04 0,02 0,00

1,00 1,00 0,87 0,72 0,56 0,40 0,24 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,02 0,00

Eurocodes

2 50 0/min -, . 47.

: -

200

y

yy f

fk

,, = ,

- 20 0

y

pp f

fk

,, =

87

- -

20 0 a

aE E

Ek ,, = .

. 47

31. )(

)(sE ,p

,, yp

,, ty

,, ut

,u=

,. sE )(sE .

5,02,

2

,

))(.(

++

y

p

aab

cf 5,0)2),(

2.(

),.(

yaa

yb

,yf 0

)(yf -

,,

,, .

tu

tyf

-

0,00 -

,

,,

a

pp E

f= , 02,0, = y 15,0, =t 20,0, =u

88

)).(( ,

,,,,2

apypy E

ca += , 2

,,,2 )..( cEcb apy += ,

).(2).()(

,,,,,

2,,

pyapypy

ffEff

c = .

- 32. 32.

a [0C] ,yk ,pk ,Ek

20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 1100 1200

1,001,001,001,001,000.780,470.230.110,060,040,020,00

1,000 1,000 0,807 0,613 0,420 0,360 0,180 0,075 0,050 0,03750,02500,01250,0000

1,000 1,000 0,900 0,800 0,700 0,600 0,310 0,130 0,090 0,06750,04500,02250,0000

2.3.

89

, . . , , . ( ) , , , %w , . e [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)] - [11]. 33 . . 33.

[kg/m3] [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)] %w

2220 2400 2220 2350 2330 2250

1,42- /910 1,20- /1830 1,40- /910

1,20- /4000 1,20- /3335 1,35- /2860

0,74+ /1590 0,71+ /1190 0,75+ /1540 0,70+ /1175 0,72+ /500 1,35+ /2630

- 3 5

- -

1,2 2,52,5

34 .

90

34.

[kg/m3] [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)] %w

2190 2250 2190 2250 2250 2250

1,25- /1030 1,15- /1830 1,25- /1040 1,14- /1820 1,14- /2130 1,14- /1820

0,77+ /1615 0,71+ /1190 0,75+ /1560 0,71+ /1175 0,72+ /500 0,71+ /1205

- 1,4 - -

1,3 2,53

35 .

35.

[kg/m3] [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)] %w

-

500 600 800 950

1090 1090

0,095+ /47600,128+ /55550,178+ /66650,23+ /6665 0,29+ /880

0,30+ /9090

1,46+ /2040 1,42+ /2175 0,35+ /2630 1,20+ /3225 0,84+ /1695 0,85+ /1665

- - - - - -

36 . 36. [kg/m3] [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)] %w

-

1030 1380 950

1250 1380 1235 1275 1530 750

1600 900

1380

0,256+ /133300,385+ /1235 0,23+ /7690

0,40+ /20000 0,38+ /12500 0,174+ /200000,174+/ 142850,36+ /5000 0,18+ /1250 0,36+ /8330 0,23+ /7520

0,385+ /12345

0,83+ /2565 0,92+ /1590 0,85+ /1725 0,85+ /2630 0,85+ /2175 0,84+ /9090 0,84+ /9090 0,84+ /9090 0,92+ /2085 0,83+ /2380 0,84+ /1725 0,92+ /1590

- - - - -

2,5 3,9

4,4 4,76 5 -

91

37 . 37.

[kg/m3] [W/(m.0C)] c [kJ/(kg.0C)]

7850

65- /5265 58- /25 65- /20

0,44+ /2085 0,47+ /4760+ /2.106

0,44+ /160

. , . [6]. (26) (27), . t (1.3)

)]21.(.[ 11' ++= + FoFo iiii , (49)

i , 1i 1+i i , 1i 1+i t , 'i i tt + . x , Fo

22 ).(.).()(

xta

xt

cFo

==

. (50)

).(

)(c

a = . , , , 'i .

92

, , :

2).(. xtakFo

= ,

2.)(

xt

kaFo

c = , (51)

k > 1 ( ck < 1) , . )(. k )(. ckc . k ck . , [20], [58], [61].

93

III.

3.1. , , , . . , . . . , . . , . ,

94

)(z . :

zx .21 += , (52)

- - :

))(..()).(( 1,2111 zzfz tx += , ,

))(..()).(( 2,2122 zzfz tx += , ,

))(..()).(( 3,2133 zzfz tx += ,

))(..()).(( 4,2144 zzfz tx += , . )( i , it, . )( ix f= .

,0N 0Q 0M , .

. 48

95

x - )(xN ,

)(xQ )(xM . :

dAzzfzdAxN jtj A

jjA

xj

)).(.()).((.)( ,24

11 +== =

(53)

dAzzzfzdAzxM jtj A

jjA

xj

.)).(.()).((..)( ,24

11 +== =

x - )(1 x )(2 x .

(. 48)

==x

z dxxxu0

101 ).()( (54)

, sh

dAhxxxux

shz s ).).()(()(0

212 +== (55)

===x

sdxx

hxuxu

dxdwx

02

21 ).()()()( , (56)

=x

dxxxw0

).()( . (57)

,

96

l , , , :

dxxuul

l ).(0

10 +=

dxxl

l )).(( 20 += (58)

+=l

l dxxww0

0 ).( . 48. , , , .

,0N 0Q 0M . , :

dNNN += 0)1(0 dQQQ += 010 (59)

dMMM += 010 ,

:

0...000

=+

++ dM

Mu

dQQu

dNNu

u llll ,

0...000

=+

++ dM

MdQ

QdN

Nlll

l , (60)

0...000

=+

++ dM

Mw

dQQw

dNN

w llll

.

.

97

, . , . [5],[46],[57]:

1. )0(0N , )0(

0Q

)0(0M )(xq l . 2. n

nlx = .

,ix ni ,1= )( ixN , )( ixQ )( ixM , ).(xq .

3. m

mhz s= ,kb mk ,1= .

kz . .

4. i , ni ,1= )0(,1 i )0(,2 i

zbz

zfzdAxN

kkjt

kiijkj

m

kj

Axi

+=

= =.)).(

.()).((.)(

,

)0(,2

)0(,1

2

1 1

(61)

zbzz

zfzdAzxM

kkkjt

kiijkj

m

kj

Axi

+=

= =..)).(

.()).((..)(

,

)0(,2

)0(,1

2

1 1

, ,

98

A . , , 1A , 2A , 3A 4A , AAAAA =+++ 4321 .

zbz

zfzdAxN

kkjt

kiijkj

m

kj

Axi

+=

= =.)).(

.()).((.)(

,

)1(,2

)1(,1

4

1 1

(62)

zbzz

zfzdAzxM

kkkjt

kiijkj

m

kj

Axi

+=

= =..)).(

.()).((..)(

,

)1(,2

)1(,1

4

1 1

.

i

2

,11

,1,1

li

lil

i +=

2,2

1,2

,2

li

lil

i +=

, (63)

l . , l i,1 1,1+l i , l i,2 1,2+l i - , = 0,1%. . , i,1 i,2 , ni ,1= , n . 5.

xuun

iil += = .1 ,10 ,

).(1

,20 xn

iil += = (64)

xwwn

iil += = .10 , xii = .,2 .

99

6. lu , l lw . , 0N , 0Q 0M N , Q M , . . , , . . , . , , , . l = 6 m, q = 60 kN/m. b x h = 25 x 50 cm E = 2750 kN/cm2.

1250.25 3=yI = 260417 cm4 . -

maxM = 86.60 2 = 270

kN.m,

260417.2750600.6,0.

3845 4

max =w = 1,4138 cm.

.

100

Shell . , . 49 6, 12 24 2 .

Mmax , 38. 38.

maxw [cm] % 6

12 24 2

1,382 1,406 1,411

2,249 0,552 0,198

2% , - . 25 25 cm. , ( ), . 50. maxw = 5,531 cm, 4 - . , , - , 8 - .

96.

12

)2

.( 33

21hb

hbII yy === ,

48.

96..2

33 hbhbI y == , 4 - yI , EI - . . 51 ( Shell ), . Mmax = 270 kN.m, maxw = 1,420 cm, 0,438 %. - , -

101

, . , . - , - , , . . Eurocodes . 500, , - 500 0 , 500 0 , . . , , . , , . . . , . , . . , . , . ,

102

. . :

trcreepth +++= , (65) , , th , creep - , tr - . , , . . R :

fid

fid

RE

,

, 1, (66)

fidE , , fidR , () . Eurocodes . t ,

1,,

, tdfi

dfi

RE

. (67)

103

dfiE , , tdfiR ,, t . tdfiR ,, t , . , , . . , , :

5,0)235.(85,0yf

= , (68) yf 20

0, 0,85 . , . . . , , , .

104

. - . cr , . cr 39. 39.

. [54].

3.2.

, . 52. 10,8 22,4 m, 2,8 m. , , , , 15 40 cm, . 8 : ew = 320 , ew = -180 , VII = 230 I = -70 , ,

105

:

IVIIw .2,0.8,01 += = 0,8.23 + 0,2.(-7) = 170 IVIIc .8,0.2,01 += = 0,2.23 + 0,8.(-7) = -10 .

1 = 60 , 2 = 40 , 3 = 60 , = 0,6, maxS = 320 W/m2, 1k = 0,4, k = = 1,0 , , k = 0,9 , k = 0,7 , .

4 = 1max ....05,0 kkS = 0,05. 0,6. 320. 1 . 0,4 = 3,840 C ,

4 = 1max ....05,0 kkS = 0,05. 0,6 . 320. 0,9. 0,4 = 3,3,460 C ,

4 = 1max ....05,0 kkS = 0,05. 0,6 . 320 . 0,7 . 0,4 = 2,690 C .

106

. 49

107

. 50

108

. 51

109

. 52

110

5 = )1.(...05,0 1max kkS = 0,05. 0,6. 320. 1 .(1- 0,4) = 5,760 C ,

5 = )1.(...05,0 1max kkS = 0,05.0,6.320.0,9.(1- 0,4) = 5,19 0C ,

5 = )1.(...05,0 1max kkS = 0,05.0,6.320.0,7.(1- 0,4) = 4,030 C . ic = 200,

2.5,0).(6,0 += icecicc = 20 + 0,6.(-18-20)-0,5.4 = -4,80 C,

wcc 1 = = -4,8 17 = -21,80 C.

3.5,0).(8,0 = icecc = 0,8.(-8 20) -0,5.6 = -33,40C.

41 ++= eww = 32 + 6 + 3,84 = 41,840 C ,

41 ++= eww = 32 + 6 + 3,46 = 41,460 C ,

41 ++= eww = 32 + 6 + 2,69 = 40,690 C .

eww = = 320 C.

:

cww 1 = = 41,84 (-1) = 42,840 C , cww 1 = = 41,46 (-1) = 42,40 C , cww 1 = = 40,69 (-1) = 41,690 C , cww 1 = = 32 (-1) = 33,00 C .

111

: w = 5 = 5,760 , w = 5 = 5,190 ,

w = 5 = 4,030 , w = 5 = 00 . , . 52, [47] : [g] , [p] , [s] , [z] IX , [ sum ] , [ win ] .

:

[comb1] = 1,2[g] + 1,3[p] + 1,4[s],

[comb2] = 1,0[g] + 1,0[p] + 1,0[0,8.s] + 1,0[z], [comb3] = 1,2[g] + 1,3[p] + 1,1[ sum ], [comb3] = 1,2[g] + 1,3[p] + 1,4[s] + 1,1[ win ]. 2 ( 25 40 cm) 40, . III-1 ( 25 40 cm) 41. .

112

. 53

40.

I II III IV Comb1

N [kN] M [kNm]

-310,1817,27

-238,2717,48

-148,86 17,58

-76,55 21,43

Comb2

N [kN] M [kNm]

-307,7941,24

-227,7525,62

-149,03 27,93

-70,42 27,04

Comb3

N [kN] My [kNm] Mz [kNm]

-357,6644,25 12,02

-274,3412,72 4,70

-186,09 33,90 1,17

-91,40 33,01 0,81

Comb4

N [kN] My [kNm] Mz [kNm]

-299,0746,97 4,67

-218,0635,66 1,29

-141,10 38,08 1,94

-67,52 31,79 0,66

113

41.

I II III IV Comb1

N [kN] M [kNm]

0,28 9,82

0,23 9,23

0,21 9,06

-0,36 9,56

Comb2

N [kN] M [kNm

5,87 25,25

19,84 25,31

29,74 25,12

34,07 25,10

Comb3

N [kN] My [kNm Mz [kNm]

-162,6210,55 5,05

-158,0110,30 2,82

-176,26 9,69 3,10

-187,61 9,45 2,92

Comb4

N [kN] My [kNm Mz [kNm]

376,45 10,76 18,34

411,68 9,06 18,87

410,40 9,13 19,32

379,12 8,96 18,88

, , - , . , - , . , 400 kN. [34] 21,8 0 - , 3 0 -, . , 3. . 44,8 m 10,80 m. . 54.

114

. 54

, - , . III-1 [Comb3] 207 kN (), [Comb4] 475 kN (). , , . British Standart 5400 , . 55. , . a [44] e a . . .

115

l = 20 m, pq + = 26,36 kN/m.

. 55

.

z.21 += ,

z . . 56, :

.1ac = .12 b+ 1c+ 40

116

, :

)(... )(21)( zz itit +== . )()( ct

it = )(st

.

. 56

: cf - , yf - , cE - , sE - ,

10001

)()(1

==c

cE

E,

1100ln.2000

1)(

)(2

+==s

sE

E,

1)(

)(3 ==c

cf

f 250 0,

117

1750ln.900

1)(

)(4

+==y

y

ff

,

20

1031

.3).(..3).(.8

.4 cc Efa = cEb =1 , 01 =c ,

20

10

3

2.9

).(.9

).(.40

.16

c

c Ef

a

= ,

0

202

0

3

2 .316

..27.3

).(.4

.4

af

b

c = ,

202202 ..2..3 bac = , 0220230232 ...).( cbafd c = .

:

0..1

, =+= =An

iissc AdAN , (69)

yA

n

iisissc MzAdAzM =+= =1 ,, .... .

A , isA , i - , iaz , . yM . yMmax , .

3.1. . 57 ,

118

14 32 mm 1 = 200, 2 = 100,

3 = 100, 4 = = 200 554321hhhhhh ===== .

, , 3,66 % 5,6 %.

. 57

[36] [45]. [26] . . . . 58. xA , yA AM .

119

. 58

)(... )(21)( zz stst +== , - -

.).(2 ss E= 2 , , . 61.

. 61

123

[3], E - yf :

. 62

)...().( 212 += tsx zE x < yf).(4 , yx f).(4 = x yf).(4 .

))1100/ln(.2000/(1)(2 += , ))1750/ln(.900/(1)(4 += .

1 2 , t , sE , yf . , ,

=+

+==

21

11

0).(.]).().(.

.).(.).(.[.

42

2221

Ay

At

AAs

Ax

dAfdAz

dAzdAEdAN

,

max42

22221

21

11

.).(.]).(.).(.

.).(..).(.[..

MdAzfdAzz

dAzdAzEdAzM

Ay

At

AAs

Ax

=+

+==

.

124

A , 1A , , 2A

, AAA =+ 21 . 3.1.

: I 27 8239-72, l = 6 m, q = 5,2 kN/m :

) tfi pt = 0,1

) pt = 0,15 . (-) fi 1 20 . (-) . maxM . 63 . 63. .

[39] R . .

, , , , ,

125

dp [MJ/m2].

.

. 63

. g [0C] t [s] [6]:

0..2.. 002

03 =

CCC ,

0 = g [0C], 0 - [0C], - [K-1],

126

0C - , . [2] . 64:

..)(

)( 00 += x

HH

x gg

. 64

:

ddq .= ,

q ,

dxdddV ... = , - , - .

() n

127

nHx = ,

m mRR = .

,.ixxi =

ni ,0= . R , .

. 65

sn isA , ),1( sni , .

. 66 - )( :

xxxc CBA ... 23 ++= 0 < x 0,

20

320

3 ).(.2).(

cc fEA = ,

0

3

0

3 ).(.2).(3

cc EfB == ,

cEC ).(3 = ,

cc f).(3 = xu < 0 , 0=c ux 0x

128

xss E .).(2 = x < yf).(4 , =s yf).(4 x yf).(4 ,

2103 ..1)( = BB ,

0B = 2,5 . 10-4 [1/0C],

2B = 1,63 . 10-6 [1/0C2]

))1100/ln(2000/(1)(2 += , ))1750/ln(900/(1)(4 +=

, cf , yf , sE - , cE - .

. 66

,

-, 1 2 :

)(

21, .c

tcx z += )(

21, .s

tsx z += .

129

)(ct )(st . :

FAAdAdANpns

jjsjsjs

ens

jjs

cpAc

ceAc =+++= ==

,

1,,,

,

1,

,,.... .

)..().(

.......,

1,,,,

,

1,,

,,

ewFxHR

AzAzdAzdAzM

B

pns

jjsjsjsjs

ens

jjsjs

cpAc

ceAc

==+++=

==

ceA, x , , cpA, , ens, , , pns, , e x ,w x , BR .

. 67

, BR 0)( =Hw 3.1. , ,

130

. , , , . , , . , , H = 3,60 m, R = 9 cm,

cf = 1,1 kN/cm2, cE = 2500 kN/cm

2, 612 . I yf = 24 kN/cm

2 sE = 2.104 kN/cm2, n=12, = 150.

pt = 0,5 . . 56 .

e

crFF= , eF

, ( Gala e= 0,02 m eF = 172 kN),

crF , e

150H .

. 68

131

[28] e 3.1 , . 69.

. 69

, , , . 7,40 5,40 m . 70.

. 70

132

, , . [3]. . 71 .

. 71

. 42, ,

133

, .

42.

,

[m]

,[cm]

0,5 [h]

1,0 [h]

1,5 [h]

2,0 [h]

3,0 [h]

1,5 340 0C 540 0C 640 0C 700 0C 785 0C 3,0 225 0C 405 0C 520 0C 590 0C 680 0C 4,5 100 0C 270 0C 400 0C 475 0C 570 0C

9 7,5 20 0C 140 0C 230 0C 300 0C 400 0C12 10,5 0 50 0C 120 0C 180 0C 270 0C15 13,5 0 20 0C 50 0C 100 0C 180 0C

0,5 , , . . 1023 56285 , 332214 . 26 cm, AIII N12/15 cm, . , , . 5 kN/m2, 21 (, 0,5 ). , , , . , , .

134

[3]:

0

)(E

E =2,115)100/.(8,24)100/(

2,11524 ++ ,

0E , . - , , 20. . 72 43. , , , . . .

. 72

135

43.

25588 25593 25598 25948 25953 w [cm] .

0,902 0,911

0,884 0,904

0,872 0,884

1,12 1,51

1,19 2,56

Nx [kN/m] .

7,33 -1012,2

59,86 -332,8

32,48 -1160,1

-31,01 -633,8

-18,71 -915,0

Mx [kNm/m] .

-45,79 -29,64

-12,06 -51,04

-41,11 -31,13

-10,60 -76,73

16,74 -128,7

Ny [kN/m] .

3,03 -883,8

-44,53 -339,05

7,72 -982,6

-24,22 -622,7

-19,70 -502,7

My [kNm/m] .

-94,28 -121,59

-60,74 -210,75

-83,10 -150,8

16,95 -71,42

10,52 -90,49

25958 26219 26224 26229

w [cm] .

1,02 1,41

1,12 1,13

1,41 2,06

0,967 0,972

Nx [kN/m] .

-17,36-621,4

-47,06 -1060,8

-43,39-251,8

-45,01 -1162,3

Mx [kNm/m] .

-10,3 -75,75

-152,8 -156,7

33,05 34,27

-187,0 -195,5

Ny [kN/m] .

-21,18-744,6

-19,99 -1083,9

-19,64-356,4

-17,77 -1190,9

My [kNm/m] .

17,82 -88,76

-52,64 -93,39

9,33 -55,45

-94,7 -97,65

.

1. - . .

136

2. . .

3. . .

4. . , ; . . .

5. , , . , , [29], [30], [31], [37], [40], [59], [60], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80] ... Eurocodes (. 2), - . e . 73.

, . : ,

137

. ,

. 73

. z , .

RdplfiRdfi NN ,,, .= (72)

RdplfiN ,, , c 6.3.1 [17] .

, , a , s c

RdplfiN ,, = === ++n

i sfiM

ssl

k cfiM

cycm

j afiM

aya fAfAfA

1 ,,

,,

1 ,,

,,

1 ,,

,, ...

(73)

138

,aA , ,cA ,sA , .

,1

sec,,,,,1

,,,1

,, ......)( sn

isscc

l

kcaa

m

iaefffi IEIEIEEI === ++=

(74) ,aI , ,cI ,sI , ,a , ,c ,s , , sec,,cE , ,cf

,cu (. 36 ). :

2,

2

,).(

l

EIN effficrfi = (75)

l , EN 1994-1-1 [18]. ,Ll =

,.7,0 Ll = ,.5,0 Ll = L . :

crfi

Rplfi

NN

,

,,= , (76)

RplfiN ,, RdplfiN ,, (73) afiM ,, , sfiM ,, cfiM ,, 1,0.

139

. 74

. 74 , . . 75.

. 75

.

:

VAk mtttf .,0, += ,

:

140

t ,

VAm [m-1], ).(2 bhAm += [m], bhV .= [m2],

t,0 e [0C] t , . 30, 60, 90 120 . R30, R60, R90 R120. t,0 44,

tk , 44. 44.

t,0[0C]

tk [m0C]

R30 550 9,65 R60 680 9,55 R90 805 6,15 R120 900 4,65

tf , :

faEtfa EkE ,,,, .= , fayytfay fkf ,,,, .= .

,Ek ,yk 32. z :

afiM

tfiayffRdplfi

febN

,,

,,,,,

...2 =

141

6.

.)(3

,,,,be

EEI ftfiaztfi = . fiwh , .

).16.011).(.2.(5,0, hHehh tffiw = ,

tH 45. 45.

tH [mm]

R30 350 R60 770 R90 1100R120 1250

hHff twaytway 16,01.,,, = .

z :

afim

twayfiwfwwRdplfi

fheheN

,,

,,,,,,

)..2.2.(=

12)..2.2.(

)(3

,,,,

wfiwfwazwfi

ehehEEI

= .

142

ficb , (. 75), 46. VAm

[m-1]. 46.

tc, 47 ,

VAm .

47.

R30 R60 R90 R120

VAm c

[m-1] [0C]

VAm c

[m-1] [0C]VAm c

[m-1] [0C]VAm c [m-1] [0C]

4 136 23 300 46 400

4 214 9 300 21 400 50 600

4 256 6 300 13 400 33 600 54 800

4 265 5 300 9 400 23 600 38 800 41 900 43 1000

ficb , [mm]

R30 4,0 R60 15,0 R90 0,5. 5,22+

VAm

R120 2,0. 0,24+VAm

143

,

,

,

,sec,,

.

cu

cc

cu

cc

fkfE == .

,ck ,cu tc, = 25. z :

,,,,,

,,, .).2).(.2.2(

.86,0 ccfim

sficwficfcRdplfi f

AbebbehN

= ,

0,86 ,

}.12

).2).(.2.2(.

).).2.{()(

,

33,,

33,sec,,,,

zswficficf

wficczcfi

Iebbbeh

ebbEEI

=

urocodes tyk , tEk , e 21.uuu = 1u

2u (. 75). )( 21 uu > 10 mm )10.( 22 += uuu ,

)( 12 uu > 10 mm )10.( 11 += uuu . tyk , 48, tEk , - 49.

144

48. u [mm]

40 45 50 55 60

R30 R60 R90 R120

1 0,7890,3140,170

1 0,8830,4340,223

1 0,9760,5720,288

1 1

0,696 0,367

1 1

0,822 0,436

49.

u [mm]

40 45 50 55 60

R30 R60 R90 R120

0,8300,6040,1930,110

0,8650,6470,2830,128

0,8880,6890,4060,173

0,914 0,729 0,522 0,233

0,935 0,763 0,619 0,285

:

sfiM

sytyssRdplfi

fkAN

,,

,,,,

..= ,

zsstEzsfi IEkEI ,,,, ..)( = .

=RdplfiN ,, fRdplfiN ,,, + wRdplfiN ,,, + cRdplfiN ,,, + sRdplfiN ,,, ,

zfiEI ,)( = zffif EI ,,, ).( + zwfiw EI ,,, ).( + zcfic EI ,,, ).( + zsfis EI ,,, ).(+ .

145

- (73) (74) , .

,i 50. 50.

,f ,w ,c ,s R30 R60 R90 R120

1,0 0,9 0,8 1,0

1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8

1,0 0,9 0,8 1,0

, , (72). , . Eurocodes [19] , l zRdfiN ,, . . . 76 60 , . 2. R60, S355, 40/50, 4 16 S500. 1u = 60 mm 2u = 60 mm. 1 14 , 51.

146

. 76

147

51.

n,

1 240 420 2 280 425 3 320 425 4 360 820 5 400 820 6 450 820 7 500 1220 8 550 1220 9 600 1220

10 650 1620 11 700 1620 12 800 2020 13 900 2020 14 1000 1625

urocodes . [17] . 76, , , . - . , . , . - , . . . -

148

, - - .

- . , . , . :

1. , . , . , . , .

2. . . . .

3. .

4. . .

149

.

5. .

150

- . , . - , . , , , .

151

:

1. . . ., , , , 1988 . 2. . . ., , , 1982 . 3. ., . , , , 1985 . 4. 6316-81. . . . 5. . ., , , , 1987 .

6. ., , , 1990, (). 7. ., , VII , . 300 305, , 1994 . 8. ., , III , , 12 14 1994 . 9. ., , , 2000 . 10. ., , , , , 2002 . 11. . , . , , 60- . , 18-19 1998 ., . 12. ., . , , , , 1999 . 13. ., . ,

152

, - , XLII, VII, , , , 2006 . 14. ., . , , - , XLII, VII, , , , , 2006 . 15. . ., , I, , 1967 . 16. , 1, , , , 2010 . 17. 3, EN 1993-1-1. 18. 4, - EN 1994-1-1. 19., 8, , , , 2010 . 20. . ., , , . 15 16, 10, 1981 .

21. - ., , , 1979 . 22. ., . , (), , 1992 . 23. ., , , , 1983 . 24. . ., , , 1986 . 25. ., . , . , 2 88, , 1996 . 26. ., , , . 7-8, 1993 . 27. ., . . , 50 , , 6 8 1999 .

153

28. ., Mall Ovcha Coupel, , 44, . , 2010-2011 .

29. ., . , , , XXXIII, . V, 1987-1988 .

30. ., . , , , XXXIII, . V, 1987-1988 . 31. ., . , , , . 6, 1988 . 32. ., . , , VI , , 26-30.I.1989 . 33. ., . , , , . 1, 1991 . 34. ., . , , , . 3, 1991

35. ., . , , , . 3, 1992 .

36. ., . , , 94, 160 , 22-23.I.1994 . 37. ., . , , 70 , , 7-9.VI.1995 ., . II, . 193-198 .

154

38. ., . , , , , 16-17.I.1995 . 39. ., . , , , , 3-5 1996 . 40. ., ,., , - , , , 1998 . 41. ., . , , , 29-31 2002 . 42. ., . , , . , IV, . 6, 1991/92 .

43. ., . , , , . 11-12, 1993 .

44. ., . , , , . 4, 1990 . 45. ., . , , , V, . 5, 1989/1990 . 46. . , , , , 1982 .

47. 3 21 2004 . . 48. 88 ( 1988 .)

155

49. . , , , , 2008 . 50. , , , , , 1, , , 2006 . 51. , , , , 1 1955 ., 2 1957 ., 3 1959 . 52. ., ., , , , 1985 . 53. . ., ., , , 1977 . 54. ., (), , 2011 . 55. . . ., , , , 1989 . 56. ., , , , , , 1985 . 57. ., , , , 1983 . 58. . ., . . , . . , , , . 3, , 1975 . 59. Baddoo N., B. Burgan, A Fire Engineering Approach To The Design Of Stainless Steel Structural Systems, www.euro-inox.org/pdf/map , 2008. 60. Barnett C., G. Clifton, Examples Of Fire Engineering For Steel Members Using A Standard Curve Versus A New Parametric Curve, www.civil.canterburry.ac.nz, 2002 61. Cajka R., P. Nateckova, Concrete Structure Fire Resistance Study Of Humidity Influence , www.integer.it, 2001.

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