. ( ), 1983. : . : . (1999-2000). ***** . , .***** : Philos( ) + Sophia( ) = , Socrates: < > < > . : , , : , , : . ?1 1 2 3 4 5 : , . ?2 1 : , . 2 : ( ) . 3 : , , . . 4 : . 5 : , , , 3

, . , , . , , . : ? . . (Apollo: , , , , , - ) , . (Dionysus. , Bacchus ) , . ?3 1 2 3 4 , , H.O.T 5 ( ), ( ) : , ? ?4 1 2 , , 3 4 , 5 ? ,

. .

: . . ? ?5 1 . 2 , . 3 . 4 . 5 ). 4 ). 2 5 ). 34

). 2 2 ). 11

!

1

: ?6 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . : . ?7 1 . 2 . . 3 , . 4 . 5 , , , , .

(Thales, B.C. 624-548) . [] . - , , - , , , . (Anaximandros, B.C.610-545) (arch) . : , (to aperion) . , . (Anaximenes, B.C.585-528) , . [ ] . . .

. , , 1979, p.11 : - ( ) , , . : ( )- . ( ) . : , . . : . : . , . : .

(Herakletos, B.C.544-484) . [ ] [ ] . ( ) . :

Pythagoras, B.C. 582-500 : ( ) . , . (Catharsis) . , , , . , ( ) , ( ) . 3 .

6 7

). 2 ). 4

!

2

( ) , . / - - . - ( ) . , , . - : . - , . , . The elements of number, and thus of the world, were the even, representing the unlimited, and the odd, representing limit. A table of ten pairs of basic opposites within the world was drawn up, in which odd, male, straight, good, at rest, etc., came under limit, their contraries under unlimited. The Pythagorean cosmogony may have developed a little later: an initial unit drew in the unlimited, in the form of the void, and somehow divided into other units separated by the unlimited. These unit-point-atoms then grew into lines, planes and solids. At the center of the universe lies fire: the stars, of which the earth is one, each produce a sound according to the speed of their revolution, and these make up a harmony of the spheres inaudible by men. (J.O.Urmson & Jonathan Ree ed., Western Philosophy and Philosophers, 1995, p.269)

. .

1.2.2. (Parmenides, B.C.540-470) ( ) ( ) (Heraclitus) . ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( ) , . . , ( ) (S.P. Lamprecht , 32 ). , . . . ( )

.

: [ ] , ( ) . , , (logos) . - , . - ( ) : , . (Zenon, B.C. 490-430), (Melissos) . . : ?8 1 , , 2 , , 3 , , 8

1.2.1. (p.18) 25 . - . - ( Homeros, Hesiodos) . - [ , , , . , ] . - ( ) . ,

). 1 3

!

4 5

, , , , ,

: . ?9 1 2 3 4 5

(Anaxagoras, B.C.500-428) 4 , [ ( )(spermata)] . , [ (nous)] . (Leukippos, B.C. 420 ) (atoma) . . - . - : . . . (Demokritos, B.C. 460-370) , , . - : ( ) . . - : . - (p.28): (harmonia) (symmetria) , . [ , ] .( .p.28) * : . ? ? ? . ?12 1 2 3 4 5 12

: ? ? ? , ? ( ) ?10 1 2 3 4 5 : ?11 1 2 3 4 5

[ ] . [ ] . (B.C.495-435)(p.23-24) -4 . , , , . - : , , 2:2:4 [ ] , 4 [ ] [ ] . . - 4 [ ] [ ] . - ( )- - . ). 1 ). 3 11 ). 59 10

). 1 4

!

: . ( ) . 13 ? 1 2 3 4 5 : ?14 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 ( ) . 5 . : [ , ] . . ?15 1 2 3 4 5 : . . . , . . , . , , , . . ? 16

3 4 5

: ?18 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .

(P.29)

B.C. 5 . ( ) . , , (nomos: , .) . . (Sophists) . . ! . . , . . . . . : 1 2 3 4 5 ?19

1 2 3 4 5

: ?17 1 (number, ) 2 ). 3 ). 2 15 ). 4 16 ). 4 17 ). 113 14

18 19

). 3 ). 3 5

!

: ?20 1 2 3 4 5 : . ?21 1 , , 2 (God) 3 4 5 : ? 1 , 2 3 4 (God) 5 : ?23 1 2 3 4 5 22

Thrasymachos, Kallikles, Antiphon (physis) .

2.1.2. (p.31) . Socrates, B.C. 469-399. , . , ( ) . , , , , , , , [ ?] (definition) , , () . . , [ ( ) , ]( , , 8 ) . , . . (Arete) , , ( ) . . . . : [ ] . ?24 1 . 24

2.1. 2.1.1. , Abdera (Protagoras, B.C. 481-411). ! . . . . (rhetorike) . . . (Gorgias) . ). 4 ). 5 22 ). 1 23 ). 320 21

). 2 6

!

2

3 4 5

. . ! ? , , .

3 4 5

.

. .

2.2.2. : . . , . , ( ) . . : , , . . . , . ( ) . [Gorgias] , . [Phaidon] , . , . , . [Politeia] . . : . ( ) , , . (justice) . , , , 4 (4 ) . , . 7

2.2. : . (unwritten teaching) (symposium) . 2.2.1. (p.33) , (idea, eidos, ) . . (doxa) , (episteme) , , [ ] ( ) ( ) . : . . . Akademeia [ ] , . : . ( ) , . : 1 2 25

?25 . .

). 1

!

:

?26

2.2.3. 28 . . Sparta . ( ) . . ( ) . , [ ] 1 , , . . . . . ( ) . ( ) . . . , , ( ) . , . , 10 . - . 20 - 26

. 30 - 5 . . 35 5 15 . 50 - . . -25~45 , 24~40 . . . : . ?27 1 2 3 4 5

2.2.4. . : (chora, ) . . ( ) . , . (Demiourgos) . . , . [ ] (chronos) . . - , - , , , , , . : , . ( 27

). 3

). 4 8

!

) . ?28 1 ( ) . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .

: . (syllogism). . ( ) . , , ( -nous) . : . . , , .

(P.41)Aristotle(B.C.384-322): Stageira ( ) . 18 20 ( ) . : 400 1000 . : , , : . ( ) : / = / . . . , . ( ) ( ) . ( -eidos) , ( ) ( ) ( ) . , , , , .

: ( )

, 1 . (Sophia) . ( ) (prote philosophia) . . ( ) , , , ( ) ( ) . : , . , ( ) . ( ) ( ) . 9

: , , . - , , 1 ( ). . .

28

). 4

!

[ ] . , . . , (ousia) [ ](tode ti) . , . , . ( ? ) , , , 4 . ) , . . . . , 4 . . , . (dynamis) , (energeia) . (entelecheia) . . ) . . . , . (prime mover) , , , , (nous) , ( ) . [ ], , . . ( ) ( ) , . .

. , . , . . , (entelecheia) . , ( ) . . , , .

, [ ] . (phronesis) . , . (mesonts) . . , . , , . . ( ) . ( ) . !- . : ?29 1 2 3 29

). 5 10

!

. 4 . 5 ( ) ( ) . : . . . ? ?30 1 . . 2 . . 3 . 4 , , . . 5 . . : ?31 1 . 2 . 3 , . 4 . 5 . . : . ?32 1 . . 2 . ( ) . 3 . 4 . 5 . : , ( ) . ?33 1 . ). 2 ). 1 32 ). 2 33 ). 130 31

2

3

4

5

. . . (Protagoras) [ ] , . . . . . . . .

: . ?34 1 . 2 , , . . 3 , . . . . 4 , . 5 . .

-

(P.51)

(B.C. 322) ( ) (Rome) (A.D.476) 800 . . .34

). 5 11

!

Polis , . . . ( Hellas Greece ), . . (B.C.322-A.D.1 ) ( ) ( ) (B.C.1 -A.D.5 ) .

. [ ](adiaphora) . (apatheia) . . (sophos) , ( ) (phaulos) . : ?35 1 2 3 4 5 : ?36 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . : ?37 1 . 2 . 3 , . 4 . 5 . .

3.1. 3.1.1. (Zenon, B.C. 336-264) . Kleanthes, Chrysippos . Seneca, Epiktetos, Marcus Aurelius . , , . . , ( ) , , (logos) (p.53). (Materialistic pantheism) . . . (logos). - ( ) . [ ] . , ( ) . , . ( , , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 35 36

3.1.2.

(p.54)

Epikouros(B.C. 341-270) , Lucretius, B.C.95-55) , . , , . . ( ) ( ). ( ) , . .

). 4 ). 4 37 ). 3 12

!

. . . . . . . , . . . (logos) , , . , , . , , . . , . . ( discernment) . . (ataraxia) . ( ) . : ?38 1 ( ) . 2 . 3 . 4 , . 5 .

. . , . (epoche, suspension of judgment) (ataraxia) (apatheia) . [~ ] .

3.2. . , . . , , . . Alexandria (Philon) (Plotinos). 3.2.1. (Philon) (B.C.20-A.D.40) . (God). God , . . (Jehovah) . , . (God) . [ , , 2 , ] (logos) .

3.1.3. (Pyrrhon, B.C. 365-275) , .38

). 4 ! 13

( ) , . ( ) . . . . . (ekstasis-ecstasy) .

, [ ( )] [ ( )] . 3 ( ) . 4 (nous), , . . 5 . (ecstasy) .

3.2.2. (p. 57) . . . [ ( )] [ ( )] . ( ) ( ) . , .- ( ). , , ( ) . (nous, ( )) , ( ) (idea) . , , . . . . . . (ecstasy). : ?39 1 . 2 39

(p.59)

. . (Philon) Plotinos, , . , , . . . , . (Jesus Christ) , [ ( ) ] [ ] . . , . (logos) ( ) . , , . . , , . 14

). 3

!

(p. 60) ( God-Mensch) . . , . ( ) . . . (doubt) . . ( ) . , . . ( ) . : ( ) , (German) (Scholar) . : ?40 1 . 2 (logos) ( ) , . 3 , . 4 . 5 .

(Paul) , . (religion) ( ) . , . (Gnosis) . (gnosis) . . , . (Clemens) (Origenes) . . ( ) ( ) . . ( ) ( ) . , , . . [ ( )] . , . , . . 41 (p.64) . . (Tertullianus) . . . 41

4.1. (p.62)4.1.1. , , ( ) (logos) . ( ) .

40

). 2

. . 15

!

. . . . .

( ) . , . , ( ) . . , . [ ( )] . , ( ) . . (God) , . ( ) .

4.1.2. (Augustinus) . ( ) , 22 [ ( )] . . ( ) . , . . . ( ) . . . . Augustine . . . . . , . ( ) . . . ( ) . . , [ ] . .

4.2. Scholar (Eriugena 810-877) . . [ , ] . , , . , (Anselmus 1033-1109) . . ( ) . . .

4.2.1. . 16

!

. Catholic ( ) . . [ ( )] ( ) . . ( trinitarianism), , . [ ] . . (Roscellinus, 1050-1120_ . , (the parts) (the wholes) , . ( ) . ( ) . , , (Nominalism) ( ) . . . (Bernard) . . Abelardus(1079-1142) . ( ) . . , [ ]

[ ] , .

4.2.2. Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274) [ ] 50 ( ) . . [ ] . [ ] [ ] . ( ) . . . . ( ) ( ) , . (p.70) . ( ) ( ) . . , . , . . , . , . ( ) . 17

!

(Duns Scotus, 1274-1308) . ( ) ( ) , , . ( ) ( ) . ( ) . (Willam Occam, 1280-1349) . ( ) , . , ( ) . , ( ) , . , , ( ) . . (Meister Eckart, 1260 -1372) , . ( ) , . : ?42 1 2 3 4 5 : ?43 1 . 2 ( ) . 3 ( ) ( ) .42 43

4 5

. .

. (p.73) , . , ( ) ( ) . . (Constantinople) . ( ) , (Renaissance, ( )) . (Martin Luther, 1483-1546) , , ( ) . , . ( ) . , ( ), . . ( ) , . , (monad) ) . , ( ) ( ) , ( ) 1, 2 . 1, 2 , [ ] . ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) . , . [ , ] 18

). 5 ). 3

!

( ) , ( ) . ( ) ? , ( ) ( ) . ( ) ( ) , ( ) , , , , ( ) .

. , , , , . 14 . , , . 14 , . . , , . ( ), ( ), ( ) . . , , . . , , . , , . (Macrocosmos) (Microcosmos) , , . . , . . . , , .

( ) , ( ) . , ( ) . , ( ) . . . , , ( ) .

5.1 ( ) ( )-(p.75) . . ( ) 13 ( -renascita) . ( ) renascita Renaissance . (Leonardo da Vinci), Raphael, Michelangelo , A. Dante, F. Petrarca, G. Boccaccio . , .

!

19

Humanist( ) divina , humaniora , humanist . humaniora , humanist . 14 . 1430 . (G.G. Plethon) (B. Bessarion) . , , M. Fichino , G. Pico della Mirandolla . . , , . . , . , , . p. 78 , , , . . 1517 10 31 ( ) ( ) (Martin Luther, 1483-1546) 95 . ( ) , ( -biblicism) . ( ) ? ( ) ?

. ( ) . , , , . , .

5.2. (p.79) N. Machiavelli(1469-1527) ( principe) . . . . . , . , [ , ?] [ ?] . ( ) . . , . [ ( ) , ]. ( ) . Machiavellism .

(T. Moore, 1480-1535)

[ Utopia] . , , , , .

(J. Bodin 1530-1596), 20

!

.

2

, . . 6.1. . (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650) , , . , ? . , ? . . (Cogito ergo sum) . ( ) ( ) , (doubt) . , 1 . : (res cogitans) [ ] ( ) ( ) . ( ): , , ( ) ( ) ( -innate idea) : , , . : , , 3 (substantia) . . (cogitatio) , , (modus) . . 6.2. -92 21

( ) ( ) . . , (God) . (H. Grotius, 1583-1645) J. Althusius, , A. Gentili . . . , . . . .

(p.82) (G. Bruno, 1548-1600) 15 , . (B. Telesio, 1508-1588) . , . , . . ( ) ( ) . , . (monade), . . . . . .

( )-89 . .

!

20 . , 3 . . , , . . ( ) ( ) . 2 , . . ( )causa immanens) . , , . ( ) ( )-pantheism , . : , , . . . , . . , . [ , , ] . ( ) . . , . . (Gottifried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-1716)-96 .

. : . . . . [ ], [ ]. ( ) (monade) , . . . [ ] . .

( )-102 . . . . , . (empiricism) . ( ) . .

7.1. (F. Bacon 1561-1626)-103 : . . 2,500 . ( ) [ (organon)- ( )] [ (Novum Oragnum, 1620) . 22

!

. . . . 3 . . . . ( ) . . ? . ( ), ( ) . : (idol) . . (idola tribus)- , . . , ( ) . . . ( ) , ( ) . (idola specus)- . . . , ( ) , , , , . . . (idola fori)- . . , , . ( ) . . . (idola theatri)-

. . . , , . . , , . . : ( ) . (induction) . -106 : . ( ) . ( ) . . . . Knowledge is power , . . . .

(Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679)He thought, like Bacon, that knowledge meant power, and hoped to cure the ills of a society on the verge of civil by sketching a rational reconstruction of society like a geometers figure. For Hobbes used the social contract theory to demonstrate the necessity of an absolute sovereign by consent, not by Divine Right. So his doctrine could be used to justify any government, provided that it governed first of all that of Cromwell and later that of Charles .

7.2. (J. Rocke, 1632-1704) 107 . . [ (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690)] . : 23

!

, . (theory of knowledge) . ( ): . , , . . , . . . . [ (tabula rasa, ( ))] . : ? . . ( ( )) (sensation) (reflection) . , .

. . . . (subjective idealism) (spiritualism) .

(D. Hume, 1711-1776) . ( ) ( ): (impression) (idea) . [ ]. . ] ( ) . [ . .

( ) , . . . : ( ) . ( ) . , (laws of association of ideas) (resemblance), ( ) (contiguity in time and space) (cause and effect) . . , [ ] [ ] . . . (probability) . . . 24

(110 )G. Berkeley(1685-1753) 18 . [ (An Essay towards a new Theory of Vision, 1709)] . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . . 113 - , , , . . . . . ? , , (bundle of ideas) . .

!

( )

. (Form) (Stoff) . . ( a prior) . ( ) (a posteriori) . . . ( , Form) , . : , , ?3

( ) . , . .

-119 . . . . , . . . ( ) . . ( ) . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . . ( ) . (2001-05-02 )8.1.

( ) ( ) . . , , ( ) ( ) . (Vorstellung) , (Sinnlichkeit) . . , . . , ( ) . ? . ( , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )) . , . ( , 122 ) 25

120

(Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804) , .

( ):

[ (Kritik der reinen Vernunft)] . . .

!

. ( ) . . . . ( ) . . . , [ ] [ ] . . , ( ) ( ) . . . . ( , Verstand) . [ , ] . [ ] . : [ ] ?44 1 . . 2 [ ] . 3 . 4 [ ] . 5 . (123 ): [ ] , . [ ] [ ] . [ ] [ ] . , 44

( ) . ( ) (Kategorie) . ( ) ( ) , ( ) . , . ( ) , ( , Ding an sich) . ( ) . ( ) ( ) . , . , [ ( ), Kopernikanische Wendung] . , . ( ) . ( ) . . . (124 ) , , . . . [ ] . [ ] [ ] . ( ) , . (125 ) , [ ] , ( ) ( ) 26

). 5

!

. ( , traszendental) . , . ( ) . : ?45 1 . . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 , , [ ] [ ] .

1 ? , . [ ] . [ ] . . 2 , [ ( ) ( ) ] . . 3 . . . . , , .

8.2. . , . . , ( ) . .

(Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1775-1854) (128 ) ( das Absolute) . , (Indifferenz) . (absolute Identitt) (Vernunft) . [ ( )] . ? ? . . (129 ) : . . , . , . ( ) . , . , , . , . , A , B A=B . A=+B (+ ) . +A=B . ! 27

(Johan Gottlieb Fichte,1762-1814) (126 ) [ ] . [ ( ) ] . . ( ) . . , ( ) . , . , .45

). 4

. A ( ) . . A ( ) ( ) . . A ( ) ( ) . . . , . . . .

. . [ (Enzyklopdie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse)] , . 1. , 2. , 3. . . . . ( ) . . . ( ) . . 3 . 3 ( , an sich), ( , fr sich) (an und fr sich) . , , (Negation der Negation) . 1, 2 . , ( ) . ( ), ( ), ( ) . [ 1 . ( -Schein) . 2 , ] . . . , . 3 ( ) -aufheben . , , . , (Idee) . , . [ , ]. , .

: ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( ) . ( ) . . , . ( ) . . .

(130 )

[ ] , , [ ] . , . , ( ) . (Georg Willelm Friedrich 17701831) . [ ( )] .

: , , . (schlechte Unendlichkeit) (wahrhafte Unendlichkeit) . , .

: ! 28

: ?46 1 . 2 , , . 3 . 4 . 5 . : ?47 1 (God) 2 ( ) 3 4 , 5

. ( ) . ( ) . . . ( ) ( ) .

:

. 136

19 . ( ) (G. Cantor 18451918) . , , ( ) . .

: ( ) ( ) . ( ) . . . (Gestalt) . . . . . ( , field) . . . ( ) . (J. Freud 1856-1939) , (libido) . ( ) . . : (C. Darwin 1809-1882) ( ) ( ) . 19 20 . ! 29

9.1. . . .

: 19 . . ( ). . . , ( ) . .

. . ( ) 46 47

). 2 ). 3

. . . , ( ) .

. ( ), ( ), ( )- . 3. . , ( ) ( ) . (J.G. von Herder, 1744-1803) (J.G. Haman, 1730-1788) . (L.A. Feuerbach, 1804-1872) . (Schopenhauer) (F.W. Nietzsche) . . . . 19 20 . (W. Dilthey) (H. Bergson) . : (1788-1860) . [ ](1818) ( ) ( ) . : . ( ) . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . , , ( ) . : . . . . . : ? ( ) ( ) ( ) 30

: Idealism realism . ideal real . real ideal . real ? , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) . 2 . ( ) 2 . ( ) ( ) . ( ) ( ) . : ?48 , , . , . . . .

(140 ) 9.2. ( ) : (Leben) . , , , . , , . [ ] . [ ] , . . 2. , . . , , .48

, ,

). 1

!

. (Wille zum Leben) . , . . . . , . . ( ) . ( ) . . ( ) . .

. 1850 . 17 19 . [ ] . . . , .

: : . (Struktur) . (Strukturzusammenhang) . : ( ) (Entwicklung) . [ ] . [ . .] : . . . . (Erworner Zusammenhang) . . .

( ): . ( ) . ( ) . . . ( ) . . . . : . ? , . . , (idea) . . . . ( ) . : ? 3 , . (God) . . . .

: ? [ (das Leben aus ihm selber verstehen) ] . . (Erlebnis) . . . .

(144 ) : (W.Dithey, 18331911) .

: . ( ) . 31

!

(Verstehen)

.

, , . [ ] . . . . [ ] (Auslegung Interpretation) . , , ( ) . . (Hermeneutik) . .

(H. Bergson, 1859-1941) . . . . ( ) .

: [ ] [ ] . ( -anlytic) ( -intuitive) . ( ) , ( ) . ( , intellect) . , ( ) . ( , intuition) [ (unique ), (sympathie) . . Homo faber( ( ) . , ( concept) . . . , . . Homosapiens( ) . . : ?49 , . ( ) . .49

: [ ] . . . , , . , , , , . . , . : ? 5 . . , . . , , .

( 148 )

). 3 32

!

. . ( )-149 : ( ) ( ) ( ) . . [ ] . ( ) . , (tooth) 100 . . (tooth) . . . . , . . , , . , . (dure pure) . . ( ): [ ](1907) . . (evolution cratrice) . , . . . . ( ) . , . . . . . . . . (lan

vital)

.

( ) 153 1 , 2 . . ( ) ( ) . (Existenz) existentia . essentia( ) . essentia . existentia . existenz , , . ( ) ( ) , ( ), ( ) . ( , , ) ( , , ) .

10.1. (Sren KierKegaard, 1813-1855) . ( ) . 8 . . , . [ ( ) ] . [ . ] . [ ], [ ] . [ , ] . . , 33

!

. [ , . , ? ? , ( ) .] , , . . [ ( )] . [ ]. ?

. . . . . . ( ) [ ] .

10.2.

(157 )

3 : 1 - ( ): . . ( ) . , . ( , Langweile) ( , Willkr) . . ( ) . ( ) Ironie( ) . . 2 - - , ( ) . . ( ) . . ( ) (Wiederholung) . ( ) . . 3 - : . ( ) . ( ) ( ) . . , .

(Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, 1844-1900) . ( ) . ( ) , , 2000 . [ ] . [ ( )] . . [ .] . ? . , . . . , , . . , , . . ( ) . ? . , ( ) ( ) . ( ) . 2000 ( ) ( ) 34

!

. . . , , ( ) ( ) , , . , ( ) ( ) , . . . [ , ] . , , , . , , ( ) ( ) ? ( ) ( ) . : 50

. , ( ) . ( ) . . . [ ! . . . , ?] [ , , , . ( ) . . ! . . . ( ) ( ) . , .] [ . . , . . . , .] ( ) . . , [ ] . [ , , .] . ( ): ? (bermensch) . . . , . [ . . . . ( ) . , , ] 35

?

1 2 3 4 5

, , !

: (159) [ (God) . . ( ) .] , , , , , , , . ?

50

). 3

!

( ) . . (Wille zur Macht) [ ? . !] ( ) (amor fati) , . [ ] . ( ) . ( ) . : ?51 1 . . . 2 . ! 3 . . 4 . ! 5 [ ] . . . : ?52 1 2 (God) 3 - , 4 5 , : 1 2 3 4 5 ?53

, 1 , 2 , 3 . [ ] [ ] . , , . . [ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ( )] .

(165 )

(Martin Heidegger, 1889-1975) [ (Sein und zeit, 1927)] . [ ] 1. , 2. , 3. 3 . [ ] . ( ( ) ) . [ ] . [ ] [ ], [ ], [ ] . . ( ) ( ) . . [ , , .] ( , das man) , . ( ) . . . ( , Sorge) .

( ) 173 11.1. : 20 2 ( ) ( ) , (Pragmatism) . . 36

(Karl Jaspers, 1883-1969) ). 4 ). 1 53 ). 351 52

3

!

. , . ( ) . . . , . . . . . p. 173

. , , . 10 . , , , , , . . . . (L. Agassiz) , , . 1865 ( ) ( ) . 11.2. : [How to make our idea clear, 1878] . ( ) . [ ]. . . [ ] . , Consider what effects, that might conceivably have practical bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object. , . [ . ( ) ] . [ ] . . . , . .

C.S. Peirce .

3 2 ( ) . . ? . ( ) ( ) . . . pragmatism praktish( ) pragmatish( ) . . J. Dewey , , . .

!

37

11.4 [ ] . . . (reason) . , . ( ) ( ) . (intrumentalism) .*

!

38