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Актуальные вопросы радиационной безопасности длительных космических полѐтов
К 50-летию первого полѐта
человека в космос
Синхронные измерения космического радиационного фона
на орбитах вокруг Земли, Луны и Марса
И.Г.Митрофанов
Институт космических исследований РАН
page 2
HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 3
HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 4
HEND
Gamma Ray
Spectrometer b
NASA orbiter
Odyssey started
the mapping
stage on 18
February, 2002.
Its polar orbit
has the period 2
hours and the
altitude 400 km
Mars Odyssey: investigation with HEND
page 5
Mars Odyssey: investigation with HEND
North South
Epithermal neutron flux map
page 6
Depth (cm)
Water (%)
40N
40N
North high latitudes ice depth and water content distributions
Mars Odyssey: investigation with HEND
page 7
Depth (cm)
Water (%)
40S
40S
South high latitudes ice depth and water content distributions
Mars Odyssey: investigation with HEND
page 8
Double layered model can be implemented both to Northern and Southern high latitude regions. But ice depth on South polar area 1.5 times larger than one at North
Mars Odyssey: investigation with HEND
page 9
HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 10
Detection unit
(outside ISS)
• measure of fluxes of neutrons in wide energy range: from epithermal (~0.4 eV) up to fast (~ 10 MeV) neutrons;
• measure X-ray and gamma radiation in energy range 30 keV-10 MeV.
Electronics unit
(inside ISS)
• power supply and control;
• command transmission;
• science data and telemetry transmission on board;
• temporary storage of data and telemetry in case of unexpected delay in transmission;
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
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BTN M1 DU is onboard:
23 November 2006 (EVA-17)
26 February 2007 (EVA-17A)
BTN M1 EU is power on:
03 November 2006
Detection unit
(outside ISS)
Electronics unit
(inside ISS)
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
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BTN M1
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
page 13
Equator
Neutrons 0.4 eV – 100 keV
Neutrons 300 keV – 10 MeV
Gamma 30 keV – 10 MeV
5 detectors = 6 signals:
• 4 “neutron signals”
• 3He counters - SD, MD, LD
• stylbene SC/IN/N
• 2 “gamma signals”
• stylbene SC/IN/G
• CsI:Tl 3+
SAA
High latitudes
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
page 14
Neutron map for Stylbene Detector (300 keV – 10 MeV)
Neutron map for 3He Detector (0,4 eV – 100 keV)
Gamma map for CsI:Tl+3 Detector (100 keV – 10 MeV)
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
page 15
21 January 2010 step in gamma background near 10:30 UT Upper plot - channels 0- 4 of CsI:Tl Central plot - channels 5 - 10 of CsI:Tl Low plot - channels 11 - 16 of CsI:Tl
18 March 2010 step in gamma background near 08:00 UT Upper plot - channels 0 - 4 of CsI:Tl Central plot - channels 5 - 10 of CsI:Tl Low plot - channels 11 - 16 of CsI:Tl
Gamma altimeter «KAKTUS-2В» with Со-60,
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
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Energy [Mev]
Flu
x [
1/(c
m2*
se
c*
Me
v)]
ISS: investigation with BTN-M1
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HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 18
LEND consists of nine detectors
to measure fluxes of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons.
CSETN 1-4(inside)
SHEN(inside)
SETN
STN 1
STN 3
CSETN 1-4
SHEN
SETN
STN 1
STN 3
STN 2
Main Instrument
Collimator
LRO: investigation with LEND
page 19
LEND polar mapping: North Pole
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LEND polar mapping: South Pole
page 21
Original model for testing: Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) were thought to be the main contributors to
extended neutron suppression at lunar poles
Map of epithermal
neutrons at South pole
from NS
of Lunar Prospector
LRO: investigation with LEND
page 22
LEND/LOLA data: PSRs are not the main contributors
to extended neutron suppression at lunar poles
Map of epithermal
neutrons at South pole
from LEND
of LRO
LRO: investigation with LEND
page 23
Shoemaker crater: Neutron Suppression Region (NSR) PSR
Shoemaker NSR has the contour close to the boundary of PSR: H = 190 ppm
LRO: investigation with LEND
page 24
Diviner and LEND: low temperature of surface and subsurface at NSRs points
out that hydrogen-rich layer is under 5 cm of hydrogen-low upper-most layer
Estimated total content of water ice in Cabeus NSR is about 0.5 – 4.0 %
LRO: investigation with LEND
Cabeus crater: Neutron Suppression Region (NSR) >> PSR
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LRO LCROSS
Cabeus site was suggested by LRO/LEND, as the best impact target for LCROSS: Direct measurements of water corresponds to
5.6 ± 2.4 %
Suppression of neutron emission in Cabeus is measured by LEND as
0.33 ± 0.09 cts/s (3.7 )
which corresponds to
0.5 – 4.0 % WEH
LEND
LRO: investigation with LEND
page 26
HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 27
Experiments
Conditions
&
Detectors
Neutron doze rate
[mSv/h]
BTN / ISS
Outside ISS
3 He3+SC (Stylbene)
0,4 eV- 10 MeV
0.2 (Equator)
2.0 (High latitude areas)
5.0 (SAA)
HEND / MO
Outside MO
3 He3+SC (Stylbene)
0,4 eV- 10 MeV
1,1 (Solis Planum)
0,8 (High latitude areas)
LEND / LRO
Outside LRO
8 He3+SC (Stylbene)
0,025 eV - 10 MeV
5.0 (on orbit)
Radiation environment: Neutron dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
page 28
25 January 2009
HEND / Mars Odyssey
BTN / ISS
Radiation environment: Detection of Gamma Ray Bursts
page 29
HEND / Mars Odyssey
15 March 2009
Radiation environment: Detection of Gamma Ray Bursts
BTN / ISS
page 30
Radiation Environment: Detection of Solar Flares
MO/HEND, neutrons
page 31
Radiation Environment: Detection of Solar Flares
MO/HEND, particles
page 32
Detection of Solar Flares
LRO/LEND, neutrons
page 33
Detection of Solar Flares
GOES
LRO/LEND, particles
page 34
Black : NM Climax
Longitude : 253.82
Latitude:39.37
Altitude: 3400 m
Red : NM
Haleakala
Longitude : 203.72
Latitude:20.72
Altitude: 3030 m
Blue: balloons
experiment
Monthly averaged intensity of primary CRs with E > 100 MeV (balloon experiments in Arctic (Black-Murmansk) and Antarctic (Red - Mirniy)
Radiation environment: Monitoring of Galactic Cosmic Rays near Earth and Mars
page 35
Station : McMurdo Longitude : 77.9 S Latitude 166.6 E Altitude: 48 m
Radiation environment: Monitoring of Galactic Cosmic Rays near Earth and Mars
page 36
Radiation environment: Monitoring of Galactic Cosmic Rays near Earth and Mars
page 37
BTN-M1
outside
BTN-M2
inside
Future investigation: BTN-M2 on ISS
page 38
Measurements without shielding covers
Measurements in different shielding covers combinations
Removable Shields Covers on 4p (6 it) LaBr3
Stylbene
3He counters (3 items)
Future investigation: BTN-M2 on ISS
page 39
HEND/MO 2001
LEND/LRO 2009
BTN-M1/ISS 2006
Neutron components of radiation dozes near Earth, Mars and Moon
