· . ... 5 | P a g e jiyg;G tpdh ... 5. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;

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1 | P a g e

gj;jhk; tFg;G – KO Mz;L nghJj; Njh;T Vg;uy; 2016 r%f mwptpay; - tpil Fwpg;Gfs;

rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njL;ff :

1. m njhopw;Gul;rp 2. , Y}rpl;lhdpah 3. m mnkupf;fh 4. < jpUtUl;gh 5. , gQ;rrPyk; 6. < GJnly;yp 7. m khu;r; 15 8. , fq;Nfhj;up 9. < rzy; 10. , Kk;ig 11. M rhiy top 12. M 950 lhyu;fs; 13. M 1950 14. , Mr;rhu;ah tpNdhghghNt

15. nghUj;Jf i.

m bA]; KNrhypdp M uj;J nra;Ak; cupik vjpu;thf;F , ,uhzp yl;Rkpgha; kj;jpa ,e;jpah < nrsup nrsuh cj;jpugpuNjrk; c tPuj; jkpod;id lhf;lu; v]; jUkhk;ghs; m yhth gPlg+kp jf;fhzk; M NfhJik gQ;rhg; , nkd;nghUs; njhopyfk; ngq;fSU < tlf;F ,uapy;Nt GJnly;yp c czu;tp kpd;fhe;j xspf;fw;iwfs;

2 kjpg;ngz; tpil

16.

fhydp Mjpf;fk; 1. FbNaw;wq;fis me;epa ehl;by; Vw;gLj;jp mjd; ,aw;if tsq;fisr; Ruz;Ljy; MFk;.

2. v.fh. ,e;jpah ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fhyzp ehlhf 1947 tiu ,Ue;jJ.

17.

nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; - fhuzk; 1. mnkhpf;fg; gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Vw;gl;l rhpT.

2. gq;Ffs; tpiy caUk; vd;w mDkhdj;jpy; kf;fs; fld; thq;fp gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jJ.

18. ghrprj;jpd; ehd;F J}z;fs; 1) xNu jiyik 2) xNu fl;rp Ml;rp 3) gaq;fu thjk; 4) nghUshjhu MSik

ii

.

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19.

mnkupf;fh [g;ghd; kPJ Nghu; njhLf;ff; fhuzk; 1. 1941Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 7Mk; Njjp Kj;Jj; JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;j

mnkhpf;ff; flw;gilj; jsj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;fpaJ. 2. ,e;j jhf;Fjyhy; mnkhpf;fhTf;F ngUk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;

mnkhpf;fh [g;ghd; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jJ.

20. I.eh.tpd; rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;

1. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; 2. And];Nfh 3. Adpnrg; 4. gd;dhl;L njhopyhsh; epWtdk; 5. czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik epWtdk; 6. cyf tq;fp

21.

1857 – Gul;rp cldb fhuzq;fs; 1. ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Mq;fpNyauhy; Gjpa vd;gPy;L uf Jg;ghf;fp

mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2. Njhl;lhf;fspy; gR (m) gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G jltg;gl;bUe;jJ. 3. ,e;Jf;fs; gRf;fis GdpjkhfTk;> ,];yhkpah;fs; gd;wpia ntWg;Gf;Fhpa

tpyq;fhfTk; fUjpdh;. 4. ,ij rpg;gha;fs; cgNahfpf;f kWj;J> Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

22.

ngupahu; - itf;fk; tPuu; 1. 1924y; Nfushtpy; cs;s itf;fj;jpy; eilngw;w jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd;

“Mya EioT jil rl;lj;ij” vjph;j;Jg; nghpahh; rj;jpahfpuf Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.

2. ,jdhy; jpUtpjhq;$h; muR rl;lj;ijj; jsh;j;jp midtUk; Myaj;jpw;Fs; Eioayhk; vd mwptpj;jJ.

3. ,jdhy; nghpahh; “itf;fk; tPuh;” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

23.

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy 1. 1919 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13-ehs; lhf;lu; rj;jpaghy; kw;Wk; lhf;lu;

rha;g;GjPd; fpr;Y ifJ nra;ag;gl;lij vjpu;j;J mku;ju]py; cs;s [hypad; thyhghf; ikjhdj;jpy; kf;fs; $bdu;.

2. ,uhZt jsgjpahd n[duy; lau; Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;jpajpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

24. [dehaf« g‰¿ MÃufh« è§få‹ fU¤J k¡fshš k¡fS¡fhf k¡fNs nrŒÍ« M£Á k¡fsh£Á

25.

,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if 1. njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; nts;isah;fs;> Mg;gphpf;f Fb kf;fSf;F rk

chpik toq;f kWj;jdh;. 2. ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; 1990-y; ,;f;nfhs;if KbTf;F

te;jJ.

26.

,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa ,aw;if mikg;Gg; gphpTfs; 1. tlf;F kiyfs; 2. tl,e;jpa ngUk; rkntspfs; 3. jPgfw;g gPlg+kp 4. flw;fiur; rkntspfs; 5. jPTfs;..

27. gUtf; fhw;wpd; tiffs;

1. tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W 2. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W

28. ikf;fh cw;wpahFk; ,lq;fs;

1. Me;jpugpuNjrk; 2. [hh;f;fz;l; 3. gPfhh; 4. ,uh[];jhd;.

29.

gUj;jp tpisAkplq;fs; 1) F[uhj; 2) kfhuh\;buk; 3) Me;jpugpuNjrk; 4) fh;ehlfh 5) jkpo;ehL 6) gQ;rhg; 7)kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

30. njhopy; miktpl fhuzpfs;

1) %yg;nghUl;fs; 2) vhprf;jp 3) Nghf;Ftuj;J 4) kdpj rf;jp 5) ePh;tsk; 6) re;ij 7) murhq;f nfhs;iffs;



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31. fhw;W khRf;fs;

1. fe;jf-il-Mf;i]L 2. iel;u[d; Mf;i]L 3. fhh;gd; NkhNdh Mf;i]L 4. mq;ff Ntjpapay; nghUl;fs;

32.

tzpfk; - tiffs; 1. tzpfk; vd;gJ Nritfis thq;Fk;> tpw;Fk; nray; KiwahFk;. 2. ,U tiffs;: 1) cs;ehl;L tzpfk;. 2) gd;dhl;L tzpfk;.

33.

Gtpj;jfty; njhFjp 1. Gtpj;jfty; njhFjpfs; fzpdp> nkd;fl;lisj; njhFg;G> gug;G rhh;

Gs;sp tptuq;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghFk;. 2. Gtprhh; jty;fis jpul;lTk;> Nrkpf;fTk;> tifg;gLj;jTk;> ghh;j;J

mwpar; nra;aTk;> ifahsTk;> epfo;fhyk; tiu rhp nra;aTk;> gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

34.

jyh tUkhdk;

1. ehl;L kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij msf;f gad;gLk; fUtp jyh tUkhdk;.

2. jyh tUkhdk; = nkhj;j ehl;L tUkhdk; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif.

35.

Fbirj;njhopy; 1. FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fshy; cs;Sh; mq;fhbapy; tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf

goikahd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Fbirj; njhopyhFk;. 2. v.fh. ifj;jwp kw;Wk; fapW jphpj;jy;

NtWghL (VNjDk; 2 kl;Lk;) 36 Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

1 njhlh;r;rpahd nrq;Fj;J kiyj;njhlh; njhlh;r;rpaw;w kiyj;njhlh;

2 Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahf nry;fpwJ. fpof;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;fpwJ.

3 jgjp ejpapypUe;J fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ.

kfhejpf;Fk; itif ejpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4 caukhd rpfuk; MidKb caukhd rpfuk; kNfe;jpu fphp

cauk; mjpfk; cauk; FiwT

37 mjpf kio ngWk; gFjp Fiwthd kio ngWk; gFjp

1 200 nr.kP Kjy; 300 nr.kP kio ngWk; gFjpfs;

50 nr.kPf;Fk; Fiwthf kio ngWk; gFjpfs;

2

kj;jpa fq;if rkntsp> Nkw;F kiyj; njhlu;> fpof;F k`huh\;buk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> xuprh

tl fh\;kPu;> Nkw;F ,uh[];jhd;> njd; gQ;rhg;> jf;fhz gPlg+kp

38 cNyhf fdpkq;fs; cNyhfky;yhj fdpkq;fs;

1 ,Uk;G> nrk;G> khq;fdPR> ghf;irl;> jq;fk; ikf;fh> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> [pg;rk;> nghl;lhrpak;>

epyf;fup> ngl;Nuhy;

2 cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ 20 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

cyf ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 60 rjtPjk; gq;fspf;fpwJ.

3 jkpoehL> fu;ehlfh> [hu;fz;l;> Nfhth gPfhu;> uh[];jhd;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;>



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39 xU gaph; rhFgb ,U gaph; rhFgb

1 ,J xU Nghfk; vdg;gLk; ,J ,U Nghfk; vdg;gLk;.

2 xU Nghfj;jpy; xU gaph; kl;LNk rhFgb nra;tJ

xU Nghfj;jpy; ,uz;L tpjkhd gaph;fs; rhFgb nra;tJ

3 v.fh. Njapiy> fhg;gp> fUk;G v.fh. NfhJik> fLF.

40 Ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopyfk; fdpkk; rhh;e;j njhopyfk;

1 Ntshz; nghUl;fs; %yg; nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

cNyhfk; kw;Wk; cNyhfkw;w nghUl;fs; %yg;nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2 %yg;nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; njhopw;rhiyfs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

fdpkr;Ruq;fq;fSf;F mUfpy; njhopw;rhiyfs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

3 v.fh. gUj;jp Miyfs;> rzy; Miyfs;> rh;f;fiu Miyfs;

v.fh. ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiyfs;

4 kfhuh\;buk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> cj;jpu gpuNjrk;

Nrhl;lh ehfGup gPlG+kp

41 ePh; khriljy; epyk; khriljy; 1 ed;dPhpy; juj;ij khw;wk; nra;fpwJ epyk; khrilfpwJ

2 ePhpy; thOk; caphpdq;fSf;F nfLjy; Vw;gLfpwJ

jhtuq;fSf;Fk;> tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ

3 Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay;> caphpay; khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ

fopTfs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;> ,urhadq;fs; %yk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

4 ghf;Bhpah> itu]; fpUkpfs;>xl;Lz;zpfs;> GOf;fs; ePiu khRg;gLj;JfpwJ

G+r;R nfhy;ypfs;> njhopyf fopTfs;> rhf;filfs; Nghd;wit epyj;ij khRg;gLj;JfpwJ

5 vz;nza;> gpsh];bf;> g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; Nghd;wit ePiu khRgLj;Jfpd;wd

njhopyf fopTfs; kz;zpy; fyg;gjhy; epyk; khR milfpwJ

42 Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp

1 cghpg; nghUl;fis ntspehl;bw;F tpw;gJ Njitahd nghUl;fis ntspehl;bypUe;J thq;FtJ.

2 Njapiy> fhg;gp> rh;f;fiu Kf;fpa Vw;Wkjp ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfs;> ngl;Nuhypak;> Kf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp

3 Vwj;jho 7500 tpjkhd nghUl;fis 190 ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;fpwJ

Vwj;jho 6000 tpjkhd nghUl;fs; 140 ehLfspypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwJ.

4 me;epa nryhtzpia ngWfpNwhk; me;epa nryhtzpia ,of;fpNwhk; 43 thd;top ePh; top

1 tpiuthf nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nkJthf nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J

2 tpiy cah;e;j fl;lzk; tpiy kypthd fl;lzk;

3 Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpf;Fk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpf;fhJ

4 kiyfs;> ghiytdq;fs;> mlh;e;j fhLfs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; vspjpy; nry;yyhk;

ePh; cs;s gFjpapy; kl;LNk nry;yyhk;

gazpfs;> ruf;F> mQ;ry; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.

fdkhf nghUl;fs;> vhpnghUs; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;

v.fh. tpkhdk;> n`ypfhg;lu; v.fh. fg;gy;

Mfhaj;jpy; nry;Yk; fly; kw;Wk; ePu;epiyfspy; nry;Yk;

vupnghUs; nryT mjpfk; vupnghUs; nryT FiwT



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jiyg;G tpdh 44 n[h;kdpapd; Nguhir m nfa;rh; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; M cyfk; KOtJk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; chpik n[h;kdpf;F kl;LNk cz;L , Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Nguurpy; #hpad; kiwtjpy;iy vd;w $w;W < n`ypNfhyhz;l; 45 gpuhq;fspd; &];nty;l;

m 1932 M vg;.b.Mu;. FDR

, Gjpa gaDupikf; nfhs;ifia mh;gzpf;f cWjpaspf;fpNwd;

< Gjpa gaDupikf; nfhs;if 46 Mhpa rkh[k; m %y; rq;fh; M Rthkp tpuh[de;jh; , Ntjj;ij Nehf;fp nry; < ngz; fy;tp> fyg;G kzk;> rkge;jp czT> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; Kd;Ndw;wk; 47 Nf. fhkuh[h; m 1924y; itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L M mypg;G+h; rpiwapy; , 1. rj;jpa%h;j;jpapd; tPl;by; < 1. mf;Nlhgh; 2> 1975 ngUtpdh (VNjDk; 5 kl;Lk;)

48. m. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. njhopw;Gul;rp njhopw;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. nghUl;fis tpw;f re;ijfs;

Njitg;gl;ljhy; Mrpa> Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspy; FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. 2. Njrpa kakhf;fy; Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; jq;fs; ngUikia epiyehl;l tsh;r;rp Fd;wpa ehLfspd; kPJ

Mjpf;fk; nra;a tpUk;gpd. 3. ty;yik rkepiy Mjpf;fk; rkepiy Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfs; FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. 4. Gjpa topj;jlq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G Mrpa> Mg;gphpf;f fz;lq;fis mila fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l Gjpa topj;jlq;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpa

nfhs;ifia Cf;Ftpj;jd. 5. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;> Ntiyap;d;ik Mfpait Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij Jhz;baJ. 6. Njrpa ghJfhg;G may; ehLfspy; KjyPL nra;J mjd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf me;ehLfis jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tu INuhg;gpa ehLfs; tpUk;gpd. 7. rl;l xOq;fpd;ik ehLfspilNa mikjpia tsh;j;J ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;Jk; rl;lq;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; rl;l xOq;fw;w epiy FbNaw;wq;fis ifg;gw;w toptFj;jJ.



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M. I.eh.tpd; Kf;fpakhd rhjidfs; 1. gd;dhl;L gpur;rid gy;NtW gd;dhl;L gpur;ridfSf;F mikjpahd Kiwapy; Ngr;R thh;j;ij elj;jp jPh;T

fz;Ls;sJ. 2. Nghh; KbTf;F tuy;

1. ,];Nuy; - ghy];jPd Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. 2. <uhd;- <uhf; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;jJ.

3. mZ Nrhjid jil rl;lk; 1. 1963 Mk; Mz;L – mZNrhjid jil rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. 2. 1996 Mk; Mz;L - njhlh; mZNrhjid jil rl;;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.

4. Rw;Wr; #oy; khehL hpNahb n[dpNuhtpy; -Rw;Wr;#oy; khehl;bd; “mwpf;if 21” -I midj;J ehLfSk; Vw;wd. 5. mikjpg; gil I.eh. jdJ mikjpg;gilia vfpg;Jf;F mDg;gp> #a]; fhy;tha; gpur;ridia KbTf;F

nfhz;L te;jJ. 6. ngz;fs; eyd; I.ehtpd; ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;L epjp> ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf gapw;rp epWtdq;fis

Vw;gLj;jp 100 ehLfspy; ngz;fspd; tho;f;if juj;jpid cah;j;Jtjw;fhf ghLgLfpwJ. 7. rpf;fiy jPh;j;jy;

1. nfhhpag; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ 2. Mg;fhd;-u\;ag; gpur;rpida jPh;j;jJ 3. tpal;ehk; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ I.ehtpd; Kf;fpa rhjidfshFk;.

48. ,. ghujpahh; xU Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuh; 1. gj;jphpf;if Mrpupah;

1. ghujpahh; RNjr kpj;jpud; gj;jphpf;ifapd; cjtp Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh;. 2. jkpo; thug; gj;jpupf;ifahd ;,e;jpah’tpd; Mrphpauhdhh;. 3. ghy ghujk; vd;w Mq;fpy gj;jpupf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.

2. fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; 1. 1907 Mk; Mz;L #uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. 2. 1908 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; khngUk; $l;lj;ij elj;jp Rauh[;[pa ehis nfhz;lhbdhh;.

3. Njr gf;jp ghly;fs; mtuJ ghly;fshd te;Nj khjuk;> mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy> ve;ijAk; jhAk;> n[a ghujk; Nghd;w Njr gw;W kpf;f ghly;fs; mr;rplg;gl;L jkpo; kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.

4. t.c.rp.apd; ez;gd;; 1908 Mk; Mz;L t.c.rp.f;F vjpuhd tof;fpy; t.c.rp.f;F Mjuthf rhl;rp mspj;jjhy; Mq;fpy muR ,tiu ifJ nra;jJ.

5. GJitf;F jg;gy; ,jdhy; GJitf;F jg;gp Xba ghujp mq;fpUe;J jpdrup> thu ,jo; kw;Wk; khj ,jo;fspy; jdJ gilg;gpid njhlh;e;J ntspapl;lhh;.

49. m. rhh;f; mikg;G

1. Njhw;wk; rhh;f; mikg;G 1985 Mk; Mz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. tphpthf;fk; ,J njw;fhrpa ehLfspd; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. nghJ nrayhsh; ,jd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsh; M\hd; Mthh;.

4. khehLfs;



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1. 1985 – tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; lhf;fh efupy; 2. 2007 – ,e;jpahtpd; nly;ypapy; 3. 2010 – G+lhdpd; jpk;Gtpy; 4. 2014 – Neghsj;jpd; fhl;kz;Ltpy; vd ,Jtiu 18 khehLfs; eilngw;Ws;sJ.

5. cWg;G ehLfs; (PAIN MBBS) ,jpy; vl;L cWg;G ehLfs; cs;sd.

1. ,e;jpah 2. ghfp];jhd; 3. Neghsk; 4. g+lhd; 5. gq;fshNj\; 6. ,yq;if 7. khyj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; 8. Mg;fhdp];jhd;.

6. nray;ghLfs; [SHARP T3] ehLfs; jq;fSf;Fs;

1. Nghf;Ftuj;J 2. fbj Nrit 3. Rw;Wyh 4. thdpay; 5. Rfhjhuk; 6. Ntshz;ik 7. fpuhkGduikg;G kw;Wk; 8. jfty; njhlh;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; cjtp nra;J nfhs;Sjy;.

M. [dehafj;jpd; vjph;fl;rpapd; gq;F

1. mLj;j ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp MSq;fl;rpf;F mLj;jg;gbahf ngUk;ghd;ik ,lq;fis ngWk; fl;rp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l vjph;fl;rpahFk;.

2. fz;fhzpg;gJ MSk; fl;rp vNjr;rjpfhu kdg;ghd;ikAld; nray;glhky; ,Uf;fTk;> mth;fspd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWf;fTk;> mth;fis fz;fhzpf;fTk; vjph;f;fl;rpfs; Kf;fpa gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

3. tpkh;rpg;gJ rl;l rigf;F ntspNa MSk; fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffis nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju Clfq;fs; %yk; tpkh;rpg;gJ vjph;fl;rpapd; Kf;fpa NtiyahFk;.

4. mwpAk; chpik murhq;fj;jpd; nrytpdq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; KO chpik vjph;fl;rpf;F cz;L.

5. Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ jtwhd Kiwapy; MSq;fl;rpapdh; mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ rl;l rigapy; Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

6. mq;fPfhuk; MSk; fl;rpf;F mLj;jg;gbahf ,lq;fisg; ngWk; fl;rp mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l vjpu;f;fhl;rpahFk;. vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytu; MSk; fl;rp mikr;rUf;F rkkhd mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;Ws;shu;.

.49. ,. Efh;Nthh; chpikfs;

1. nghUl;fis gw;wpa mwpT nghUl;fspd;

1. juk;



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2. msT 3. jd;ik 4. mjDila cz;ik epiy 5. tpiy Mfpatw;iw njspthf njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

2. epahakhd tpiy nghUs;fs; epahakhd tpiyapy; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iyah vd;W nrhy;tjw;F chpik

ngw;Ws;sdh;.

3. jPh;T Efh;Nthh; jq;fsJ Fiwfis vLj;Jf; $wp jPh;it ngwyhk;.

4. jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; 2005 mf;Nlhgh; 12k; ehs; jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

5. eltbf;if ,jd; %yk;. kf;fs; midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,J mth;fspd; mbg;gil chpikahFk;.

50. m. fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. %yg;nghUs; fhLfs; tPl;L Njitf;Fk;> tzpfj;jpw;Fk; tpiyAah;e;j kuq;fisAk;> njhopw;rhiyfSf;F %yg;nghl;fisAk; jUfpwJ.

2. eWkzg; nghUl;fs; fhLfs; muf;F> Nfhe;J> gprpd;> kUe;Jfs;> Njd;> eWkz nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; %ypiffis mspf;fpwJ.

3. me;jpa nryhtzp tdg;nghUl;fis ntsp ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;tjhy;> me;epa nryhtzpia <l;LfpwJ.

4. ghy; cw;gj;jp fhLfs; fhy;eilfSf;F Nka;r;ry; epyq;fshf cs;sjhy; ghy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

5. Rw;Wyh gy fhLfs; Rw;Wyh ikaq;fshf jpfo;fpd;wd.

6. Rw;W #oy; ghJfhg;G fhLfs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i]il cl;nfhz;L fhw;W khRg;gLjiy fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

7. kz;zhpg;G fhLfs; nts;sg; ngUf;F kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;gpid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

8. epyj;jb ePh; fhLfs; kioePiu G+kpapd; cs;Ns nrYj;jp mjdhy; epyj;jb ePhpd; msit mjpfhpf;;fpwJ.

9. vhp rf;jp ehl;bd; vhprf;jp Njitia fhLfs; G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ.

10. thoplk; kdpjh;> gwitfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfSf;F ,aw;ifahd thoplq;fis fhLfs; mspf;fpwJ.

11. fhyepiy fhLfs; fhyepiyia rPuhf;fp kiog;nghopit jUfpwJ.



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50. M. Kk;ikapy; gUj;jp Miyfs; mika rhjfkhd fhuzpfs; 1. JiwKfk;

JiwKfj;jpd; miktplkhf cs;sjhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;a VJthf cs;sJ.

2. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp gUj;jp tpisAk; ,lq;fSf;Fk;> MiyfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Njitahd ,uapy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J ,izg;G cs;sJ.

3. <ug;gj fhyepiy E}ypio jahhpg;gjw;F VJthf <ug;gjk; nfhz;l fhyepiy cjTfpwJ.

4. %yjdg;nghUl;fs; %yjdg; nghUl;fSk; kw;Wk; epjptrjpAk; vspjpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

5. gzpahl;fs; Vuhskhf gzpahl;fs; fpilf;fpd;wdh;. vdNt Kk;ig gUj;jp kw;Wk; [Tsp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kd;dzpapy; cs;sjhy;> ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

50. ,. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gk;

1. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpd; tpsf;fk; epyj;jpy; fhyb itf;fhkNyNa ve;jnthU gFjpapd; tsj;ijg; gw;wpa tptuq;fisr; Nrfhpf;f cjTk; kpfr; rpwe;j El;gk; njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gkhFk;.

2. njhiy czh;tpfs; 1. Gtpapyhsh;fs; njhiy czh;tpfs; vd;w fUtpia n`ypfhg;lh;fs;> tpkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;iff;Nfhspy; gad;gLj;jp Gtpiag; gw;wpa tptuq;fis Nrfhpf;fpd;wdh;. 2. ,j;jfty;fs; nghUl;fspd; kPJ gl;L gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. 3. #hpa xspapd; kpd;fhe;j miyfis gjpT nra;jtd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

3. njhiy Ez;Zzh;tpd; Muk;gk; 1. thd;topg; Gifg;glq;fs; njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpd; Muk;gkhFk;. 2. Nkg;gpayhsh;fs; thd;topg; Gifg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuglk; tiue;jdh;. 3. 1858 Mk; Mz;L gpnuQ;R Nkg;gpayhsh;fs; gY}d;fisAk; Gifg;glf; fUtpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l tpkhdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp epyj;Njhw;wq;fis rha;Nfhzj;jpy; glk;gpbj;jdh;. 4. NtW NtW Nfhzq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l Gifg; glq;fis xg;gpl;L ghh;j;J Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l gug;gpid rhpahd tptuq;fisf; nfhz;l tiuglq;fis cUthf;Fk; jpwik ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

4. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpy; Gul;rp 1. 1960y; njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj; Jiwapy; nraw;iff; Nfhisg; gad;gLj;jpa gpd; xU Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. 2. nraw;iff; Nfhspd; cauj;jpypUe;E Gtpapd; ngUk; gug;ig Gifg;glk; vLf;f KbfpwJ.

3. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L murhy; ‘thdpiy nraw;iff;Nfhs;’ TIROS-1

kw;Wk; Gtp ts El;g nraw;if Nfhs; LANDSAT Mfpait tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ.

4. 1986y; gpnuQ;R ehL ‘];ghl;’ (SPOT) vd;w nraw;iff; Nfhis mDg;gpaJ. 5. Ie;J gpnuQ;R nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; tpz;zpay; Vtg;gl;L 10 kpy;ypaDf;F Nky; gjpkq;fis vLj;Js;sd.

51. m. ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; ,uz;L mbg;gil fUj;Jf;fs; 1. nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp 1. xU ehl;by; Xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; kjpg;G



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2. me;ehl;L kf;fs; Xuhz;by; <l;ba tUkhdk; 3. ntspehl;L KjyPl;bd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; ,yhgk; mit %d;Wk; Nrh;e;jNj nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jpahFk;

2. nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp 1. xU ehl;bd; Gtpapay; vy;iyf;Fs; Xh; Mz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd;

nkhj;j kjpg;ghFk;. 2. me;jg; nghUl;fs; me;ehl;bw;F nrhe;jkhd cw;gj;jpf; fhuzfpshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. M. 1991 Mk; Mz;bd; nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;if – 1991 1. 1991Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;lJ 2. rpW njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy;fSf;F gy;NtW rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld. 3. me;epa ehl;L KjyPl;il tuNtw;wJ. 4. jdpahh; KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpj;jJ.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; (LPG) 1. jhuhskakhjy; 2. jdpahh; kakhjy; 3. cyfkakhjy;

1. jhuhskakhjy; 1. jhuhskakhjy; vd;gJ jdpahh; njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;fhd tpjpKiwfisAk;>

fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;> jpUk;g ngWtjhFk;. 2. kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; jdpahh; Jiw nray;gl toq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. jdpahh; kakhjy; 1. muRj; Jiw epWtdq;fis jdpahh; clikahf;Ftij jdpahh; kakhjy; 2. nghJg; gad;ghL gzpfspy; jdpahh; JiwAk; nray;gl mDkjp mspg;gjhFk;. 3. kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; jdpahh; Jiw nray;gl toq;fg;gl;lJ.

3. cyfkakhjy; 1. xU ehl;bd; mq;fhbfis gd;dhl;L mq;fhbfSld; njhlh;GgLj;JtNj cyfkakhjy; MFk;. 2. %yg;nghUl;fis gy ehLfspypUe;J ngw;W gz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J cyf ehLfSf;F

tpw;gidf;F mDg;gp itj;jy;.

,. gRikg; Gul;rp

1. mwpKfk; 1967y; gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2. Nehf;fk; ,e;jpah czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT milar; nra;tJ

3. ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; gRikg; Gul;rp vd;w nray;Kiwia epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jk; mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; tPhpaKs;s tpijfs; gad;ghL kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l ghrd trjpfs; %ykhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

4. cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G gRikg; Gul;rp vd;gNj NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp Nghd;w czTg; gaph; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. mjw;fhf tPhpaKs;s tpij> ePh;ghrd trjpfs;> ,urhad cuq;fs;> g+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

5. Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; tpijfis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdKk;> Y}jpahdh> ge;j; efh;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; MFk;.

6. cw;gj;jp jd;dpiwT gRik Gul;rpapd; tpisthf NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah jd;dpiwT mile;jJ.

7. epyr;rPu;jpUj;jk; Mr;rhupa tpdhghghNtapd; g+kpjhd ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthf gy kpy;ypad; Vf;fu; epyq;fs; ViofSf;F jhdkhf toq;fpajhy; gRikg;Gul;rpf;F cWJizahf jpfo;e;jJ.



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52. fhyf;NfhL 1920 Kjy; 1940 tiu (VNjDk; 5 kl;Lk;)

1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; njhlq;Fjy;> ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp mikjy;

1921 ghujpahu; kiwT> ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik

1922 nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk;> xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; iftply;

1923 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp Njhw;wk;

1924 gzpahsu; Nju;Tthupak; Vw;gLj;jy;> itf;fk; Nghuhl;lk;

1925 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp fiyg;G> Me;jpuh gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlf;fk;> Rakupahij ,af;fk; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

1926 ,e;J rka mwepiyar; rl;lk;

1927 irkd; FO mikj;jy;

1928 irkd; FO ,e;jpah tUif

1929 yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlf;fk;> nghJg;gzpahsu; Nju;T thupak; Vw;gLj;jy;

1930 cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;> Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL

1931 fhe;jp-,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;> ,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehL

1932 tFg;Gthj gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> G+dh xg;ge;jk;> %d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL

1935 ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;

1937 ,uh[h[p nrd;id Kjyikr;ruhjy;> ePjpf;fl;rp Njhy;tp

1938 Nejh[p ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhjy;

1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Jtf;fk;> Rgh\; Kw;Nghf;F fl;rpia njhlq;Fjy;> rj;jpa%u;j;jp nrd;id Nkauhjy;

1940 Mf];L ed;nfhil> ghfp];jhd; jdp ehL Nfhhpf;if



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53. m. tuyhW - Mrpah tiuglk;

M. ,e;jpa tiuglk; (tuyhW)



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54. Gtpapay; - ,e;jpah tiuglk;

B. SRINIVASAN, GRADUATE TEACHER (HISTORY), GHS GANGALERI – KRISHNAGIRI DT



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