Functional Groups23.1-23.3

Functional Groups Functional Group: a specific

arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.

Organic compounds are classified based on their functional groups.

Types of Functional Groups

“R” represents any carbon chains or rings attached to the functional group.

Functional groups give compounds unique properties.

1) Halocarbons 1) Halocarbons: A carbon containing compound

with a halogen substituent.

Halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

Reactions Involving Halocarbons

Substitution Reactions: when an atom or group of atoms REPLACES another atom or group of atoms.

A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkene.

Reactions Involving Halocarbons

Halocarbons can then be substituted with an Arrhenius base to make the functional group: Alcohol

2) Alcohols An Alcohol is an organic compound with an –OH

group.

2) Alcohols

2) AlcoholsEthanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products.

Fermentation is the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria.

3) Ethers Ether: an organic compound in which carbon is

bonded to two carbon groups.

3) Ethers The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil

War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers.

4) Aldehyde An aldehyde is an organic compound in which

the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.

**Carbonyl Group**

4) Aldehyde

5) Ketone A ketone is an organic compound in which the

carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.

5) Ketone

Aldehyde and Ketoneo Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones• Many aldehydes and ketones have

distinctive odors.• Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring

agents. • Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond. • Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of

cinnamon.Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.

A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.

6) Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.

Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Also makes up fatty acids--- used in candles, waxes, etc.

7) Ester Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link

to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.

7) Esters

Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.

Addition Reactions

Addition Reactions Hydration: Addition reaction using water