© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Anatomy and Physiology

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 7

Anatomy and Physiology


7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body

• The normal function of the human body is compared to an organized machine

• The machine malfunctions, disease occurs

• Anatomy: study of form and structure• Physiology: study of processes• Pathophysiology: study of how disease

occurs and body’s response


Tissues

• Cells of same type joined together• 60%–99% water• Groups of tissues

– Epithelial– Connective– Nerve– Muscle


Organs and Systems

• Organs: two or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose

• Systems: organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function



7:2 Body Planes/Directions/Cavities

• Body planes: imaginary lines drawn through body at various levels to separate body into sections

• Directional terms are created by planes• Transverse plane• Midsagittal or median plane• Frontal or coronal plane• Proximal and distal



Cavities

• Spaces within the body that contain vital organs

• Dorsal or posterior cavity• Ventral or anterior cavities

– Thoracic cavity– Abdominal cavity– Pelvic cavity

• Three small cavities



Abdominal Regions

• Abdominal cavity is separated into regions or sections because it is so large

• Quadrants– RUQ– LUQ– RLQ– LLQ

(continues)


Abdominal Regions (continued)

• Regions– Epigastric– Umbilical– Hypogastric– Hypochondriac– Lumbar – Iliac or inguinal


7:3 Integumentary System

• Name for the skin and its structures• Called a membrane because it covers

the body• Called an organ because it contains

several kinds of tissues• Called a system because it has organs

and other parts that work together for a particular function


Layers of the Skin

• Epidermis—outermost layer, cells are constantly shed and replaced

• Dermis—“true skin”, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, glands, determines fingerprints

• Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis—the innermost layer, made of connective tissue and connects skin to muscle


Glands and Other Parts of the Skin

• Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)-sweat contains water, salts and some body waste– Sweat is odorless until it reacts with bacteria on skin


• Sebaceous glands (oil glands)-– open onto hair follicles, prevent skin and hair from

becoming dry,– sebum is acidic so it prevents bacterial infections– When it becomes blocked pimples and blackheads

occur


• Hair-– hair shaft is a hollow tube formed in a follicle– Gives protection– Alopecia (balding) may occur

• Nails-– Protect nails and toes – Formed in the nail bed



Functions

• Protection-UV rays, pathogens, holds moisture

• Sensory perception-pain, temp, pressure• Regulation of body temperature-dilation

and constriction, perspiration• Storage-fats, vitamins, water, sugar,salts


• Absorption-transdermal medications • Excretion-body salt, water and heat • Production-vitamin D from UV rays


Skin Color—Pigmentation

• Skin color is inherited and is determined by pigments in the epidermis

• Melanin-brownish, black • Carotene-yellowish, red


Skin Color—Albino

• Absence of skin pigments

• Skin has pinkish tint• Hair is pale yellow or

white• Eyes are red in color

and sensitive to light


Skin Color—Abnormal

• Erythema-reddish color


• Jaundice-yellow discoloration


• Cyanosis-blueish color due to lack of oxygen, can lead to brown or gray discoloration


Skin Eruptions

• Macules (macular rash)-flat spots on the skin


• Papules (papular rash)-firm, raised area, pimples


• Vesicles-fluid filled sacs, blister


• Crust-dried pus or blood (scab)


• Wheal-itchy, elevated area with irregular shape, hives or insect bites


• Ulcer-deep loss of skin surface


Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Acne vulgaris• Athlete’s

foot-http://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/athletes_foot_2_picture/picture.htm

• Skin cancer• http://www.cancer.org/cancer/

skincancer/galleries/skin-cancer-images#18– Basal cell carcinoma– Squamous cell carcinoma– Melanoma

(continues)


Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued)

• Dermatitis- inflammation of the skin caused by Cause-any substance that irritates the skin

• ex: poison ivy• Symptoms-erythema,

itching, dry skin, macular-papular rashes

• TX-eliminate cause, anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines and or steroids


• Eczema-noncontagious, inflammation

• Cause-allergens ,• Soaps, diet, meds,

stress• Symptoms-dryness,,

itching, vesicles, erythema

• TX-remove irritant, cortiosteroids


• Impetigo-highly contagious

• Caused -by bacteria• Symptoms-erythema,

oozing vesicles, pustules and formation of yellow crust

• Tx-wash lesions and keep them dry, antibiotics


• Psoriasis-chronic, noncontagious, periods of exacerbations and remissions

• Cause-unknown but may be genetic, stress, cold weather, sunlight, hormonal changes tend to cause exacerbations

• Symptoms-thick red areas covered with white or silver scales

• Tx-coal/tar or cortisone ointments, UV light, scale removal



• Ringworm-highly contagious

• Cause-fungus• Symptom-flat or

raised circular area with clear center, itchy, scaly or crusty ring

• Tx-antifungal meds


• Verrucae-wart• Cause-virus• Symptom-rough hard,

elevated, rounded lesion

• Tx-if needed liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals or electricity

Documents

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Anatomy and Physiology