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14
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6.1. ECAD
1983 -
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ECAD (Electronic Computer Aided Design)
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SPICE, , . -
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SPICE 3, - XSPICE.
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SPICE, -
.
6.3.
:
-
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"", CircuitMaker Protel,
SIM 99 SE, Protel 99 SE Protel. -
,
.
34
-
;
, ; -
, .
ECAD :
- PSPICE A/D, Cadence;
- ViewAnalog Innoveda PSPICE A/D;
- OrCAD Cadence;
- Protel 99 SE Protel;
- P-CAD Protel (P-CAD "Personal CAD System).
, .
- ECAD- -
: Mentor Graphics, Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems.
- -
LeonardoSpectrum HDL Synthesis Mentor Graphics.
/ : VHDL, Verilog, EDIF
. (VHDL-Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language Verilog
, -
- -
; EDIF-Electronic Design
Interchange Format -
).
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35
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ECAD SPICE,
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SPICE 3 , -
XSPICE. -
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SimCode.
SE
Fusion/SpeedWave, Fusion/VSCi, Fusion/ViewSim, ViewPLDA
(www.peakfpga.com). -
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Verilog.
SystemView Elanix (www.elanix.com),
Xilinx (www.xilinx.com). -
-
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:
- Microwave Office 2004 AWR;
- CST Microwave Studio -
CST;
- QuickWave-3D
QWED;
- EMPIRE IMST;
36
-
- -
. , -
ICUCOM (www.icucom.com),
.
-
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.
. , , -
. -
:
- P-CAD Protel;
- CircuitMaker Protel;
- Protel 99 SE Protel;
- OrCAD Cadence;
- PCB Design Studio Cadence
CircuitMaker, , -
. -
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.
P-CAD (www.pcad.com).
ACCEL EDA ACCEL Technologies, -
Protel 2000 . Protel ,
Protel 99
SE. : -
, ,
, , -
SPECCTRA Cadence.
0.001 0.025 ,
, .
OrCAD (www.orcad.com).
OrCAD Layout -
. 50 , 26
. -
37
-
, SPECCTRA.
, OrCAD
Capture CIS,
. CIS (Component Information System) -
OrCAD -
, www.spincircuit.com.
CIS
, -
.
Cadence - PCB Design Studio (www.pcb.cadence.com). -
Allegro,
.
-
SPECCTRA (www.specctra.com), -
.
, OrCAD, -
SPECCTRAQuest SI. : OrCAD
Capture CIS Concept HDL
.
:
- BETAsoft-Board Dynamic Soft Analysis;
- Sauna Thermal Solutions;
- - ( -
()
();
BETAsoft-Board Dynamic Soft Analysis (www.betasoft-
thermal.com) .
BETAsoft-MCM.
3- 4-
( , -
).
Sauna Thermal Solutions
(www.sauna.com) , -
. . -
38
-
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-
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-
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.
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Cadence.
.
- OT_TO Software
Group (www.iptelecom.net.ua/~otto), OT_TO 2000.
"" .
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, . -
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- WSCAD WSCAD Electronic;
- PCschematic ELautomation DpS CAD-cente
Elektra-CAD Desktop EDA (www.desktop-eda.com.au)
Protel 99 SE .
, , -
, . -
, -
. -
, - .
WSCAD 4.2 WSCAD Electronic (www.wscad.com) -
.
.
-
39
-
,
.
DpS CAD-center ApS (www.dps.dk) -
. PCschematic ELautomation , -
.
, , .
.
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Colla (www.colla.lv).
7
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$500- $2000 . -
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40
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10000. -
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$20000 , , ,
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Inventor (Autodesk), Solid Edge (EDS), Solid Works
(IBM).
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$20000 .
IBM,
Hewlett-Packard, DEC, Sun Microsystem, Digital Alpha AXP. -
Windows NT Unix.
, CATIA (IBM), Unigraphics (EDS), Pro/Engineer
(PTC).
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41
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42
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48
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49
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, CAD-, -
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- Voxel (Volume elements) . Voxel - , -
, () .
: -
-
; ; -
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.
50
-
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52
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,
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EdgeCAM Pathtrace Engineering Systems
-
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EdgeCAM - (-
6):
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- (Tabulated Cylinder);
- (Primitive Surfaces) - (Sphere), (Slab), -
(Cone), (Cylinder);
- (Surface of Revolution);
- (Coons Patch Surface);
- (Flowed Surfaces);
53
-
- (Lofted Curves);
- (Offset Surface);
- (Fillet Surface),
(Corner Blend);
- (Spline Surfaces);
- Bi- (B-Spline & Bezier Surfaces).
6.
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Modelling, Euclid, CATIA) , ,
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internet ( , ) .
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54
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9
.
:
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9.2. .
9.3.
9.1.
().
,
, . -
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.
, , N xi , -
. -
, [A, B] (
) M-1 .
M, M
.
1
, [A,B] - xi . , - . A = min(xi ), B = max(xi ). - , - .
55
-
M .
, [0, M-1]
Sj (x), :
Sj (i) = 0 i j
Sj (i) = 1 i = j
7 (M = 4):
7.
, - -
-
xi .
9.2. .
- , -
, -
. -
, .
, -
, . -
- .
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56
-
. , -
.
. x1 , x2 , ..., xn
y1 , y2 , ..., yn f(x). [xi , xi+1 ], i=1, 2, ..., n-1
:
S(x) = yi + c1i (x-xi ) + c2i (x-xi ) 2 + c3i (x-xi ) 3, xi <
x < xi+1
c1i , c2i , c3i , i = 1, 2, ..., n-1
, S'(x)
, :
2*S''1 + b1 *S''2 = b2
b3 *S''N-1 + 2*S''N = b4
. , -
(y'1 = y'(x1 ), y'n = y'(xn )), :
b1 = 1, b2 = (6/(x2 -x1 )) * ((y2 -y1 ) / (x2 -x1 )-y'1 ), b3 =
1, b4 = (6/(xn -xn-1 )) * (y'n - (yn -yn-1 )/(xn -xn-1 ))
, (y''1 = y''(x1 ), y''n = y''(xn )),
:
b1 = 0, b2 = 2*y''1 b3 = 0, b4 = 2*y''N
9.3.
- 2 -
, -
. -
()
, (-
) .
- . f(x) -
[a,b].
.
. v -
57
-
f -
n.
. , -
[a,b] f, . -
, -
.
10
:
10.1.
10.1.1.
10.1.2. 2D
10.1.3. 3D
10.1.4.
10.2. 3D.
10.3. .
10.1
-
,
-
. -
. -
,
. - -
.
.
58
-
1976 . -
.
,
: ISO, ANSI, NBS, DIN, ANFOR, . ,
-
. 1987
24-
- ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24.
-
. , -
:
- Core Graphics System
GKS - Graphical Kernel System
MGKS - Minimal GKS
GKS-N - New Graphical Kernel System
CKS-3D - 3D Graphical Kernel System
PHIGS P - rogrammer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics
System
VDI - Virtual Device Interface
CGI - Computer Graphics Interface
PS - Adobe Systems PostScript Language
DPS - Adobe Systems Display Postscript System
NeWS - SUN Microsystems Network Extensible Window System
Window - MIT Window System
Windows - Microsoft Windows System
XGKS - + GKS
- PHIGS+
OpenGL - SGI Graphical Language
10.1.1.
,
- ,
.
59
-
-
. ,
-
.
- ,
, .
-
,
, .
Core System (Core Graphics System), GKS (Graphical Kernel
System), GKS-3D, PHIGS
(Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System), PHIGS+.
-
-
(2D, 3D, , -
, .).
.
- .
- - . -
( ), -
. -
/ -
.
CGI (Computer Graphics Interface).
.
, - -
.
, .
, OpenGL
.
60
-
10.1.2. 2D
GKS - ISO . 1982
. 1985 .
GKS , Fortran, Pascal, Ada. GKS -
, GKS-3D PHIGS.
- -
/. .
, .
100 .
- , , , -
, . -
, .
MGKS MiniGKS - GKS
. -
.
GKS-N New GKS, ISO (1989 )
GKS. CGI.
.
PostScript (Adobe Systems, 1985) -
. - -
.
CGI - (ISO, 1986) . CGI -
, , -
. CGI -
GKS CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile).
PostScript Window System.
Window System - , -
. 1986 . -
-
.
61
-
- , , -
. Lib
Toolkit.
Microsoft Windows - MS DOS
IBM . Windows NT .
. -
Window, .
.
NeWs (Sun Microsystems, 1987) Display Postscript (Adobe
Systems,1990) - -
, PostScript. -
, PostScript. NeWS -
3D .
10.1.3. 3D
Core System - (ANSI) .
1977 .
5 .
(2D 3D) , -
.
. . GKS-3D PHIGS -
Core System .
GKS-3D - GKS (ISO, 1987), -
. (
GKS) :
- 3D-. 3D- 3D-
, , 3D- . -
.
XGKS, GEX - Window GKS/GKS-3D.
, .
62
-
PHIGS - GKS-3D (ANSI-1986, ISO-1989),
-
.
PHIGS+( PHIGS-PLUS) - PHIGS (ISO/ANSI Draft 1990), -
- -
, .
(MIT Consortium) - Window
PHIGS+. XPHIGS 1.0 - 1987 , PEX 6.0 - 1992
. ( - OpenGL), -
.
OpenGL - , Silicon Graphics 1993 , -
.
OpenGL .
10.1.4.
:
- ,
- - ,
- .
-
( ).
,
. -
-
.
-
.
. :
- ,
63
-
- ,
- ( ).
,
, .
GKSM - GKS Metafile
CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile
NAPLPS - North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax
HPG - Hewlett Packard Graphics Language
PostScript - Adobe Systems' Language
WMF - Microsoft Windows MetaFile
GEM - GEM Draw File Format
PIC - Lotus Graphics File Format
SLD - AutoCad Slide File Format
GKSM - de-facto GKS (-
"" GKS). GKSM -
GKS, -
GKS. GKSM ,
GKS.
CGM - ISO . CGM
CGI.
NAPLPS - VIDEOTEX. -
: -
- ,
,
. ,
- -
ASCII. -
, -
. .
64
-
HPG - Hewlett-Packard
( ), . -
, .
HPGL
.
PostScript - -
, . -
. PostScript -
.
- , -
.
WMF, GEM, PIC, SLD . - -
. -
.
,
-
.
-
.
:
IGES - Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
SET - Standard d'Exchange et de Transfert
PDDI - Product Data Definition Interface
- Manufacturing Automation Protocol
VDAFS - Verband der Deutschen
Automobilindustrie-Flachen-Schnittstelle
PDES - Product Data Exchange Standard
STEP - Standard for Exchange Product Model Data
EDIF - Electronic Design Interchange Format
DXF - Autocad Data eXchange Format
, -
.
65
-
-
, -
, ,
. -
() .
.- -
(-
) .
. ( GIF, TIFF, ) -
., ,
.
GIF - Compuserve Graphics Interchange Format
TIFF - Aldus & Microsoft Tag Image File Format
- ZSoft Paintbrush format
RLE - Compuserve & Teletext Run Length Encoded
- Microsoft Windows BitMaP
LBM - Deluxe Paint format
PIC - Pictor/PC Paint forma
- MacPaint format
IMG - Gem Paint format
CUT - Dr. Halo Cut files
TGA - Targa format
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
MEPG - Moving Pictures Experts Group
FLC - AutodeskAnimator
AVI - Microsoft Animation VIdeo GIF CompuServe Incorporation
. -
. LZW (Lempel, Ziv &
Welch), . -
, .
. TIFF Aldus Microsoft -
. -
.
66
-
TIFF - (bi-level), (gray-scale),
(paletted color), (full RGB) . -
, LZW.
TIFF - ,
. /
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.
JPEG - ISO, ( )
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MPEG - ISO,
.
, LBM, PIC, IMG, CUT, FLC -
.
. -
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, /8/.
10.2. 3D. 3D-
2.
2.
3D VDA-FS STEP (ISO) IGES (ISO) VRLM Parasolid ACIS SAT Open HFS
2.0 AP214 5.3 2 13 binary 7.0 6.0 , Mb 52,420 16,285 10,252 2,301
0,339 1.240 0,0595
10.3. .
VDA (Verband der Automobilindustrie File Standard)
. -
67
-
, 100%. -
.
STEP (ISO/IEC 10303 Standard for the Exchange of Product Model
Data) - -
Dassault (Catia)
. STEP -
. -
: ;
; ; .
AP203, AP214. STEP ISO -
, .
IGES (International Graphics Exchange Standard) -
(NIST) -
. -
, .
IGES ISO .
VDA-FS, STEP, IGES -
-
CAD. -
.
VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) ,
.
VRML 1.0 1998 .
(International Organization for Standartization, ISO).
Open Inventor File Format Silicon Graphics. -
(),
WWW . HTML, VRML
,
. VRML - VRML -
, . -
, VRML X3D. X3D
3D 3D .
68
Parasolid SAT (www.parasolid.com, www.spatial.com)
(75 %) CAD/CAM/CAE .
-
Parasolid STEP - PROSTEP,
-
. .
SAT, Dassault -
.
HSF (HOOPS Stream Format www.openhsf.org)) - ,
XML 3D -
. 3D (-
200 : SolidWorks, Catia, Unigraphics ..).
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Internet. , MCAD -
10 , -
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, , , .
CAD, Digital Mock-up, PDM, Simulation, CAM, CAE, View &
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.
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.
- , ,
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, , -
. CAD , -
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3- , -
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CAD ,
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.
PDM -
.
69
-
11
.
:
11.1. .
11.2. , .
11.3. .
, -
. -
-
(CAD), (CAM) -
() , . -
. , .
. -
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temes, think3 VX Corporation,
, , .
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. ,
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, , .
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70
-
,
, ,
.
, .
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- .
. , , -
, .
Thinkdesign kernel CAD- think3,
think3 Inc (), VX Overdrive Varimetrix Corp. -
CAM , 3D ,
.
11.2. , :
Open CASCADE Matra Datavision. Open CASCADE v3.1
2000 , SMLib Solid Modeling Solutions , -
- CAD/CAM-
.
11.3.
Parasolid UGS PLM Solutions
Corporation, . : 100 % ( -
); (, , , -
); ; -
; ;
.
, Parasolid, 50%
CAD/CAM . 870000 -
240 Parasolid, 25% 3D- Parasolid.
CAD - , Parasolid,
: Solid Edge (EDS), SolidMAN (ALTEA), Solid Builder (Andor),
MicroStation/J
MicroStation Modeler (Bentley Systems Inc.), True SolidMaster
(CADMAX Corp.), PEPS Solid
Cut (Camtek), ICAD (Fujitsu), Anvil Express (MCS Inc.),
DesignWave Pro/Desktop (PTC),
Solid Works (Solid Works Corp.), TopCad (Topcad SA), VISI-CAD
(Vero International Software
Srl.), T-FLEX CAD 7.0 (Top Systems).
71
-
Parasolid CAM :
CAMCORE Solid (Andor), MasterCAM (CNC Sostware Inc.), Esprin 98
(DP Technoligy Corp.),
FeatureCAD (Engineering Geometry Inc.), Feature Recognition
Toolkit (Geometric Software Silu-
tions Co. Ltd.), Virtual Gibbs (Gibbs&Assosiates), TopCam
(Topcad SA), VISI-CAM (Vero Inter-
national Software Srl.), T-FLEX CAM 7.0 (Top Systems).
ACIS 3D Geometric Modeler , -
Spatial Technology Inc./Dassault Systemes, IBM ().
Dessault Systemes, IBM, -
ACIS 3D Spatial.
ACIS
: AutoCad (Autodesk. Inc.), Cimatron (Cimatron Corp.), AMD 4
(AMD Corp.), ADEM
(Omega Adem Technologies Ltd.), CADKEY (CADKEY Corporation)
.
:
ACIS Parasolid. CATIA Pro/ENGINEER,
. , ACIS -
, Parasolid .
. Parasolid , UGS NX, Solid Edge
SolidWorks. ACIS CAM-.
Cimatron ADEM. -
ACIS AutoCAD. , CAD-
Parasolid ,
ACIS.
-
, ,
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,
(/ -
).
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.
72
-
12
:
12.1. .
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7. -
12.8. WAVE (What if Alternative Value Engineering)
-
(CAD/CAM/CAE) , -
(PDM Product Data Management), -
. , -, -
, - (
), -
-
.
, ,
, . -
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75
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. .
, .
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.
-
.
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, , , ( ..) .
, -
(oncurrent engineering, simultaneous engineering).
.
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76
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.
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, , -
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80
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:
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13.2.
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, T-FLEX, ADAM).
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, ,
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, 90-
CAD/CAM . -
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80- 90-
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81
-
.
,
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2.
2
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Parasolid ACIS . -
Parasolid
/
Omega Technologies
Ltd.
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-
Consistent Software
APM Win
Machin
-
CAD /
-
T-FLEX CAD LT, T-FLEX 2D
ADEM Draw, ADEM CAD
CadMech LT
Sprut-CAD
APM Gfaph
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CAD Elec-tro
CAD
3D T-FLEX 3D
ADEM CAD CadMech 3D
Sprut-CAD
CAD :
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T-FLEX /
ADEM TDM TechCard TechnologiCS
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T-FLEX/ , T-FLEX/ -
ADEM CAM CadMech-T
Sprut-CAM
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T-FLEX , T-FLEX NC TRACER
ADEM NC Sprut-CAM
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T-FLEX / .
CAE
-SHAFT Plus
T-FLEX / , T-FLEX /
16 CAE
T-FLEX /
-
PDM- T-FLEX
DOCs Search PartY+
82
-
13.3
( , T-FLEX, ADAM).
: - , -,
CAD/CAM/CAE
, ,
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1983 . 1986
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84
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T-FLEX CAD/CAM/CAE
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"". " "
T-FLEX CAD.
2.x T-FLEX CAD, TopCAD,
1992 . , 1993 , 3.x T-FLEX CAD,
DOS . 1994 -
4.x, .
. 4.x
T-FLEX CAD DOS.
1995 Windows T-FLEX CAD.
1996 T-FLEX CAD 5.x
Windows 95 Windows NT. 1996 " "
ACIS Spatial Technology. 1996 -
T-FLEX CAD 5.x,
ACIS. 1997
T-FLEX DOCs, " "
. 1999 " " -
Parasolid. 2000 T-
FLEX CAD 7.0 Parasolid. " " -
, Parasolid. T-FLEX CAD 7.0
Parasolid.
C T-FLEX CAD LT T-FLEX CAD 2D -
. , T-FLEX CAD LT, -
, , , -
, , .
T-FLEX CAD 3D
85
-
T-FLEX CAD 3D T-FLEX CAD 2D T-FLEX
CAD LT.
T-FLEX CAD 3D Parasolid UGS PLM Solu-
tions.
T-FLEX CAD
T-FLEX CAD -
. 1500 :
, , , , , , , , , ,
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: T-FLEX 2D T-FLEX 3D, -
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86
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( 13765-86, 13764-86, 13766-86,
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, (, EOC
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: Omega Technologies Ltd -
ADEM CAD/CAM
Omega Technologies Ltd 1993 . -
(CherryCAD), (). 1994 . ADEM.
2000 .- ADEM 6.1. ADEM - ,
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ADEM CAD/CAM -
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CAD/CAM ADEM.
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89
-
, -
.
.
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.
CAD/CAM ADEM - . ,
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CadMech, TechCard, Seartch
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. ,
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96
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Vectory Spotlight Consistent Software.
14
CAE-
:
14.1 M WinMachine
14.2. - 14.3 Cosmos Works Desidner
14.4. MSC.Nastran for Windows
14.5.CAE- ANSYS.
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97
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14.3. COSMOSWorks Designer
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:
CAD
COSMOSWorks SolidWorks
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SolidWorks, -
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105
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OpenGL. , -
:
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14. 4 MSC.Nastran for Windows MSC.Software - MSC.Nastran - -
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ANSYS 25 .
Westinchaus Electric, -
107
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(CAM) :
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16.1. CAD/CAM/CAE
16.2. CAD/CAM/CAE
16.2.1. CAD/CAM/CAE UGS NX.
16.2.2. CAD/CAM/CAE Pro/ENGINEER.
16.2.3.CAD/CAM/CAE CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional
Interactive Application). 1, 2, 3.
16.2.4. CAD/CAM/CAE Pro/ENGINEER. .
16.1. CAD/CAM/CAE
CAD : -
(C
tron CAD/CAM- .
/CAM
ADAM), (CATIA), - (UNIGRAPHICS) (EUCLID).
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116
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.
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.
.
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-,
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, . . - CAD/CAM/CAE-
16.2.2. CAD/CAM/CAE UGS NX.
: UGS PLM Solution - . -
UGS NX, Solid Edge, TeamCenter.
,
NX :
UGS:
XML eXT = PLM XML
UDS
Unigraphics, IDEAS, ImageWare , Solid Edge
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118
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119
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Windows CAD, -
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. Solid Edge
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16.2.3. CAD/CAM/CAE Pro/ENGINEER.
CAD/CAM/CAE -
, -
Pro/ENGINEER.
Pro/ENGENEER , -
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mensional Interactive Application).
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122
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PLM (Product Life Cycle Management). PLM-
IBM, , -
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123
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CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Ap-
plication).
CATIA- (CAD), -
(CAM) (),
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124
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126
-
17
PDM-
17.1 PDM.
17.2. , PDM.
17.3. PDM-
17.4. PDM-
17.5 PDM
PDM?
:
,
17.1. PDM
I PDM - 80- 90- (1987-1997).
-
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, -
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( ) ,
. , -
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127
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PDM
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III PDM 90- ,
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PDM Web- (Web-centric) - cPDm
collaborative Product Definition management.
(
128
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), collaborative- , -
.
Life Cycle Collaboration ,
PDM- , -
,
.. , CAD PLM.
PDM-
PDM ERP-
1- : PDM -Windchill, Wildfire PTC, - Enovia Dessoult Systems
(IBM),
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);
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PDM :
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18.
. c-PDM. PLM :
18.1. -PDM collaborative Product Definition management.
18.2. PLM
18.1. -PDM collaborative Product Definition management.
21 PDM Web-
(Web-centric). cPDm collaborative Product Definition
management.
( -
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Lifecycle Management ), -
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PLM :
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131
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;
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. 7, 2006 .
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