2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 34 - Accessibility Outline 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Web Accessibility 34.3 Web Accessibility Initiative

2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 34 - Accessibility

Outline34.1 Introduction34.2 Web Accessibility34.3 Web Accessibility Initiative34.4 Providing Alternatives for Images34.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure34.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables34.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames34.8 Accessibility in XML34.9 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with

VoiceXML 34.10 CallXML 34.11 JAWS for Windows34.12 Other Accessibility Tools


Chapter 34 - Accessibility

Outline34.13 Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000

34.13.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments34.13.2 Tools for People with Hearing Impairments34.13.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard34.13.4 Microsoft Narrator34.13.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard34.13.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5

34.14 Internet and World Wide Web Resources


34.2 Web Accessibility

• National Federation for the Blind (NFB) – Files lawsuit against AOL for not providing access to

individuals to visual disabilities

• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)– Addresses Web accessibility laws (Fig. 34.1)



Act Purpose Americans with Disabilities Act The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, state

and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation and telecommunications.

Telecommunications Act of 1996 The Telecommunications Act of 1996 contains two amendments to Section 255 and Section 251(a)(2) of the Communications Act of 1934. These amendments require that communication devices, such as cell phones, telephones and pagers, be accessible to individuals with disabilities.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997

Education materials in schools must be made accessible to children with disabilities.

Rehabilitation Act Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act states that college sponsored activities receiving federal funding cannot discriminate against individuals with disabilities. Section 508 mandates that all government institutions receiving federal funding design their Web sites so that they are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Businesses that sell services to the government also must abide by this act.

Fig. 34.1 Acts designed to protect access to the Internet for people with disabilities.



• WeMedia.com (Fig. 34.2)– Dedicated to providing news, information and services for

millions of individuals with disabilities

– Provides online educational opportunities for individuals with disabilities

• Internet – Enables individuals with disabilities to work in vast array of

fields

– Federal regulations require it to accommodate needs of people with hearing, vision, speech and mobility impairments


34.3 Web Accessibility Initiative

Fig. 34.2 We Media home page. (Courtesy of WeMedia, Inc.)



• Accessibility– Usability of an application or Web site by people with

disabilities

• Web sites– Majority are partially or totally inaccessible

– Need to be accessible as more people with disabilities use Internet

• Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)– Launched by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)– Mission statement described at www.w3.org/WAI

– Offer supplemental checklist of quick tips

• Reinforce ten important points of accessible design



• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0– Published by WAI

– Helps businesses determine the accessibility of Web sites

– Uses checkpoints to indicate accessibility requirements• Priority-one checkpoints

– Goals that must be met to ensure accessibility

• Priority-two checkpoints

– Must be satisfied, or people with certain disabilities will experience difficulty

• Priority-three checkpoints

– Slightly improve accessibility

– WAI working on WCAG 2.0 draft


34.4 Providing Alternatives for Images

• Web pages – Include a textual description that defines the purpose of

every image

– Use the alt attribute of img and input elements

– Not using alt attribute increases difficulty of browsing the Web for certain individuals

• User agents– Access text-based information

– Interpret and translate Web-page source code

– Braille displays• Devices that receive data from screen-reading software



• User agents, cont.– Screen readers

• Programs that allow users to hear all text displayed on screens

• Reads text descriptions accompanying alt attributes

• longdesc attribute– Auguments the alt attribute description

– Contains URL that links to Web page describing image

– Currently not supported by most Web browsers

– Alternative is D-link• Provides descriptive text about graphs and charts

• Developed by CORDA Technologies



• Emacspeak– Translates text data to voice

– Implements auditory icons that play various sounds

• WeMedia Browser– Provides oversized buttons and keystroke commands for

easy navigation

– Reads text that the user selects• Users can control the speed and volume of the readings

• IBM Home Page Reader (HPR)– Reads text selected by the user

– Uses IBM ViaVoice to synthesize an audible voice


34.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure

• Many Web sites use tags incorrectly– Used for aesthetic purposes rather than appropriate purposes– <h1> heading tag

• Intended as a major section head for content

• Used incorrectly to make text large and bold

– Creates problems for screen readers since they verbally inform users that a new section has been reached

• Use in accordance with its XHTML specifications

• Readability– Consider the reading level of audience

– Do not use slang and other non-traditional language


34.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure

• Readability, cont.– Gunning Fog Index

• Formula that produces a readability grade for selected text

• Evaluates a Web site’s readability

– WCAG 1.0 suggests using a paragraph’s first sentence to convey subject


34.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables

• Screen readers – Many incapable of translating tables unless properly

designed

• Following example illustrates XHTML table– Has no accessibility modifications

– Reads table as Price of Fruit Fruit Price Apple $0.25 Orange $0.50 Banana $1.00 Pineapple $2.00

– Table contents not presented adequately

– WCAG 1.0 recommends using Cascading Style Sheets instead of tables

2001 Prentice Hall, Inc.All rights reserved.

Outline1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">4 5 6 7 8 <html>9 <head>10 <title>XHTML Table Without Headers</title>11 12 <style type = "text/css">13 body { background-color: #ccffaa; 14 text-align: center }15 </style>16 </head>17 18 <body>19 20 <p>Price of Fruit</p>21 22 <table border = "1" width = "50%">23 24 <tr>25 <td>Fruit</td>26 <td>Price</td>27 </tr>28 29 <tr>30 <td>Apple</td>31 <td>$0.25</td>32 </tr>33

Withoutheaders.html


Outline34 <tr>35 <td>Orange</td>36 <td>$0.50</td>37 </tr>38 39 <tr>40 <td>Banana</td>41 <td>$1.00</td>42 </tr>43 44 <tr>45 <td>Pineapple</td>46 <td>$2.00</td>47 </tr>48 49 </table>50 51 </body>52 </html>

Withoutheaders.html

Program Output


34.6 Accessibility in XHTML tables

• Following example illustrates XHTML table– Has accessibility modifications

– Contains <td> tag with headers attribute and <th> tag with id attribute

– Reads table as Fruit: Apple, Price: $0.25Fruit: Orange, Price: $0.50Fruit: Banana, Price: $1.00Fruit: Pineapple, Price: $2.00


Outline1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">4 5 6 7 8 <html>9 <head>10 <title>XHTML Table With Headers</title>11 12 <style type = "text/css">13 body { background-color: #ccffaa;14 text-align: center }15 </style>16 </head>17 18 <body>19 20 21 22 23 24 25 <table width = "50%" border = "1" 26 summary = "This table uses th elements and id and 27 headers attributes to make the table readable 28 by screen readers">29 30 <caption><strong>Price of Fruit</strong></caption>31 32 <tr>33 <th id = "fruit">Fruit</th>34 <th id = "price">Price</th>35 </tr>

Withheaders.html

Element th uses id attribute to modify header cellsEnsures proper reading of table


Outline36 37 <tr>38 <td headers = "fruit">Apple</td>39 <td headers = "price">$0.25</td>40 </tr>41 42 <tr>43 <td headers = "fruit">Orange</td>44 <td headers = "price">$0.50</td>45 </tr>46 47 <tr>48 <td headers = "fruit">Banana</td>49 <td headers = "price">$1.00</td>50 </tr>51 52 <tr>53 <td headers = "fruit">Pineapple</td>54 <td headers = "price">$2.00</td>55 </tr>56 57 </table>58 59 </body>60 </html>

Withheaders.html

Attribute headers intended for tables that hold large amounts of data


Outline

Program Output


34.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames

• Frames– Convenient way to ensure certain content always displays

– Lack proper descriptions

– Many users unable to navigate such Web sites

• <title> tag– Include meaningful descriptions

• <noframes> tag – Provides alternative content for browsers not supporting

frames

• Use CSS as alternative to frames


34.8 Accessibility in XML

• XML Guidelines (XML GL)– Developed by WAI to create accessible XML documents

– Recommends including text descriptions for every image

– Element types should allow grouping and classification

– Identify important content

– Essential to create stylesheets that produce multiple outputs


34.9 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML

• VoiceXML– Created by AT&T, IBM, Lucent and Motorola

– Reads Web pages to users

– Understands words spoken into a microphone through speech recognition

– Processed by VoiceXML interpreter and browser

– Platform independent

• IBM WebSphere Voice Server SDK 1.5 – VoiceXML interpreter

– Used for desktop testing of VoiceXML documents



• Following examples illustrates VoiceXML– Contains dialogs and subdialogs that allow for spoken

interaction between users and browsers

– Output (Fig. 34. 6) demonstrates conversation between user and browser


Outline1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <vxml version = "1.0">3 4 5 6 7 <link next = "#home">8 <grammar>home</grammar>9 </link>10 11 <link next = "#end">12 <grammar>exit</grammar>13 </link>14 15 <var name = "currentOption" expr = "'home'"/>16 17 <form>18 <block>19 <emp>Welcome</emp> to the voice page of Deitel and 20 Associates. To exit any time say exit. 21 To go to the home page any time say home.22 </block>23 <subdialog src = "#home"/>24 </form>25 26 <menu id = "home">27 <prompt count = "1" timeout = "10s"> 28 You have just entered the Deitel home page. 29 Please make a selection by speaking one of the 30 following options:31 <break msecs = "1000" />32 <enumerate/>33 </prompt>34

Main.vxml

Elements form and menu implement dialogsElement form presents and gathers informationElement menu provides options and transfers control

Element link creates active link to home pageAttribute next specifies URIElement grammar marks up text that user must speak

Element block groups elements that perform a common taskCan exist only within form element

Element prompt instructs user to make a selectionAttribute count transfers control once time limit (specified by timeout attribute) is reached


Outline35 <prompt count = "2">36 Please say one of the following.37 <break msecs = "1000" />38 <enumerate/>39 </prompt>40 41 <choice next = "#about">About us</choice>42 <choice next = "#directions">Driving directions</choice>43 <choice next = "publications.vxml">Publications</choice>44 </menu>45 46 <form id = "about">47 <block>48 About Deitel and Associates, Inc.49 Deitel and Associates, Inc. is an internationally 50 recognized corporate training and publishing organization, 51 specializing in programming languages, Internet and World 52 Wide Web technology and object technology education. 53 Deitel and Associates, Inc. is a member of the World Wide 54 Web Consortium. The company provides courses on Java, C++,55 Visual Basic, C, Internet and World Wide Web programming56 and Object Technology. 57 <assign name = "currentOption" expr = "'about'"/>58 <goto next = "#repeat"/>59 </block>60 </form>61 62 <form id = "directions">63 <block>64 Directions to Deitel and Associates, Inc.65 We are located on Route 20 in Sudbury, 66 Massachusetts, equidistant from route 67 <sayas class = "digits">128</sayas> and route 68 <sayas class = "digits">495</sayas>.69 <assign name = "currentOption" expr = "'directions'"/>

Main.vxml

Element choice presents optionsAlways part of menu or form element


Outline

Main.vxml

70 <goto next = "#repeat"/>71 </block>72 </form>73 74 <form id = "repeat">75 <field name = "confirm" type = "boolean">76 <prompt>77 To repeat say yes. To go back to home, say no.78 </prompt>79 80 <filled>81 <if cond = "confirm == true">82 <goto expr = "'#' + currentOption"/>83 <else/>84 <goto next = "#home"/>85 </if>86 </filled>87 88 </field>89 </form> 90 91 <form id = "end">92 <block>93 Thank you for visiting Deitel and Associates voice page.94 Have a nice day.95 <exit/>96 </block>97 </form>98 99 </vxml>


Outline100 <?xml version = "1.0"?>101 <vxml version = "1.0">102 103 104 105 106 <link next = "main.vxml#home">107 <grammar>home</grammar>108 </link>109 <link next = "main.vxml#end">110 <grammar>exit</grammar>111 </link>112 <link next = "#publication">113 <grammar>menu</grammar>114 </link>115 116 <var name = "currentOption" expr = "'home'"/>117 118 <menu id = "publication">119 120 <prompt count = "1" timeout = "12s"> 121 Following are some of our publications. For more 122 information visit our web page at www.deitel.com. 123 To repeat the following menu, say menu at any time.124 Please select by saying one of the following books:125 <break msecs = "1000" />126 <enumerate/>127 </prompt>128 129 <prompt count = "2">130 Please select from the following books.131 <break msecs = "1000" />132 <enumerate/>133 </prompt>134

Publications.vxml


Outline

Publications.vxml

135 <choice next = "#java">Java.</choice>136 <choice next = "#c">C.</choice>137 <choice next = "#cplus">C plus plus.</choice>138 </menu>139 140 <form id = "java">141 <block>142 Java How to program, third edition.143 The complete, authoritative introduction to Java. 144 Java is revolutionizing software development with 145 multimedia-intensive, platform-independent, 146 object-oriented code for conventional, Internet, 147 Intranet and Extranet-based applets and applications. 148 This Third Edition of the world's most widely used 149 university-level Java textbook carefully explains 150 Java's extraordinary capabilities. 151 <assign name = "currentOption" expr = "'java'"/>152 <goto next = "#repeat"/>153 </block>154 </form>155 156 <form id = "c">157 <block>158 C How to Program, third edition.159 This is the long-awaited, thorough revision to the 160 world's best-selling introductory C book! The book's 161 powerful "teach by example" approach is based on162 more than 10,000 lines of live code, thoroughly 163 explained and illustrated with screen captures showing 164 detailed output.World-renowned corporate trainers and 165 best-selling authors Harvey and Paul Deitel offer the 166 most comprehensive, practical introduction to C ever 167 published with hundreds of hands-on exercises, more 168 than 250 complete programs written and documented for 169 easy learning, and exceptional insight into good


Outline170 programming practices, maximizing performance, avoiding 171 errors, debugging, and testing. New features include 172 thorough introductions to C++, Java, and object-oriented 173 programming that build directly on the C skills taught 174 in this book; coverage of graphical user interface 175 development and C library functions; and many new, 176 substantial hands-on projects.For anyone who wants to 177 learn C, improve their existing C skills, and understand 178 how C serves as the foundation for C++, Java, and 179 object-oriented development. 180 <assign name = "currentOption" expr = "'c'"/>181 <goto next = "#repeat"/>182 </block>183 </form>184 185 <form id = "cplus">186 <block>187 The C++ how to program, second edition.188 With nearly 250,000 sold, Harvey and Paul Deitel's C++ 189 How to Program is the world's best-selling introduction190 to C++ programming. Now, this classic has been thoroughly 191 updated! The new, full-color Third Edition has been 192 completely revised to reflect the ANSI C++ standard, add 193 powerful new coverage of object analysis and design with 194 UML, and give beginning C++ developers even better live 195 code examples and real-world projects. The Deitels' C++ 196 How to Program is the most comprehensive, practical 197 introduction to C++ ever published with hundreds of 198 hands-on exercises, roughly 250 complete programs written 199 and documented for easy learning, and exceptional insight 200 into good programming practices, maximizing performance, 201 avoiding errors, debugging, and testing. This new Third 202 Edition covers every key concept and technique ANSI C++ 203 developers need to master: control structures, functions, 204 arrays, pointers and strings, classes and data

Publications.vxml


Outline

Publications.vxml

205 abstraction, operator overloading, inheritance, virtual 206 functions, polymorphism, I/O, templates, exception 207 handling, file processing, data structures, and more. It 208 also includes a detailed introduction to Standard 209 Template Library containers, container adapters, 210 algorithms, and iterators. 211 <assign name = "currentOption" expr = "'cplus'"/>212 <goto next = "#repeat"/>213 </block>214 </form>215 216 <form id = "repeat">217 <field name = "confirm" type = "boolean">218 219 <prompt>220 To repeat say yes. Say no, to go back to home.221 </prompt>222 223 <filled>224 <if cond = "confirm == true">225 <goto expr = "'#' + currentOption"/>226 <else/>227 <goto next = "#publication"/>228 </if>229 </filled>230 </field>231 </form> 232 </vxml>


Outline Computer:Welcome to the voice page of Deitel and Associates. To exit any time say exit. To go to the home page any time say home.

User:Home

Computer:You have just entered the Deitel home page. Please make a selection by speaking one of the following options: About us, Driving directions, Publications.

User:Driving directions

Computer:Directions to Deitel and Associates, Inc.We are located on Route 20 in Sudbury,Massachusetts, equidistant from route 128and route 495.To repeat say yes. To go back to home, say no.

Program Output



• Following table lists VoiceXML tags (Fig. 34.7)



VoiceXML Tag Description

<assign> Assigns a value to a variable.

<block> Presents information to users without any interaction between the user and the computer (i.e., the computer does not expect any input from the user).

<break> Instructs the computer to pause its speech output for a specified period of time.

<choice> Specifies an option in a menu element.

<enumerate> Lists all the available options to the user.

<exit> Exits the program.

<filled> Contains elements to be executed when the computer receives user input for a form element.

<form> Gathers information from the user for a set of variables.

<goto> Transfers control from one dialog to another.

<grammar> Specifies grammar for the expected input from the user.

<if>, <else>, <elseif>

Control statements used for making logic decisions.

<link> A transfer of control similar to the goto statement, but a link can be executed at any time during the program’s execution.

<menu> Provides user options and transfers control to other dialogs, based on the selected option.

<prompt> Specifies text to be read to the user when a selection is needed.

<subdialog> Calls another dialog. After executing the subdialog, the calling dialog resumes control.

<var> Declares a variable.

<vxml> The top-level tag specifying that the document should be processed by a VoiceXML interpreter.

Fig. 34.7 Some VoiceXML tags.


34.10 CallXML

• CallXML– Created and supported by Voxeo

– Design phone-to-Web applications that control incoming and outgoing telephone calls

– Accessible through telephones

– Requests and responds to input

– Examples: voice mail, voice response systems, call waiting

• Text-to-speech (TTS) engine – Reads information contained in CallXML elements


34.10 CallXML

• Session– Incoming telephone call

– CallXML supports multiple sessions

– Assigned unique sessionID for identification

– Terminates when application ends or when a hangup occurs

• Following example illustrates Hello World


Outline1 <?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>2 3 4 5 6 <callxml>7 <text>Hello World.</text>8 </callxml>

Hello.xml

Program Output

Element text contains content spoken by TTS engine


34.10 CallXML

• Voxeo Community– Assists in creating, debugging and deploying CallXML

applications

– Assigns a unique telephone number to each application

– Provides logging feature • Records and displays the “conversation”

• Following example illustrates application – Reads ISBN values of three Deitel textbooks based on user’s

touch-tone input


Outline1 <?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>2 3 4 5 6 <callxml>7 <block>8 <text>9 Welcome. To obtain the ISBN of the Internet and World10 Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition, please enter 1. 11 To obtain the ISBN of the XML How to Program,12 please enter 2. To obtain the ISBN of the Java How13 to Program: Fourth Edition, please enter 3. To exit the14 application, please enter 4.15 </text>16 17 18 19 20 <getDigits var = "ISBN"21 maxDigits = "1"22 termDigits = "1234"23 maxTime = "60s" />24 25 26 27 <onMaxSilence>28 <text>29 Please enter either 1, 2, 3 or 4.30 </text>31 32 <getDigits var = "ISBN"33 termDigits = "1234" 34 maxDigits = "1"35 maxTime = "60s" />

Isbn.xml

Element getDigits obtains users’ inputAttribute var stores the inputAttribute maxDigits indicates maximum digits that user can enterAttribute termDigits lists values that user can enterAttribute maxTime indicates length of time to wait for input

Element onMaxSilence invoked when maxTime expires


Outline

Isbn.xml

36 37 </onMaxSilence>38 39 <onTermDigit value = "1">40 <text>41 The ISBN for the Internet book is 0130308978.42 Thank you for calling our CallXML application.43 Good-bye.44 </text>45 </onTermDigit>46 47 <onTermDigit value = "2">48 <text>49 The ISBN for the XML book is 0130284173.50 Thank you for calling our CallXML application.51 Good-bye.52 </text>53 </onTermDigit>54 55 <onTermDigit value = "3">56 <text>57 The ISBN for the Java book is 0130341517.58 Thank you for calling our CallXML application.59 Good-bye.60 </text>61 </onTermDigit>62 63 <onTermDigit value = "4">64 <text>65 Thank you for calling our CallXML application.66 Good-bye.67 </text>68 </onTermDigit>69 </block>70

Element onTermDigit notifies application of action to perform when user enters a termDigit character


Outline71 72 <onHangup />73 </callxml> Element onHangup terminates a phone call

Isbn.xml

Program Output


34.10 CallXML

• Following table lists logic and action elements• Logic elements

– Assign values to, and clear values from, session variables

• Action elements– Perform specified tasks during the current session


34.10 CallXML

Elements Description

assign Assigns a value to a variable, var.

clear Clears the contents of the var attribute.

clearDigits Clears all digits that the user has entered.

goto Navigates to another section of the current CallXML application or to a different CallXML

application. The value attribute specifies the application URL. The submit attribute

lists the variables that are passed to the invoked application. The method attribute states

whether to use the HTTP get or post request types when sending and retrieving

information. A get request retrieves data from a Web server without modifying the

contents, while the post request sends modified data.

run Starts a new CallXML session for each call. The value attribute specifies which

CallXML application to retrieve. The submit attribute lists the variables that are passed

to the invoked application. The method attribute states whether to use the HTTP get or

post request type. The var attribute stores the identification number of the session.

sendEvent Allows multiple sessions to exchange messages. The value attribute stores the message,

and the session attribute specifies the identification number of the session that receives the message.

Fig. 34.10 List of some CallXML elements.


34.10 CallXML

Elements Description

answer Answers an incoming telephone call.

call Calls the URL specified by the value attribute. The callerID attribute contains the

phone number that is displayed on a CallerID device. The maxTime attribute specifies the length of time to wait for the call to be answered before disconnecting.

conference Connects multiple sessions so that people can participate in a conference call. The

targetSessions attribute specifies the identification numbers of the sessions, and the

termDigits attribute indicates the touch-tone keys that terminate the call.

wait Waits for user input. The value attribute specifies how long to wait. The termDigits

attribute indicates the touch-tone keys that terminate the wait element.

play Plays an audio file or a value that is stored as a number, date or amount of money and is

indicated by the format attribute. The value attribute contains the information (location

of the audio file, number, date or amount of money) that corresponds to the format attribute. The clearDigits attribute specifies whether or not to delete the previously

entered input. The termDigits attribute indicates the touch-tone keys that terminate the audio file, etc.

recordAudio Records an audio file and stores it at the URL specified by value. The format attribute

indicates the file extension of the audio clip. Other attributes include termDigits,

clearDigits, maxTime and maxSilence.

Fig. 34.10 List of some CallXML elements.


34.11 JAWS for Windows

• Job Access With Sound (JAWS)– Created by Henter-Joyce, division of Freedom Scientific

– Leading screen reader on market

– Assists people with visual impairments use technology

– Includes key commands for popular programs• Microsoft Word and Internet Explorer (IE)

• Pressing Insert + F7 in IE opens Links List dialog

– Displays all links on Web page


34.12 Other Accessibility Tools

• Braille keyboard– Has each key labeled with letter it represents

– Has equivalent braille symbol on key

• Speech synthesizers– Aids those unable to communicate verbally

• Ocularis– Ensures that blind can use Linux operating system through

Audio User Interface (AUI)

– Integrates with word processors, calculators, finance applications, Web browsers and e-mail clients


34.12 Other Accessibility Tools

• Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language– Interprets auditory information delivered over Web

– Adds extra tracks to multimedia content• Layers of content found within single file

• Contains closed captioning

• EagleEyes– Translates eye movements into mouse movements

• Companies developing accessibility software– Adobe Systems, CitXCorp,GW Micro, Henter-Joyce,

JetForm Corp and Microsoft


34.13 Accessibility in Microsoft® Windows® 2000

• Microsoft – Includes accessibility features in operating systems and

applications

• Accessibility features enhanced in Windows 2000– Available through Accessibility Wizard

• Guides users through setup process

• Access Accessibility Wizard– Successively select Start, Programs, Accessories,

Accessibility and Accessibility Wizard– Select Next on Welcome screen

• Text Size dialog (Fig. 34.11)– Select font size in following figure



Fig. 34.11 Text Size dialog.



• Display Settings dialog (Fig. 34.12)– Select font size, screen resolution or Microsoft Magnifier

• Set Wizard Options dialog (Fig. 34.13)– Customizes Windows to accommodate users with disabilities



Fig. 34.12 Display Settings dialog.



Fig. 34.13 Accessibility Wizard initialization options.



• Tools for people with visual impairments– Resize scroll bars and window borders (Fig. 34.14)

– Resize icons (Fig. 34.15)

– Modify color schemes and resize screen elements(Fig. 34.16)

– Customize mouse cursor (Fig. 34.17)



Fig. 34.14 Scroll Bar and Window Border Size dialog.



Fig. 34.15 Setting up window element sizes.



Fig. 34.16 Display Color Settings options.



Fig. 34.17 Accessibility Wizard mouse cursor adjustment tool.



• Tools for people with hearing impairments– SoundSentry (Fig. 34.18)

• Creates visual signals when system events occur

– ShowSounds (Fig. 34.19)• Adds captions to spoken text and other sounds

• Software developers must provide captions within software



Fig. 34.18 SoundSentry dialog.



Fig. 34.19 ShowSounds dialog.



• Tools for people with mobility impairments– StickyKeys (Fig. 34.20)

• Helps users who have difficulty pressing multiple keys

– Crtl+Alt+Delete to restart computer

• Allows users to press key combinations in sequence rather than at same time

– BounceKeys (Fig. 34.21)• Forces computer to ignore repeated keystrokes

– ToggleKeys (Fig. 34.22)• Alerts users that they have pressed lock keys

– Caps Lock, Num Lock and Scroll Lock



Fig. 34.20 StickyKeys window.



Fig. 34.21 BounceKeys dialog.



Fig. 34.22 ToggleKeys window.



• Tools for people with mobility impairments, cont.– Extra Keyboard Help (Fig. 34.23)

• Displays information such as shortcuts when available

• Software developers must provide content to be displayed

– MouseKeys (Fig. 34.24)• Emulates mouse movements

• Uses keyboard to perform actions of mouse



Fig. 34.23 Extra Keyboard Help dialog.



Fig. 34.24 MouseKeys window.



• Tools for people with mobility impairments, cont.– Mouse Button Settings (Fig. 34.25)

• Allows users to create virtual left-handed mouse

• Swaps button functions

– MouseSpeed (Fig. 34.26)• Modifies speed of mouse pointer

– Set Automatic Timeouts (Fig. 34.27)• Specifies timeout period for tools

– Enables or disables accessibility options after set time



Fig. 34.25 Mouse Button Settings window.



Fig. 34.26 Mouse Speed dialog.



Fig. 34.27 Set Automatic Timeouts dialog.



• Tools for people with mobility impairments, cont.– Save Settings to File dialog (Fig. 34.28)

• Determines whether to store accessibility settings as default settings

• Saves accessibility settings as .acw file



Fig. 34.28 Saving new accessibility settings.



• Microsoft Narrator– Text-to-speech program for people with visual impairments

– Reads text

– Describes current desktop environment

– Alerts users when Windows events occur

– Assists in configuring Windows

– Navigates Windows environment

– Integrates with Internet Explorer, WordPad, Notepad, etc.



• Open Microsoft Narrator– Successively select Start, Programs, Accessories,

Accessibility and Narrator

– Once open, describes current foreground window and reads text inside window

• Narrator window (Fig. 34. 29)– Select appropriate checkboxes depending on disability



Fig. 34.29 Narrator window.



• Integrating Narrator with Notepad (Fig. 34. 30)– Select File menu

• Announces opening of program

• Describes items in File menu

– Type text and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to hear spoken text

– Up and down arrows cause Narrator to speak line adjacent to current mouse position

– Left and right arrows cause Narrator to speak characters adjacent to current mouse position



Fig. 34.30 Narrator reading Notepad text.



• Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard (Fig. 34.31)– Successively select Start, Programs, Accessories,

Accessibility and On-Screen Keyboard– Displays image of keyboard on computer screen

• Users select keys using mouse cursor

• Clicker 4 by Inclusive Technology– Customizes keyboards

• Keys can have letters, numbers, entire words or pictures



Fig. 34.31 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard.



• Accessibility features in Internet Explorer 5.5– Select Tools menu, then Internet Options and

Accessibility tab (Fig. 34.32)

– Offers variety of options to improve usability• Browsers can ignore Web colors, Web fonts and font size tags

• Users can specify style sheets

– Formats all Web sites visited according to users’ choices

– Select Advanced tab in Internet Options(Fig. 34. 33)

• Contains additional options that enable accessible Web sites



Fig. 34.32 Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5’s accessibility options.



Fig. 34.33 Advanced accessibility settings in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5.

Documents

2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 34 - Accessibility Outline 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Web Accessibility 34.3 Web Accessibility Initiative