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Congress of Vienna
1814-1815 –European leaders led by Austria (Prime Minister Metternich)
Goals Prevent French Aggression Balance of Power (No
country is a threat to anyone)
Restore royal families to the throne
Result=5 Grt Powers (GB, FR, Austria, Prussia, RS)
Unintentional Side-Effect: encourages Nationalism
European Map after Congress of Vienna (1817)
Napoleon Empire Map (1815)
Nationalism
Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king share a cmmn culture & history Can identify better with own gov’t People have the right to self-govern Nation-States—independent gov,
represents itself▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America
The Bonds That Create…
Nationalit
y
Lang
uage
Cultu
re His
tory
Relig
ion
Terr
itor
yNation-State
Defends its territory & way of life
Representative to the rest of the world
Embodies the people & ideals
Nationalism
Beliefs
Conservatives
Liberals Radicals
•Wealthy & Nobility
•Argued for traditional monarchy
•Middle Class
•Power to elected parliaments
•BUT only the landowners and educated
•“Fringes” often students
•Extend democracy to all people
•Drastic changes
Nationalist Rebellions 1821 1830s 1848
•Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region
• Greeks rebel
• Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans
• British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks
• Grks win indepdt
•Belgians declare independence from Dutch•Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed•French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down)
•Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic•Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III
• Encourages reform
• Experiences economic prosperity
Break Up of EmpiresAustro-Hungarian Ottoman Russian
•Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians
•Prussia gains control of German States
•Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor
•Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians
•Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule
• Angers conservative Turks—causes tension
• Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide)
•Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks
•Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans
•Russification—impose Russian culture
• Strengthened nationalist feelings
• Disunified Russia• Weakened czar’s
power
Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini Formed “Young
Italy”—youth nationalist group
1848—Rebellions broke out, Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome
Driven into exile
Italy
Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of
Italian State Sardinia
Expanded borders of Sardinia, unifying most of Northern Italy
Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of
nationalists rebels in Southern Italy
Supported by Cavour Turned over control
of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ▪ United all of Italy
Unification of Italy
Germany
Otto Von Bismarck Prime minister of
Prussia under Wilhelm I
Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ practicality >
idealism Encourages
expansion of Prussia through war
The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches or by majority
decisions—but by blood and iron!
Germany
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) Prussia had superior
training and equipment
Austria humiliated Territory turned over
to Prussia, created North German Federation, led by Prussia
Germany
Franco-Prussian War Southern Germany unsure of
Prussian control so… Bismarck insults the French so
they would declare war on Prussia
Prussians overwhelm Paris & capture Napoleon III—force surrender
Everyone is proud to be German, so Southern Germans accept Prussian control
King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany
Unification of Germany
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhem I Bismarck
So…What happened to the Balance of Power?
Think about: Congress of Vienna & its results Who became stronger? Who became weaker? How did Nationalism affect those
countries?